본초서에 근거한 楡白皮와 蕪荑의 기원종 고증

홍석호,김인락 대한본초학회 2023 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.38 No.5

Objects : This study aimed to identify the origin species of Ulmi Cortex and Ulmi Semen Pasta. Methods : I searched for different types of ‘Yu(楡)’ from Zhong Xiu Zheng Huo Jing Shi Zheng Lei Bei Yong Ben Cao (重修政和經史證類備用本草) of the Song Dynasty, then compared the descriptions of Yu with real life species. Items that were inconsistent were sequentially deleted to finally find the original species that satisfies all conditions. Results : There were five types of Yu : Jiyu(地楡), Jayu(刺楡), Langyu(郞楡), Goyu(姑楡), and Baekyu(白楡). Jiyu was Sanguisorba officinalis or Sanguisorba officinalis var. longifolia which was a herb. Jayu was Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch. which had thorns on its branches. Ulmus laciniata had leaves that split into three branches. Langyu was Ulmus parvifolia which beared fruit in the fall. For these reasons, the four items above were ruled out. The fruit of Goyu was Ulmi Semen Pasta, which was the largest among fruits and was therefore Ulmus macrocarpa. The fruit of Baekyu was Yuhyup(楡莢) and the ancient coin Yuhyupjeon(楡莢錢) was resembled Yuhyup. The normal pulse of the lung resembled the appearance of falling Yuhyup. The peel of Baekyu was Yubaekpi(楡白皮), and when it was removed from coarse bark, contained an abundance of white sap; the place where this sap overflowed on the stem bark was white, therefore Baekyu was identified as Ulmus pumila . Conclusions : From the results above, the origin species of Ulmi cortex was Ulmus pumila and the origin species of Ulmi Semen Pasta was Ulmus macrocarpa.

<i>Ulmus macrocarpa</i> Hance Extracts Attenuated H ₂ O ₂ and UVB-Induced Skin Photo-Aging by Activating Antioxidant Enzymes and Inhibiting MAPK Pathways

Choi, Sun-Il,Lee, Jin-Ha,Kim, Jae-Min,Jung, Tae-Dong,Cho, Bong-Yeon,Choi, Seung-Hyun,Lee, Dae-Won,Kim, Jinkyung,Kim, Jong-Yea,Lee, Ok-Hawn MDPI AG 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.6

<P>To protect from reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages, skin cells have evolved to have antioxidant enzymes, such as copper and zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD1), mitochondrial manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Bioactive compounds analyses were performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) system. The antioxidant activity of <I>Ulmus macrocarpa</I> Hance (UMH) extracts was estimated in vitro. The anti-aging activity of UMH extracts was estimated in vivo using the SKH-1 hairless mice. The UMH extracts reduced the H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-induced intracellular ROS production and the cell damages in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Moreover, the H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 was detected in HDF and UMH extracts blocked the phosphorylation. These results suggest that UMH extracts can reduce the expression of MMPs and the reduced MMPs lead to the inhibition of collagen degradation. In addition, oral administration of the UMH extracts decreased the depth, thickness, and length of wrinkles on UVB exposed hairless mice. Therefore, UMH extracts play an advantage of the functional materials in antioxidant and anti-aging of skin.</P>

Ulmus macrocarpa Hance Reduces Cyclophosphamide-induced Toxicity in Mouse Liver

Deok Won Kim(김덕원),Kyung Tae Chung(정경태) 한국생명과학회 2021 생명과학회지 Vol.31 No.2

Cyclophosphamide (CP)는 면역 억제제 뿐만 아니라 암 및 림프종 등의 치료에 널리 사용된다. CP는 DNA 알킬화제로서, 간세포에서 대사되어 4-hydrocyclophosphamide (4H-CYP)와 aldophosphamide로 분리된다. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance는 부종, 유방염, 종양 및 기타 염증성 질환에 사용되어 왔다. 이 연구의 목적은 CP의 부작용에 대하여 U. macrocarpa Hance 열수 추출물이 조직학적 수준에서 CP의 부작용에 대한 간과 신장의 보호 기능과 U. macrocarpa Hance 자체의 잠재적 독성 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 마우스 모델을 사용하여 헤마톡실린 및 에오신(H&E) 염색과 DAPI 염색으로 간과 신장을 조직학적으로 분석하였다. CP 처리한 마우스에서 간세포의 형태는 글리코겐 축적을 나타내지 않았고, 세포 밀도도 감소하였다. 그러나 UMWE+CP 처리군에서는 간세포의 형태와 세포 밀도는 정상 간세포 패턴과 유사하였다. 또한, UMWE으로만 처리한 마우스에서도 간세포의 형태와 세포밀도는 정상 간세포와 유사했다. 신장의 경우에는 정상 마우스와 비교했을 때 H&E 염색으로는 CP 또는 UMWE 처리된 마우스의 신장에서 명백한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 즉, U. macrocarpa Hance의 열수추출물은 간과 신장에 아무런 영향을 유발하지 않으면서 CP가 유발한 독성을 감소시키는것으로 요약된다. 따라서 U. macrocarpa Hance는 제약 산업에 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 나타내었다. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is widely used in cancer and lymphoma treatments and as an immunosup-pressant drug. CP is a DNA alkylating agent that metabolizes into 4-hydrocyclophosphamide (4H-CYP) and aldophosphamide in hepatocytes. However, its metabolites cause DNA synthesis disorder, leading to apoptosis and toxic side effects. The development of technology to minimize this side effect is essential to improve CP’s clinical application. Various bioactive compounds have been reported to have anti-cancer and antioxidant functions and preventive or therapeutic roles in metabolic diseases. Many researchers have attempted to minimize the side effects and improve the efficacy of these drugs together with the use of bioactive compounds. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance has been used for the treatment of edema, mastitis, stomach pain, tumors, cystitis, and other inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate at the histological level the protective function of U. macrocarpa Hance against CP’s side effects and any potential toxic effect of U. macrocarpa Hance in the liver and kidney. Water extracts of U. macrocarpa Hance reduced CP-induced toxicity and did not induce any histological damage in the liver and kidney. Therefore, U. macrocarpa Hance would be applicable in the pharmaceutical industry.

Ulmus Macrocarpa Water Extract Prolongs Splenocyte Life Span

Kyung-Hwa Kang(강경화),Sook Kyung Hyun(현숙경),Hye Jin Hwang(황혜진),Byoung Woo Kim(김병우),Cheol Min Kim(김철민),Kyung Tae Chung(정경태),Jong-Hwan Lee(이종환) 한국생명과학회 2015 생명과학회지 Vol.25 No.10

Ulmus macrocarpa 자양강장 및 생리활성 물질로 이용되어 왔다. U, macrocarpa 열수 추출물(UMWE)이 일반적인 세포배양 조건에서 비장세포 수명연장에 미치는 효과에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 100 μg/ml UMWE를 비장세포에 처리하여 실험을 진행하였다. 살아있는 세포확인은 Hoechst 33342 염색법과 세포생존관련 인자의 변화는 Western blot으로 확인하였다. 사이토카인 변화는 ELISA로 검증하였다. UMWE는 비장세포에 대하여 향상된 세포 생존력을 보였다. UMWE를 48시간과 96시간째 처리된 비장세포의 PI3K 및 ERK1/2의 인산화를 증가시켰다. 더욱이, 48시간과 96시간때에 Bcl-2의 발현량도 증가하였다. 반면, UMWE는 48시간과 96시간에 caspase-3의 활성이 줄어들었다. ICAD 단백질은 48시간에 증가하였다. UMWE는 조혈 및 세포생존력에 영향을 미치는 IL-2 cytokine량은 줄었지만 반면, IL-4 hematopoietin cytokine의 양은 증가하였다. UMWE는 48시간과 96시간에 증가된 IFN-γ level을 나타내었고 IL-12의 경우는 증가패턴을 보이는 효과를 발휘하였다. 이러한 결과는 UMWE가 다양한 신호전달 및 사이토카인 조절을 통해 비장세포 수명연장을 할 수 있다는 것으로 사료된다. Ulmus macrocarpa has been used in Korean medicinal food material to physical disorder or tonic material. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate splenocyte life span expansion effects of Ulmus macrocarpa water extract (UMWE) in general cell culture condition. Splenocytes were handled in the presence of 100 μg/ml UMWE for several different time conditions. Live cells were detected with Hoechst 33,342 dye and cell survival molecules were identified through Western blot. Changes in level of cytokine synthesis were evaluated by ELISA. UMWE showed an effect on increased splenocyte survival. UMWE elevated slightly PI3K phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation used at 48 hr and 96 hr. Moreover, Bcl-2 was elevated at 48 hr and 96 hr in UMWE-treated splenocytes. UMWE decreased caspase-3 level at 48 hr and 96 hr. ICAD protein increased at 48 hr culturing time. Hematopoietin IL-2 cytokine was down-regulated, however IL-4 hematopoietin cytokine was up-regulated in UMWE treated cell culture media. Increased IFN-γ levels were verified in the supernatant of UMWEtreated cells in all periods (48 hr and 96 hr). Increased patterns in the production of IL-12 cytokine occurred as compared with control after 48 and 96 hr in UMWE-treated-cell cultures. These results suggested that UMWE can prolong splenocyte life span by controlling various signal factors and cytokines.

DEU-7 Derived from Ulmus macrocarpa Improved Immune Functions in Cyclophosphamide-treated Mice

Kyung-Hwa Kang(강경화),Ji Su Go(고지수),Inhwan Lee(이상호),Sang Ho Lee(이인환),Sung Do Lee(이성도),Deok Won Kim(김덕원),Jong-Hwan Lee(이종환),HyeJin Hwang(황혜진),Sook Kyung Hyun(현숙경),Byoung Woo KIM(김병우),Chul Min Kim(김철민),Ky 한국생명과학회 2015 생명과학회지 Vol.25 No.10

고량강(Alpinia officinarum), 산초(Zanthoxylum schinifolium), 황금(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), 왕느릅나무(Ulmus macrocarpa Hance), 네 종류의 식물성 한방 약재의 면역증강효능을 cyclophosphamide를 처리한 동물모델을 이용하여 조사하였다. 실험은 cyclophosphamide로 면역억제를 유도한 후 네 종류의 한방 약재를 식이하여 cyclophosphamide에 의해 억제된 면역인자의 회복 여부를 조사하였다. 네 종류의 한방 약재를 동일한 방법으로 열수 추출한 후 동일한 농도로 마우스에 처리하였다. 이 중 왕느릅나무 열수 추출물(DEU-7)이 cyclophosphamide의 영향으로 면역 억제된 마우스에서 면역인자 혈중 농도를 정상치 준하는 또는 가깝게 유지하는 것으로 나타내었다. DEU-7에 의해 비장의 무게와 비장세포수는 증가하였으나 간과 흉선과 같은 다른 장기에는 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 없었다. Ex vivo 조건에서 DEU-7은 비장세포의 사멸을 지연시키는 것으로 나타났다. 중요한 면역인자인 IL-2와 IL-4 cytokine은 면역억제로 농도가 감소되었으나 DEU-7이 약 2배와 3배 향상시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 정상치의 약 1/2 수준이었다. IgM과 IgG의 농도는 cyclophosphamide 처리로 정상치의 약 1/2로 떨어졌으나, DEU-7에 의해서 정상치와 동일한 농도로 증가하였다. IL-2와 IL-4 결과에서 DEU-7은 T 림프구에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 생각되며, 또한 IgM과 IgG의 결과로서 B 림프구에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 생각된다. 선천성 면역에 중요한 면역인자인 TNF-α, IL-12과 IFN-γ 역시 cyclophosphamide에 의해 농도가 감소되었으나 DEU-7에 의해 정상치에 가깝게 회복되었다. 따라서, DEU-7은 면역 억제 또는 감소된 상태를 정상 상태로 회복 또는 유지하는 기능이 있는 것으로 생각된다. The present study investigated the immunomodulatory properties of four different medicinal plants in a cyclophosphamide-treated Balb/c mouse model. One of the four plants, Ulmus macrocarpa, showed partial resistance against immune suppression induced by cyclophosphamide. The bark of U. macrocarpa, commonly known as the Chinese elm, has been used as a pharmaceutical material in Korean traditional medicine to treat bacterial inflammation and induce wound healing. In this study, water extract of U. macrocarpa, named DEU-7, was used for its immunomodulating functional activity. DEU-7 increased the weight of the spleen and the number of splenocytes but did not significantly affect the liver, kidney, and thymus in vivo. A splenocyte viability assay confirmed that DEU-7 influenced ex vivo splenocyte survival. DEU-7 also increased the levels of cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-4, and immunoglobulins, such as IgM, IgG, and IgA. These results indicated that DEU-7 is involved in the activation of T and B lymphocytes. In addition, DEU-7 was able to maintain the production of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ, in the condition of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression, suggesting that DEU-7 activated innate immune cells, even under immune suppression. We concluded that DEU-7 aids immunological homeostasis, thereby preventing immune suppression, and aids both innate and adaptive immune response by maintaining the levels of various cytokines and immunoglobulins. Consequently, it is worth investigating the potential of DEU-7 as a supplemental source for immune-enhancing agents.

왕느릅나무 껍질 열수 추출물의 마우스에서의 in vivo 면역조절 효과

이인환(Inhwan Lee),권다혜(Da Hye Kwon),이선희(Sun Hee Lee),이성도(Sung Do Lee),김덕원(Deok Won Kim),이종환(Jong-Hwan Lee),현숙경(Sook Kyung Hyun),김철민(CheolMin Kim),김병우(Byoung Woo Kim),강경화(Kyung-Hwa Kang),황혜진(Hye Jin Hwang 한국생명과학회 2014 생명과학회지 Vol.24 No.10

약용식물은 염증, 감염증, 암과 같은 질병에 광범위하게 사용되고 있으며, 전통적으로 오래 동안 사용되어 왔다. 왕느릅나무(Ulmus macrocarpa Hance)는 느릅나무의 한 종으로서 중국, 일본을 비롯해 한국 전역에 분포하고 있으며, 줄기와 뿌리의 껍질을 유백피라 하여 한의학에서 피부염, 유방염, 부종 등에 사용하여 왔다. 이 연구의 목적은 유백피의 열수 추출물(Ulmus cortex water extract, UCWE)이 면역조절 기능을 가지고 있는지를 조사하는 것이다. UCWE 식이농도 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg의 3개 군으로 나누어 14일 동안 식이한 후 면역반응을 측정하였다. IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ 의 혈중 농도가 UCWE를 식이한 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK)을 이용한 세포매개 세포독성 시험에서도 정상군에 비해 UCWE를 식이한 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 그러나, 간, 신장, 비장, 흉선의 무게변화는 UCWE를 식이한 군과 정상군과의 차이가 없었다. 이는 300 ㎎/㎏ 고농도의 2주간 식이가 장기에 영향을 거의 미치지 않는다는 것을 암시한다고 생각된다. 따라서, UCWE는 내부 장기에는 영향을 주지 않으며 면역기능을 향상시키는 효과를 가진다고 여겨진다. Traditional medicinal plants are widely used to treat many diseases, such as inflammation, infections, and even cancer. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, a Chinese elm species, is distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. The stem bark is widely employed in Korean traditional medicine to treat dermatitis, mastitis, and edema. The aim of this study was to investigate whether water extract of U. macrocarpa Hance bark (Ulmus cortex) has a immune-modulating function in a mouse model. Three different concentrations (30 ㎎/㎏, 100 mg/kg, and 300 ㎎/㎏) of Ulmus cortex water extract (UCWE) were orally administered to mice for 14 days, and their immune responses were analyzed. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ, increased in the blood of UCWE-fed groups when compared with a control group. In contrast, the IL-4 level did not change in any of the UCWE-fed groups Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was also assayed using lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). LAK showed greater cytotoxicity in the UCWE-fed groups than LAK in the control group. Internal organ indices, such as liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus, were similar in all the groups, including the control group, indicating that UCWE may have been nontoxic in the experimental animals. These data suggest that UCWE has an immune-modulating function in a mouse model.

Protective effects of $Ulmus$ $macrocarpa$ on experimental colitis mice models

Park, Jae-Woo,Bu, Young-Min,Bae, Jin-Hyun,Lee, Beom-Joon,Ko, Seok-Jae,Kim, Jin-Sung,Ryu, Bong-Ha 경희한의학연구센터 2011 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.11 No.2

In traditional Korean medicine, $Ulmus$ $macrocarpa$ Hance is a frequently used herb in South Korea for treating intestinal disorders such as colitis. This study investigated whether water extract of $Ulmus$ $macrocarpa$ Hance (UME) could show a protective action on 2 different mice models of experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), which have been widely used as inflammatory bowel disease models. Colitis was induced by DSS and TNBS in balb/c mice, respectively. UME at doses of 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg was orally administered twice a day for 7 d in the DSS model and at doses of 300 or 1000 mg/kg for 3 d in the TNBS model. The body weight of the mice and clinical score were measured daily. Colon length and macroscopic score were assessed on day 7 in the DSS model and on day 3 in the TNBS model. In the DSS model, UME inhibited shortening of colon length and macroscopic damages of the colon, and showed improvement of clinical score, however it did not inhibit weight loss. In the TNBS model, UME did not inhibit weight loss and shortening of colon length. The current results indicate that UME ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice similar to human ulcerative colitis, not TNBS-induced colitis in mice similar to human Crohn's disease. Further investigations to unveil the exact mechanisms are needed.

Protective effects of Ulmus macrocarpa on experimental colitis mice models

박재우,Young Min Bu,배진현,이범준,Seokjae Ko,김진성,류봉하 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2011 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.11 No.2

In traditional Korean medicine, Ulmus macrocarpa Hance is a frequently used herb in South Korea for treating intestinal disorders such as colitis. This study investigated whether water extract of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance (UME) could show a protective action on 2different mice models of experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), which have been widely used as inflammatory bowel disease models. Colitis was induced by DSS and TNBS in balb/c mice, respectively. UME at doses of 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg was orally administered twice a day for 7 d in the DSS model and at doses of 300or 1000 mg/kg for 3 d in the TNBS model. The body weight of the mice and clinical score were measured daily. Colon length and macroscopic score were assessed on day 7 in the DSS model and on day 3 in the TNBS model. In the DSS model, UME inhibited shortening of colon length and macroscopic damages of the colon, and showed improvement of clinical score, however it did not inhibit weight loss. In the TNBS model, UME did not inhibit weight loss and shortening of colon length. The current results indicate that UME ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice similar to human ulcerative colitis, not TNBSinduced colitis in mice similar to human Crohn’s disease. Further investigations to unveil the exact mechanisms are needed.

Ulmus macrocarpa Hance extract modulates intestinal microbiota in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Kim Kwangmin,Veerappan Karpagam,Woo Nahyun,Park Bohyeon,Natarajan Sathishkumar,Chung Hoyong,김철민,Park Junhyung 한국미생물학회 2021 The journal of microbiology Vol.59 No.12

The stem and root bark of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance has been used as traditional pharmacological agent against inflammation related disorders. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance extract (UME) on human gut microbiota. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted in healthy adults. The study subjects were given 500 mg/day of UME or placebo orally for 4 weeks. Eighty fecal samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks of UME or placebo intervention. The gut microbiota variation was evaluated by 16S rRNA profiling. The microbial response was highly personalized, and no statistically significant differences was observed in both species richness and abundance. The number of bacterial species identified in study subjects ranged from 86 to 182 species. The analysis for taxonomical changes revealed an increase in Eubacterium ventriosum, Blautia faecis, Ruminococcus gnavus in the UME group. Functional enrichment of bacterial genes showed an increase in primary and secondary bile acid biosynthesis in UME group. Having known from previous studies Eubacterium regulated bile acid homeostasis in protecting gut microbial architecture and immunity, we suggest that UME supplementation might enhance host immunity by modulating gut microbiota. This is the first stage study and forthcoming clinical studies with larger participants are needed to confirm these findings.

Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Ulmus macrocarpa

Joo Hee Kwon,Min Won Lee,Seung-Bum Kim,박관희 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.9

The roots of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance (Ulmaceae) have been used as an oriental traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, ulcers, cancers, and parasites. Activity guided isolation from the roots of U. macrocarpa yielded three flavonoids [catechin 7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside (1), (+)-catechin (2), taxifolin 6-C-glucopyranoside (3)], and one coumarin [fraxin (4)]. To investigate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds, DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were examined and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxidase-2 (COX-2) were measured by RT-PCR and Western Blotting in HaCaT cells. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 showed moderate antioxidative activities compared with L-ascorbic acid as a positive control. NO production was reduced and the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 and their mRNA were inhibited by the addition of samples (1-4). These results suggest that the phenolic compounds from the roots of U. macrocarpa might be developed as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.