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UV-curing kinetics and performance development of <i>in situ</i> curable 3D printing materials
Kim, Ye Chan,Hong, Sungyong,Sun, Hanna,Kim, Myeong Gi,Choi, Kisuk,Cho, Jungkeun,Choi, Hyouk Ryeol,Koo, Ja Choon,Moon, Hyungpil,Byun, Doyoung,Kim, Kwang J.,Suhr, Jonghwan,Kim, Soo Hyun,Nam, Jae-Do Elsevier 2017 European polymer journal Vol.93 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>As three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is emerging as an alternative way of manufacturing, the high resolution 3D printing device often requires systems such as drop jetting printing of <I>in situ</I> UV-curable photopolymers. Accordingly, the key issue is process control and its optimization to ensure dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, building orientation, and mechanical properties of printed structures, which are based on the time- and temperature-dependent glass transition temperature (<I>T<SUB>g</SUB> </I>) of the resin system under UV-curing. In this study, the UV-cure kinetics and <I>T<SUB>g</SUB> </I> development of a commercially available UV-curable acrylic resin system were investigated as a model system, using a differential scanning photocalorimeter (DPC). The developed kinetic model included the limited conversion of cure that could be achieved as a maximum at a specific isothermal curing temperature. Using the developed model, the <I>T<SUB>g</SUB> </I> was successfully described by a modified DiBenedetto equation as a function of UV curing. The developed kinetic model and <I>T<SUB>g</SUB> </I> development can be used to determine the 3D printing operating conditions for the overlay printing and <I>in situ</I> UV curing, which could ensure high-resolution and high-speed manufacturing with various UV-curing materials.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> UV-cure kinetic analysis were applied to a commercial Multi-jet 3D printing material. </LI> <LI> The developed kinetic model included the limited conversion of cure by temperature. </LI> <LI> The <I>T<SUB>g</SUB> </I> was described by a modified DiBenedetto equation as a function of UV curing. </LI> <LI> The developed kinetic model showed an excellent agreement to isothermal experiments. </LI> <LI> The overlay printing time for each isothermal temperature was determined. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Photostabilization and Cure Kinetics of UV-Curable Optical Resins Containing Photostabilizers
Cho, Jung-Dae,Kim, Sung-Hwa,Chang, In-Cheol,Kim, Kwon-Seok,Hong, Jin-Who The Polymer Society of Korea 2007 Macromolecular Research Vol.15 No.6
The photostabilization and cure kinetics of UV-curable, optical resins containing various formulations of photostabilizers were investigated to determine the system with the highest cure conversion and durability. Photo-DSC analysis revealed that increasing the concentration of a UV absorber (UVA) decreased both the crosslink density and the cure rate due to competition for the incident photons between the photoinitiator and the UVA, whereas including a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) hardly affected either the cure conversion or the cure rate due to its very low absorption of 365 nm. This result was confirmed by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy analyses. QUV ageing experiments showed that the cure conversion and durability were the highest for the UVA/HALS formulation at a ratio of 1 : 2, which is due to their synergistic action.
Study on Curing Behaviors of Epoxy Acrylates by UV with and without Aromatic Component
김동규,이기윤,박희정 한국고분자학회 2015 Macromolecular Research Vol.23 No.10
Two kinds of epoxy acrylates, aromatic BAGEDA (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate) and aliphatic BDGEDA (1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether diacrylate), were prepared from BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and BDDGE (1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether) respectively by reacting with acrylic acid. Synthesis and change in functional groups were confirmed by FTIR spectra. In the studies of UV curing behaviors by Photo-DSC (differential photocalorimetry), rate constants and conversions under isothermal conditions (Tcure=30-80 oC) were determined by exothermic heat flows. Thus, maximum reaction rates of BAGEDA and BDGEDA were 4.06×10-2 s-1 and 5.01×10-2 s-1 respectively. UV curing behaviors were confirmed to follow Kamal equation model. Activation energies were 23.5 kJ/mol (Ea1) and 12.0 kJ/mol (Ea2) for BAGEDA, and 25.0 kJ/mol (Ea1) and 11.3 kJ/mol (Ea2) for BDGEDA. In the UV curing reaction of BAGEDA, the maximum reaction rate constants and conversions were increased by increasing reaction temperatures (Tcure), while in that of BDGEDA those were increased until 60 oC followed by a gradual decrease above 60 oC. These phenomena were understood by Gillham’s time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram in which curing behavior was determined by the glass transition temperature (Tg) of cured material at each reaction temperature.