생이가래속(Salvinia) 부유엽 모용의 분화발달

서애리,김인선 韓國電子顯微鏡學會 2008 Applied microscopy Vol.38 No.2

Salvinia is an aquatic plant forming dimorphic leaves that have been modified into floating and submerged leaves. A pair of floating leaves plays an important role for the floating and photosynthesis while the submerged leaves, which are slim and long, have the form and function of root. Many aquatic plants develop trichomes in the epidermis but in Salvinia, trichomes grow densely in the epidermis of the dimorphic leaves. The present study examined the differentiation pattern of trichomes developing in the floating leaves of S. natans and S. molesta by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Trichomes developing in the floating leaves of Salvinia showed very different patterns. In S. natans, they were arranged in a V-shape form, having 20~25 rows at 18~25˚on both sides of the lamina divided by the midrib in the floating leaf. In each row, 8~10 oval-shaped cells, 200~290 μm in length, were arranged in a spiral fashion. Four trichomes of this form made a trichome unit, but their apical parts were separated from one another and developed into the so-called ‘knuckle-crane’ type. On the other hand, in S. molesta, trichomes differentiated in a unique pattern quite different from those of S. natans. At the early stage of differentiation, trichomes protruded from the epidermis and then 4~6 cylindrical cells grew 400~600 μm long and the four trichomes formed as an unit. The four grouped trichomes were interconnected through their apex and developed in the ‘egg-beater’ type. Then 300~600 μm long multi-cellular stalk cells grew and protruded out of the epidermal surface from the basal part of the trichomes. Such a structural characteristic of trichomes is considered to play a very important role along with the aerenchyma tissue in the leaf mesophyll tissue for the floating of Salvinia on the water surface. 생이가래는 수생 양치식물로 한 쌍의 부유엽은 식물체 부유 및 광합성의 기능을 하며, 수중의 침수엽은 가늘고 길게 세분되어 뿌리의 형태 및 기능을 수행한다. 많은 수생식물에서는 표피조직에 엽침이나 모용 등의 이형세포를 형성하는데, 생이가래는 모용이 엽육 표피조직에 밀생한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 생이가래 속 Salvinia natans 및 S. molesta 2종의 부유엽 상피조직에 발달하는 모용의 분화발달 양상을 주사 및 투과전자현미경으로 연구하고자 한다. 연구된 2종의 생이가래 부유엽 상피조직에 발달하는 모용은 매우 다른 양상을 나타낸다. S. natans의 모용은 중맥을 중심으로 엽신 양면에 일정하게 20~25열로 발달한다. 각각의 열에는 8~10개 세포로 구성된 200~290 μm 크기의 타원형 세포들이 나선형상으로 배열된다. 이들 모용 4개가 모여 하나의 단위체를 이루지만 정단부위가 융합되지 않는 ‘knuckle-crane’ 형태로 발달한다. 반면, S. molesta에서는 독특한 유형의 모용으로 분화한다. 분화초기 부유엽 상피조직에서 모용들이 돌기형태로 돌출되고 8~10개의 원통형 세포들이 400~600 μm으로 신장한 후 이들 모용 4개가 하나의 단위를 이룬다. 이들 단위체내 각 모용들의 정단부위가 융합되어 ‘egg-beater’ 형태로 발달하기 시작한다. 이 후 300~600 μm의 다세포성 병세포들이 모용 기저부위에서 상피표면 위로 신장하여 돌출한다. 성숙한 ‘egg-beater’ 형태의 모용은 0.6~1.2mm로 발달하고 ‘knuckle-crane’ 형태에 비해 3~4배 길게 신장한다. 연구된 생이가래 2종 모용세포 내 액포는 분화초기에는 세포용적의 극히 일부를 차지하나 분화후기에는 세포용적의 대부분을 차지하여 세포질의 밀도를 매우 낮게 하는 특징을 나타낸다. 이와 같이 생이가래속 식물체내 모용의 구조적 특성은 생이가래가 수중에서 부유기능을 수행하는 데 있어 엽육조직 내통기조직과 함께 매우 중요한 역할을 수행하는 것으로 추정되고있다.

식충식물 긴잎끈끈이주걱 (Drosera anglica Huds.) 분비모의 구조적 특성

백경연,김인선,Baek, Kyung-Yeon,Kim, In-Sun 한국현미경학회 2008 Applied microscopy Vol.38 No.1

Carnivorous plants vary in their unique features of morphology, ultrastructure and biochemical properties by species. Furthermore, prey-capturing mechanism as well as structural and physiological adaptations have been used for grouping various carnivorous species. In Drosera plants, glandular trichomes, which develop in the leaf epidermis, are known to play the most important role during the prey capturing process. The present study examined such trichomes, focusing on the glandular type, in leaves of Drosera anglica using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three types of rudimentary glandular trichomes were found to develop within the folded leaf primordia and immature leaf during early development. The first type, stalked glandular trichomes (Type I), occurred on the margin and upper epidermis of the leaf. With maturation, the longest glandular trichomes having lengthy stalks, ca. $2.2{\sim}5.1\;mm$, developed along the margin, while shorter stalked trichomes, ca. up to $200\;{\mu}m$, were found on the inner leaf blade. The shorter ones consisted of a globose head having two layers of secretory cells, parenchyma bell cells and tracheids and a multicellular stalk. The stalks gradually decreased in length in centripetal fashion. The second type, Type II, having ca. $15{\sim}30\;{\mu}m$ short stalks, also developed along the inner blade. Both types secreted mucilage from the secretory cells which had a thin cell wall and cuticle layer. The sessile six-celled glandular trichomes were the third type, Type III, and were $25{\sim}40\;{\mu}m$ in length. They were distributed most commonly throughout the upper and lower epidermis, petiole and even on the stalk surfaces of the first two types of trichomes. The third type was also found to be involved in the active secretion. In prey capturing leaves, all trichome types secreted substances through thin cuticles in the head cell wall, which exhibited relatively loose wall components.

한국산 닭의덩굴속 호장근절 (마디풀과) 식물의 털의 형태와 분류

문혜경,박종욱,박진희 한국식물분류학회 2011 식물 분류학회지 Vol.41 No.1

The microstructure of the leaf epidermis and trichomes of Fallopia sect. Reynoutria are examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fallopia sachalinensis was distinguished from other taxa in this section by its prominent epicuticular wax layer consisting of protruding wax rodlets. In addition, epicuticular rodlets of F. sachalinensis individuals from Ullung Island and Dok Island appear to be thinner than those from other regions,including Japan and Sakhalin. The stomatal size appears to be related to the ploidy level in the sect. Reynoutria, as the hexaploids, octoploids and dodecaploids tend to have larger stomata as compared to tetraploids. Three basic types of trichomes were found in the section; (1) conical unicellular trichomes, (2) uniseriate filiform trichome consisting of 1−8 cells, and (3) peltate glandular trichomes. The trichome types and their distribution appear to be useful in distinguishing the taxa in the section. 본 연구에서는 닭의덩굴속 호장근절의 한반도산 분류군을 중심으로 잎 표피세포 및 털의 미세구조를 관찰하여, 이들 형질의 분류군간/분류군내 변이 양상을 구명하고 식별형질로서의 분류학적 유용성을 검증하고자 하였다. 본 절 분류군들의 표피세포의 형태는 향축면 표피세포의 경우 다각형, 배축면 표피세포는 수층벽이 파상인 부정형으로 근본적으로 유사하였으나, 표피상납질의 발달 정도는 분류군간/지역집단 간에 변이가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. Fallopia sachalinensis는 본 절 다른 분류군과는 달리 모든 잎 배축면의 모든 표피세포에 표피상납질이 조밀하게 발달하며, 또한 울릉도 및 독도에 분포하는 본 종 개체들은 일본 및 사할린에 분포하는 개체들에 비해 표피상납질이 상대적으로 가늘게 발달하는 특징을 나타내었다. 기공의 크기는 분류군내에서도 변이가 존재하였으며, 일반적으로 다배체(6, 8, 12배체)인 개체들이 4배체인 개체에 비해 기공이 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 한편, 본 연구에서 조사된 본 절 분류군에는 크게, (1) 원추형 단세포 털, (2) 단세포 또는 2−8개의 세포가 한 줄로 연결된 선형의 털, (3) 다세포로 구성된 방패상 선모의 3 종류가 분포하였으며, 털의 종류와 분포 양상은 분류군 및 지역집단을 구분하는데 유용한 형질인 것으로 판단되었다.

좀목형 엽육 표피조직의 분비모 발달 양상

박재용,김인선,Park, Jae-Yong,Kim, In-Sun 한국현미경학회 2010 Applied microscopy Vol.40 No.2

Vitex negundo is an aromatic plant which releases a unique scent due to the presence of essential oil stored presumably within glandular trichomes. The focus of this research was to study developmental patterns of glandular trichomes in Vitex negundo leaves using electron microscopy. There are two types of glandular trichomes which develop on the leaf epidermis of Vitex negundo, peltate glandular type (PT) and capitate glandular type (CT). Structural features differ significantly depending on size and density, formation of secretory cavity, plastid, etc during developmental stages. In young leaves, undifferentiated PTs are densely distributed in the upper epidermis, but are not externally exposed in the lower epidermis because they are covered by non-glandular simple trichomes. Upon leaf development, PTs and CTs show clear structural differentiation in the upper and lower epidermis. PTs are composed of up to eight head cells (ca. 35~40 ${\mu}m$) and one stalk cell (ca. 5 ${\mu}m$), while CTs are composed of four head cells (ca. 10~15 ${\mu}m$) and 1~2 stalk cells (ca. 10 ${\mu}m$). Although secretory cavities develop on the secretory head cells, their size, structure, and formation proceed very differently depending on trichome type. In early development of PT, a large cavity with numerous secretory vesicles form rapidly from the head cells. In CT, however, only a small secretory cavity is formed, slowly relative to PT, without secretory vesicles. The PTs are considered to play an important role in releasing the aromatic components of Vitex negundo.

Replacing critical point drying with a lowcost chemical drying provides comparable surface image quality of glandular trichomes from leaves of Millingtonia hortensis L. f. in scanning electron micrograph

Raktim Bhattacharya,Sulagna Saha,Olga Kostina,Lyudmila Muravnik,Adinpunya Mitra 한국현미경학회 2020 Applied microscopy Vol.50 No.1

Sample preparation including dehydration and drying of samples is the most intricate part of scanning electron microscopy. Most current sample preparation protocols use critical-point drying with liquid carbon dioxide. Very few studies have reported samples that were dried using chemical reagents. In this study, we used hexamethyldisilazane, a chemical drying reagent, to prepare plant samples. As glandular trichomes are among the most fragile and sensitive surface structures found on plants, we used Millingtonia hortensis leaf samples as our study materials because they contain abundant glandular trichomes. The results obtained using this new method are identical to those produced via critical-point drying.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Leaf Surface Trichomes in Mulberry and Its Influence on Rearing Performance of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Kesavacharyulu, K.,Kumar, Vineet,Sarkar, A. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2004 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.8 No.1

The type of trichomes, their density and pattern of distribution on leaves of 16 genotypes of mulberry, belonging to both diploid and polyploid categories, were studied by scanning electron microscope. The present investigation was undertaken to find out the relationship of physical attributes, especially the density and trichome types with higher acceptability and better rearing performance by the silkworm Bombyx-mori L. Two types of trichomes glandular and non-glandular types were observed on both the leaf surfaces of all the mulberry genotypes studied. In general, greater densities of trichomes were observed on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface of leaves in most of the genotypes. Distribution of glandular trichomes were more in abaxial surface and non-glandular trichomes were more in adaxial surface. Overall, distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes per unit area of leaf did not follow any regular pattern. When leaves of those genotypes were fed to silkworms, trichome density was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the survival of larvae i.e., effective rate of rearing, but trichome density did not influence the economic characters of rearing. As the distribution of glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NGT) did not follow any definite pattern, no relation could be established between the GT and NGT densities with silkworm rearing performance. However, the ratio of GT and NGT in a particular genotype influenced the rearing parameters, higher the ratios better the rearing performance. High GT and NGT ratio (>1.00) was found positively significant when correlated with economic parameters viz., larval weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight. The study is useful in screening different mulberry genotypes for their better acceptability to silk-worm and higher rearing performance at the early stage of selection without actually conducting the rearing.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Leaf Surface Trichomes in Mulberry and Its Influence on Rearing Performance of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.

( K. Kesavacharyulu ),( Vineet Kumar ),( A. Sarkar ) 한국잠사학회 2007 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.8 No.1

The type of trichomes, their density and pattern of distribution on leaves of 16 genotypes of mulberry, belonging to both diploid and polyploid categories, were studied by scanning electron microscope. The present investigation was undertaken to find out the relationship of physical attributes, especially the density and trichome types with higher acceptability and better rearing performance by the silkworm Bombyx-mori L. Two types of trichomes glandular and non-glandular types were observed on both the leaf surfaces of all the mulberry genotypes studied. In general, greater densities of trichomes were observed on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface of leaves in most of the genotypes. Distribution of glandular trichomes were more in abaxial surface and non-glandular trichomes were more in adaxial surface. Overall, distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes per unit area of leaf did not follow any regular pattern. When leaves of those genotypes were fed to silkworms, trichome density was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the survival of larvae i.e., effective rate of rearing, but trichome density did not influence the economic characters of rearing. As the distribution of glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NGT) did not follow any definite pattern, no relation could be established between the GT and NGT densities with silkworm rearing performance. However, the ratio of GT and NGT in a particular genotype influenced the rearing parameters, higher the ratios better the rearing performance. High GT and NGT ratio (>1.00) was found positively significant when correlated with economic parameters viz., larval weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight. The study is useful in screening different mulberry genotypes for their better acceptability to silk-worm and higher rearing performance at the early stage of selection without actually conducting the rearing.

Pelargonium peltatum 분비모의 미세구조 연구

조범석,고경남,김은수,Cho, Bum-Suk,Ko, Kyoung-Nam,Kim, Eun-Soo 한국현미경학회 1999 Applied microscopy Vol.29 No.1

The ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in Pelargonium peltatum has been studied with a light microscope, transmission, and scanning electron microscope. Two types of the glands, long-stalked and short-stalked capitate glands, are distinguished with their shape and size of the total glands. Both glands are extreamly abundant in the leaf veins and petioles. These glandular trichomes are consisted of one secretory cell, three stalk cells, and one basal cell. The secretory cells contain a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. They have also much plastids, vacuoles, Golgi apparati, and mitochondria. High electron-dense deposits are frequently present in vacuoles of secretory cells. It seems to be phenolic compounds which is thought as the major secretory precursors.

끈끈이주걱속 점착식 포충엽의 분비모 발달

이혜진,김인선,Lee, Hye-Jin,Kim, In-Sun 한국현미경학회 2009 Applied microscopy Vol.39 No.1

The trapping leaves of Drosera capture insects by secreting sticky mucilage from numerous glandular trichomes (GTs) that are developed on the leaf epidermis. The present study examines and compares the structural features of those trichomes in Drosera binata and D. pygmy with the use of light and electron microscopy. The study focuses primarily on the development and differentiation pattern of the GTs during growth. Upon examination, the upper and lower epidermis were readily distinguishable by the features of GTs in developing leaves. In particular, the GTs were dense in the upper epidermis and along the leaf margin. In D. binata, the capitate GTs with elongated stalk and sessile peltate GTs were found most commonly, whereas only capitate GTs with varying degrees of the stalk length were observed in D. pygmy. Up to ca. $2.2{\sim}3.4\;mm$ long capitate GTs were seen in the leaf margins of D. binata and ca. $3.7{\sim}4.2\;mm$ long GTs having racket-like head with adaxial hemispheric structures, otherwise known as tentacles, were noted in the leaf margin of D. pygmy. The peltate GTs were found to be distributed in the lower epidermis of D. binata. In both species, head cells were dense with cytoplasm containing high numbers of Golgi bodies, ER, mitochondria and small vesicles. Secretory materials accumulated within numerous small vacuoles, then fused together to form a single large vacuole, which serves as a secretory cavity. Flection movement of the marginal GTs and leaf blade GTs, and increased mucilage secretion from the head cells upon contact with prey during the capturing process are considered to be major factors in their active insectivorous mechanism. The findings of this study will be useful in comparisons to similar findings in other species that form adhesive trapping leaves, such as Drosophyllum or Pinguicula., further contributing a better understanding of the function and structure of the trapping leaves of carnivorous plants.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Leaf Surface Trichomes in Mulberry and Its Influence on Rearing Performance of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.

K. Kesavacharyulu,Vineet Kumar,A. Sarkar 한국잠사학회 2004 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.8 No.1