4-PAM signaling을 이용한 high speed serial link transmitter

정지경(Jikyung Jeong),이정준(Jeongjun Lee),범진욱(Jinwook Burm),정영한(Younghan Jeong) 大韓電子工學會 2009 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.46 No.11

본 논문은 multi-level signaling을 이용한 high speed serial link transmitter에 관하여 제안하였다. High speed serial link에서 수 Gb/s를 달성하기 위해 4-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) 을 사용하였다. 4-PAM은 4개의 level로 한 symbol time에 2 bit data를 전송함으로써 binary signaling보다 2배 빠른 data 전송이 가능해졌다. 제안된 4-PAM transmitter는 전압 output 대신 전류 output을 생성하며 이로 인해 driver의 switching time이 빨라져서 더 높은 속도의 transmitter를 구현할 수 있었다. 2?-1 pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) 생성기는 built-in self test (BIST)를 하기 위해 on-chip으로 설계되었다. 본 연구는 동부 하이텍 0.18 ?μm CMOS 공정을 통하여 설계되었으며 1.8 V supply voltage에서 eye 크기가 160 ㎷ 이고 최대 동작 속도는 8 Gb/s이다. 칩 전체 면적은 0.7 × 0.6 ㎟이며 전력 소모는 98 ㎽이다. A high speed serial link transmitter using multi-level signaling is proposed. To achieve high data rate in high speed serial link, 4-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is used. By transmitting 2 bit data in each symbol time, high speed data transmission, two times than binary signaling, is achieved. The transmitter transmits current-mode output instead of voltage-mode output. Current-mode output is much faster than voltage-mode output, so higher data transmission is available by increasing switching speed of driver. 2?-1 pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) generator is contained to perform built-in self test (BIST). The 4-PAM transmitter is designed in Dongbu HiTek 0.18 μm CMOS technology and achieves 8 Gb/s, 160 ㎷ of eye height with 1.8 V supply voltage. The transmitter consumes only 98 ㎽ for 8 Gb/s transmission.

UHF-Band TV Transmitter for TV White Space Video Streaming Applications

Hyunchol Shin,Hyukjun Oh 한국전자파학회JEES 2019 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.19 No.4

This paper presents a television (TV) transmitter for wireless video streaming applications in TV white space band. The TV transmitter is composed of a digital TV (DTV) signal generator and a UHF-band RF transmitter. Compared to a conventional high-IF heterodyne structure, the RF transmitter employs a zero-IF quadrature direct up-conversion architecture to minimize hardware overhead and complexity. The RF transmitter features I/Q mismatch compensation circuitry using 12-bit digital-to-analog converters to significantly improve LO and image suppressions. The DTV signal generator produces an 8-vestigial sideband (VSB) modulated digital baseband signal fully compliant with the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC) DTV signal specifications. By employing the proposed TV transmitter and a commercial TV receiver, over-the-air, real-time, high-definition video streaming has been successfully demonstrated across all UHF-band TV channels between 14 and 69. This work shows that a portable hand-held TV transmitter can be a useful TVband device for wireless video streaming application in TV white space.

A Method for The Evaluating Performance of High Power Electromagnetic Transmitter

Xiguo Ren,Yiming Zhang,Haijun Tao,Xuezheng Zhu 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.9 No.9

In recent years, the Earth's resources have the obvious contradiction between supply and demand. Electromagnetic has become the most effective means for prospecting geological structure. In the electromagnetic method, the transmission frequency has a significant impact on the reception and subsequent analysis. Therefore, the distribution and stability of the actual transmission frequency is an extremely important factor in judging for the transmitter. This paper presents an assessment method of the transmitting the performance parameters for the high-power electromagnetic transmitter. This method can intuitively observe the actual transmission frequency by the position machine when the transmitter is working. And the frequency distribution and stability could be got by Matlab. After a large number of comparative field trials, this method is verified which could quickly and efficiently get the frequency distribution and stability of the actual transmitting. This method could provide a basis for future inversion calculation and have a guiding role for the transmitter optimization.

Open-Loop Polar Transmitter에 적용 가능한 테일러 급수 근사식과 CORDIC 기법 성능 비교 및 평가

김선호(Sunho Kim),임성빈(Sungbin Im) 大韓電子工學會 2010 電子工學會論文誌-TC (Telecommunications) Vol.47 No.9

DPM (Digital Phase wrapping Modulation) open-loop polar transmitter는 in-phase와 quadrature 신호를 진폭(envelope) 신호와 위상(phase) 신호로 변환한 후 신호의 사상화 과정을 거쳐 광대역 통신 시스템에서의 효율적인 적용이 가능하다. 사상화과정은 일반적인 통신 시스템에서의 양자화와 유사하며 그 과정에서 발생하는 오차를 고려할 때 좌표계 변환부에 CORDIC (COordinates Rotation DIgital Computer) 알고리듬 대신 테일러 급수 근사 기법의 사용이 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 테일러 급수 근사 기법을 광대역 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 시스템용 DPM polar transmitter의 직교 좌표계-극 좌표계(cartesian to polar coordinate) 변환부에 적용하는 방안에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 기존의 방법은 CORDIC 알고리듬을 채용하고 있다. 이것을 효율적으로 적용하기 위해 모의 실험을 통해 각각의 기법에 대한 평균제곱오차 (MSE : Mean Square Error) 성능을 측정하고, 설계 관점에서 허용된 CORDIC 오차를 기준으로 알고리듬의 최소 반복횟수와 테일러 급수의 최소 근사 차수를 찾는다. 또한 FPGA 전달 지연속도를 비교한 결과에 의하면 CORDIC 알고리듬 대신 낮은 차수의 테일러 급수 근사 기법을 사용해 좌표 변환부의 처리 속도를 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. A digital phase wrapping modulation (DPM) open-loop polar transmitter can be efficiently applied to a wideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system by converting in-phase and quadrature signals to envelope and phase signals and then employing the signal mapping process. This mapping process is very similar to quantization in a general communication system, and when taking into account the error that appears during mapping process, one can replace the coordinates rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm in the coordinate conversion part with the Taylor series approximation method. In this paper, we investigate the application of the Taylor series approximation to the cartesian to polar coordinate conversion part of a DPM polar transmitter for wideband OFDM systems. The conventional approach relies on the CORDIC algorithm. To achieve efficient application, we perform computer simulation to measure mean square error (MSE) of the both approaches and find the minimum approximation order for the Taylor series approximation compatible to allowable error of the CORDIC algorithm in terms of hardware design. Furthermore, comparing the processing speeds of the both approaches in the implementation with FPGA reveals that the Taylor series approximation with lower order improves the processing speed in the coordinate conversion part.

A 12 ㎽ ADPLL Based G/FSK Transmitter for Smart Utility Network in 0.18㎛ CMOS

Hyung-Gu Park,Hongjin Kim,Dong-Soo Lee,Chang-Zhi Yu,Hyunchul Ku,Kang-Yoon Lee 대한전자공학회 2013 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.13 No.4

This paper presents low power frequency shift keying (FSK) transmitter using all digital PLL (ADPLL) for smart utility network (SUN). In order to operate at low-power and to integrate a small die area, the ADPLL is adopted in transmitter. The phase noise of the ADPLL is improved by using a fine resolution time to digital converter (TDC) and digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). The FSK transmitter is implemented in 0.18㎛ 1-poly 6-metal CMOS technology. The die area of the transmitter including ADPLL is 3.5 ㎟. The power consumption of the ADPLL is 12.43 ㎽. And, the power consumptions of the transmitter are 35.36 ㎽ and 65.57 ㎽ when the output power levels are -1.6 ㏈m and +12 ㏈m, respectively. Both of them are supplied by 1.8 V voltage source. The frequency resolution of the TDC is 2.7 ㎰. The effective DCO frequency resolution with the differential MOS varactor and sigma-delta modulator is 2.5 ㎐. The phase noise of the ADPLL output at 7.8㎓ is -121.17 ㏈c/㎐ with a 1㎒ offset.

OFDM polar transmitter에서 피크 윈도잉 기반의 PAPR 감소기법의 성능평가

서만중(Manjung Seo),심희성(Heesung Shim),임성빈(Sungbin Im),정재호(Jaeho Jung),이광천(Kwangchun Lee) 대한전자공학회 2008 電子工學會論文誌-TC (Telecommunications) Vol.45 No.12

차세대 무선 통신 시스템은 멀티밴드/멀티모드 동작이 가능한 RF 송수신기를 필요로 하고 있다. Polar transmitter는 효율적인 switched-mode RF 전력증폭기를 사용함으로써 높은 효율성을 얻을 수 있기 때문에 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) 및 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)과 같이 고속의 데이터 전송율을 지원하는 시스템에 적합한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 수신단의 구조에 변화를 주지 않으며 또한 추가적인 정보의 전송이 필요 없이 기존 수신기를 그대로 사용할 수 있는 PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) 감소기법을 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) polar transmitter에 적용하여 그 성능을 평가하였다. 이 방법은 polar 변조된 신호에 대하여 피크 윈도잉을 사용한 것으로 다양한 윈도우 형태와 길이를 적용하여 비트오율 (Bit Error rate; BER)과 오차 벡터 크기 (Error Vector Magnitude; EVM)를 측정하였다. 모의실험 결과, 제안된 기법은 효율적인 PAPR 감소와 더불어 클리핑으로 인한 대역외 왜곡 (out-of-band distortion)이 감소함을 관측하였다. Next generation wireless communication systems require RF transceivers that enable multiband/multimode operations. Polar transmitters are known as good candidates for high data rate systems such as EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) because they can obtain high efficiency by using efficient switched-mode RF power amplifiers. In this paper, we investigate the performance of a simple peak windowing scheme for the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) polar transmitter, which requires no change of a receiver structure or no additional information transmission. The approach we employed is to apply the peak windowing scheme to the amplitude modulated signals of the polar transmitter to reduce the PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio). The BER (Bit Error Rate) and EVM (Error Vector Magnitude) performances are measured for various window types and lengths. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm mitigates out-of-band distortion introduced by clipping along with PAPR reduction.

전력전송거리 증가를 위한 구형 자속 집중 송신부 구조의 설계 및 해석

박광록,차화랑,김래영,김태진 전력전자학회 2020 전력전자학회 논문지 Vol.25 No.3

In this study, we propose a spherical flux concentration structure for omnidirectional wireless power transfer. Omnidirectional wireless power transfer technology is a method that can transmit power to a transmitter located in an arbitrary position in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. However, to improve the power transfer distance in a wireless power transfer system, the diameter of the coil or the number of windings must increase, thereby increasing the size of the transmitter. The proposed transmitter structure adds a ferrite core inside the transmitter coil so that the magnetic flux generated by the transmitter is directed toward the position of the receiver. As a result, the flux linkage and the mutual inductance increase. By implementing the omnidirectional wireless power transfer system using the proposed structure, the power transfer distance can be improved by 65% ​​compared with the conventional system without increasing the size of the transmitter. Simulation shows that the proposed spherical flux concentration structure increases the mutual inductance of the omnidirectional wireless power transmission system.

전류 모드 동작에 기반한 2.4GHz 저전력 직접 변환 송신기

최준우,이형수,최치훈,박성경,남일구 대한전자공학회 2011 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.48 No.12

In this paper, a low-power direct-conversion transmitter based on current-mode operation, which satisfies the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, is proposed and implemented in a 0.13μm CMOS technology. The proposed transmitter consists of DACs,LPFs, variable gain I/Q up-conversion mixer, a divide-by-two circuit with LO buffer, and a drive amplifier. By combining DAC, LPF, and variable gain I/Q up-conversion mixer with a simple current mirror configuration, the transmitter's power consumption is reduced and its linearity is improved. The drive amplifier is a cascode amplifier with gain controls and the 2.4GHz I/Q differential LO signals are generated by a divide-by-two current-mode-logic (CML) circuit with an external 4.8GHz input signal. The implemented transmitter has 30dB of gain control range, 0dBm of maximum transmit output power, 33dBc of local oscillator leakage, and 40dBc of the transmit third harmonic component. The transmitter dissipates 10.2mW from a 1.2V supply and the die area of the transmitter is 1.76mm x 1.26mm. 본 논문에서는 전류 모드 동작에 기반한 IEEE 802.15.4 규격을 만족하는 2.4GHz 저전력 직접 변환 송신기를 제안하고 0.13μm CMOS 공정을 이용하여 구현하였다. 제안된 송신기는 디지털-아날로그 변환기, 저역통과 필터, 가변 이득 I/Q 상향 혼합기, 구동 증폭기 및 LO 버퍼를 포함하는 주파수 나누기 2회로로 구성되어 있다. 디지털-아날로그 변환기와 저역통과 필터(LPF), 가변이득 I/Q 상향 혼합기의 트랜스컨덕터 단을 하나의 전류 미러 회로로 합친 간단한 구조를 제안하여 전력 소모를줄이면서 선형성을 향상할 수 있도록 하였다. 구동 증폭기는 캐스코드 타입의 증폭기로 제어 신호를 이용하여 이득을 조절할수 있게 하였고, 외부 4.8GHz 신호를 받아 주파수 나누기 2 전류 모드 로직 (CML) 회로를 사용하여 2.4GHz I/Q 차동 LO 신호를 생성하도록 설계하였다. 구현한 송신기는 30dB의 이득 조정 범위를 가지면서 0dBm의 최대 출력 신호에서 33dBc의 LO 누설 성분, 40dBc의 3차 하모닉 성분의 특성을 보이며, 구현한 칩의 면적은 1.76mm x 1.26mm으로 전력소모는 1.2V 단일 전원 전압으로부터 10.2mW이다.

전류 모드 동작에 기반한 2.4㎓ 저전력 직접 변환 송신기

최준우,이형수,최치훈,박성경,남일구 大韓電子工學會 2011 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.48 No.12

In this paper, a low-power direct-conversion transmitter based on current-mode operation, which satisfies the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, is proposed and implemented in a 0.13㎛ CMOS technology. The proposed transmitter consists of DACs, LPFs, variable gain I/Q up-conversion mixer, a divide-by-two circuit with LO buffer, and a drive amplifier. By combining DAC, LPF, and variable gain I/Q up-conversion mixer with a simple current mirror configuration, the transmitter’s power consumption is reduced and its linearity is improved. The drive amplifier is a cascode amplifier with gain controls and the 2.4㎓ I/Q differential LO signals are generated by a divide-by-two current-mode-logic (CML) circuit with an external 4.8㎓ input signal. The implemented transmitter has 30㏈ of gain control range, 0㏈m of maximum transmit output power, 33㏈c of local oscillator leakage, and 40㏈c of the transmit third harmonic component. The transmitter dissipates 10.2㎽ from a 1.2V supply and the die area of the transmitter is 1.76㎜ x 1.26㎜. 본 논문에서는 전류 모드 동작에 기반한 IEEE 802.15.4 규격을 만족하는 2.4㎓ 저전력 직접 변환 송신기를 제안하고 0.13 ㎛ CMOS 공정을 이용하여 구현하였다. 제안된 송신기는 디지털-아날로그 변환기, 저역통과 필터, 가변 이득 I/Q 상향 혼합기, 구동 증폭기 및 LO 버퍼를 포함하는 주파수 나누기 2회로로 구성되어 있다. 디지털-아날로그 변환기와 저역통과 필터(LPF), 가변이득 I/Q 상향 혼합기의 트랜스컨덕터 단을 하나의 전류 미러 회로로 합친 간단한 구조를 제안하여 전력 소모를 줄이면서 선형성을 향상할 수 있도록 하였다. 구동 증폭기는 캐스코드 타입의 증폭기로 제어 신호를 이용하여 이득을 조절할 수 있게 하였고, 외부 4.8㎓ 신호를 받아 주파수 나누기 2 전류 모드 로직 (CML) 회로를 사용하여 2.4㎓ I/Q 차동 LO 신호를 생성하도록 설계하였다. 구현한 송신기는 30㏈의 이득 조정 범위를 가지면서 0㏈m의 최대 출력 신호에서 33㏈c의 LO 누설 성분, 40㏈c의 3차 하모닉 성분의 특성을 보이며, 구현한 칩의 면적은 1.76㎜ x 1.26㎜으로 전력소모는 1.2V 단일 전원 전압으로부터 10.2㎽이다.

Characteristics of AM and PM Signals in Multi-Carrier Polar Transmitter

Kang, Sanggee The Institute of Internet 2021 International journal of advanced smart convergenc Vol.10 No.4

Polar transmitter can support multi-band and multi-mode operation. The efficiency of frequency usage can be increased if polar transmitters can transmit multi-carrier signals. In this paper the configuration of polar transmitters is investigated to generate multi-carrier signals. Spectrum and CCDF Simulation results of two-carrier signals generated by the polar transmitter can be used to design of PM and AM path in a polar transmitter.