Improving the current regulatory issues concerning training ships for maritime institutions: The South Korean case

Choi Junghwan,Lee Sangil,Kim Soyeon 한국해운물류학회 2022 The Asian journal of shipping and Logistics Vol.38 No.3

Unlike commercial vessels, training ships have the unique purpose of providing students attempting to become ships’ officers with the onboard training education referred to in the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW code). More than 100 people, including students, are usually aboard these internationally seagoing vessels. Despite training ships requiring strict safety management to prevent maritime accidents and protect lives, they are excluded from the application of key international rules and regulations concerning the safety of these ships due to an ambiguous legal status. Furthermore, there is no comprehensive safety management system at the central governmental level over training ships as they are operated by individual maritime institutions despite them being national property. Against these backgrounds, this research analyses current regulatory issues of training ships at the IMO level and the domestic level by referring to South Korean case. This research conducts a doctrinal legal study to understand the current legal status of training ships the application limits of the IMO regulatory instruments. The research concludes by referring to the necessity of the development of training ships Code to enhance he safety of training ships in the future. © 2022 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). CC_BY_NC_ND_4.0

국립대 실습선 안전운항을 위한 법제도적 개선방안

이상일(Sang-Il Lee),최정환(Jung-Hwan Choi) 한국해사법학회 2016 해사법연구 Vol.28 No.1

국립대학 실습선은 STCW협약에서 요구하는 항해사 및 기관사 자격 취득을 위해 국립대학에서 학생들의 승선실습 목적으로 운영되고 있는 선박이다. 실습선은 많은 인원이 승선하며, 국제항해에 종사하는 특수목적의 선박으로서 다른 선박들보다 엄격한 안전관리가 요구된다. 실습선은 교육부 소속의 선박으로 안전관리에 대해서는 각 대학의 자체규정에 따라 운영되고 있으며, 이를 규율할수 있는 법 또는 제도가 없다. 무엇보다 국제해사협약에서도 실습선에 대한 별 도의 지위가 없으며, 비상업용 정부선박으로 간주되어 인적분야에 해당하는 일부 협약의 적용대상에서 제외된다. 특히 안전관리시스템 구축을 위한 ISM Code와 선박 및 항만의 보안을 위한 ISPS Code가 적용 제외되어 실습선에 대한 안전관리가 사각지대에 놓여있는부분이 있다. 이와 관련하여 이 논문은 실습선의 법적지위 및 안전관리에 관한 문제점을 파악하고, 실습선의 안전관리가 체계화 될 수 있는 법제도적 개선방향을 제시하고자 한다. The purpose of training ships at national universities is to acquire certification of each ship’s officers by demanding an international convention on STCW. Training ships tend to sail around the world in order to educate students with hundreds of crews and cadets. Therefore, there is a need for a strict safety management system similar to those ships such as bulk carriers, chemical ships and passenger ships. However, there are no regulations or safety management systems specifically for training ships related to the Ministry of Education so that they may operate under their own rules. Moreover, there is no legal standing with respect to training ships in any international conventions. In addition, training ships are excluded from international regulations pertaining to human resources, as they are regarded as non-commercial and government ships. In particular, training ships are excluded ISM Code and ISPS Code. It is clear that the need for a safety management system specifically for training ships is serious in Korea. In order to solve this issue, this paper seeks to understand the problem of safety management systems for training ships and to suggest legal regime to improve the safety management of training ships.

A comparative study on video training and lecture-style training for apprentice engineers of training ships

한기영,김준수,김홍범,허재정 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2021 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.45 No.6

The ship's cadet for the engine part shall execute boarding training (practice education) on a training ship or on board the merchant ship of a shipping company. Training ships have limitations in terms of educational effectiveness, such as limited training space, a small number of instructors compared to a large number of trainees, and cost burden for expensive training equipment. In this study, we intend to confirm the improvement of educational effectiveness by providing tutorial videos to the cadet on the training ship. The survey was conducted twice for students majoring in engineering at Maritime High School who participated in onboard training. To verify the difference in understanding between the two groups of students, mean difference verification was performed, and statis-tical analysis was conducted below the significance level of 0.05. Consequently, it was verified through the statistical analysis that training efficiency was improved by incorporating practical training using videos in the existing practical education method that com-bines theoretical lectures and practice.

A comparative study on the training method that mixed face-to-face/non-face-to-face education for apprentice engineers in the training ship

노정호,정은석,이진욱,오세진,윤경국,김종수,전현민,허재정 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2022 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.46 No.2

A ship's apprentice for engine part shall carry out boarding training (practice education) onboard the merchant ship of a shipping company or on a training ship. To improve the maritime abilities of student apprentices for engine part in a situation where the boarding training period has been shortened by 50 % compared to the previous training period, this study aimed to verify the difference in understanding and acquiring familiarity of maritime abilities between students with online classes who received the the-oretical education of equipment mounted on ships and the indirect practice education of its operation videos before receiving the boarding training on a training ship, and those who received the education after the boarding training. The survey was conducted twice for students of the engine part at Korea Maritime University who participated in the boarding training. To validate the difference in understanding between the two groups, a mean difference verification was performed, and statistical analysis was conducted at a sig-nificance level of ≤ 0.05. After the education, the two groups did not have a significant difference in their understanding of the education, but the control group who experienced theory and indirect practice education through videos before receiving the boarding training showed a higher overall understanding than the experimental group who received the boarding training first.

선박공간분석을 통한 실습전용선박의 선박능력 평가 기준에 관한 연구

박기태 해양환경안전학회 2022 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Ships are built according to the purpose and operated with individual goals. Operational goals are reflected in the design of the ships and become the main criterion for determining the required ship ability. In general, cargo ships and passenger ships are objectively evaluated in terms of the operation part of the ship and the capacity part of the cargo or passenger, centering on their transportation ability. In consideration of the required ship ability, the built ship can expect effects such as economic feasibility and eco-friendliness in addition to basic characteristics such as stability. Accordingly, the concept of ship ability is expected to be effectively used in the field of training-only ship management by each institution, which plays a pivotal role in training ship-officers. In this study, the basic direction was verified for the ship ability evaluation criteria of training-only ships through the analysis of the internal space of two training-only ships of the Korea Institute of Maritime and Fisheries Technology, which were recently built with a time lag. In the process of building training-only ship or general-purpose training ship, the possibility of using the ship ability standards in securing budget and designing was derived. 선박들은 목적에 따라 건조되어 개별의 목표를 가지고 운영된다. 운영상 목표는 선박의 설계에 반영되어 필요한 선박능력을 결정하는 주요 기준이 된다. 일반적으로 화물선과 여객선은 수송능력을 중심으로 선박의 운항부분과 화물 또는 여객의 수용능력부분으로 선박능력이 객관적으로 평가되고 있다. 필요한 선박능력을 감안하여 건조된 선박은 안정성과 같은 기본적인 특성 외에 경제성, 친환경성 등의 효과들 또한 기대 할 수 있다. 이에 따라 국내 해기사 양성에서 중추적인 역할을 하고 있는 각 기관의 실습전용선박 관리 분야에서도 선박능력 개념의 효과적인 활용이 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 최근 시차를 두고 건조된 한국해양수산연수원의 실습전용선박 2척의 선박 내부 공간 분석을 통하여 실습전용선박의 선박능력 평가 기준에 대해 기초적인 방향성을 확인하였으며 국내의 실습전용선박 또는 범용실습선박 건조 과정 중 예산확보와 설계에서 선박능력 기준의 활용 가능성을 도출하였다.

비상업용 정부선박의 국제해양법적 지위 - 국립대학 실습선을 중심으로 -

임지형,이용희 해양환경안전학회 2020 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Since the early 20th century, there have been reviews and legislations regarding the legal status of the Government ships operated for non-commercial purposes. In particular, as criticized in the absolute theory of immunity in conventional international law, the sovereign immunity theory has become more vital as a restrictive theory for immunity. As per the customary international law and international law of the sea, non-commercial government vessels, including warships, are provided with sovereign immunity on the sea. National universities of Korea have built and operated training ships and survey ships for educational purposes, such as training high-grade mariners and fishing practices. These training ships sail not only on the national maritime jurisdictions but also on the maritime jurisdictions of other States and the high sea. Therefore, clarifying the legal status of national university training ships is one of the important factors in international navigation according to international law. However, it is not easy to answer the question of the legal status of the training ship. Hence, this article analyzes the parameters that define the Government ship operated for non-commercial purposes and examines whether national university training ships are in line with the relevant criterion. Furthermore, the article analyzes the scope of sovereign immunity in conventional international law and international conventions and identifies the scope of sovereign immunity enjoyed by the national university training ships according to international law. 20세기 초부터 비상업용 정부선박의 법적 지위에 대한 검토와 법제화가 이루어졌다. 특히 전통적 국제법상의 절대적 주권면제이론에 대한 비판이 발생하고, 이에 대한 대체 이론으로 제한적 주권면제이론이 등장하면서 주권면제이론은 더욱 구체화 되었다. 국제관습법 및 국제해양법에서는 군함과 함께 비상업용 정부선박에 대한 주권면제를 규정하고 있다. 이러한 주권면제와 관련하여 고려되어야 하는 것이 우리나라 국립대학의 실습선이다. 우리나라 국립대학은 고급해기사 양성 및 어업 실습 등의 교육목적으로 실습선 및 조사선을 건조하여 운용하고 있다. 이러한 실습선은 국내 관할수역 뿐만 아니라 타국의 관할수역 및 공해까지를 활동범위로 하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 타국의 항구에도 입항하고 있다. 따라서 국제법상 국립대학 실습선의 법적지위를 명확하게 하는 것은 국제 항행에 있어 중요한 요소 중에 하나라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 실습선이 어떠한 법적 지위를 누리느냐에 대해서는 단순히 답할 수 없는 요소들이 다수 존재한다. 이에 본 논문은 국제법상 비상업용 정부선박의 개념 및 의의에 대해 살펴보고, 국립대학 실습선이 이와 일치하는지에 대해 검토하였다. 또한 전통 국제법상의 주권면제 범위와 현행 국제협약상의 주권면제에 대한 규정을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 국립대학 실습선이 해양에서 누릴 수 있는 주권면제의 범위에 대해 살펴보았다.

델파이 조사를 활용한 자율운항선 해기사 양성을 위한교과목 개발에 관한 연구

손장윤,신용존 한국항만경제학회 2023 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.39 No.3

자율운항선박은 사람의 개입을 최소화하여 선박 스스로 판단하고 운항하는 기능이 탑재되므로, 이를운용하는 해기사의 직무도 변화하므로, 자율운항선박을 운항하고, 관리할 수 있는 역량을 갖춘 해기사를양성하기 위한 교육과정에도 변화가 필요하다. 본 연구는 불확실한 미래 예측에 적합한 델파이 조사법을 활용하여 자율운항선 및 해기사 교육 부분의 전문가들을 대상으로 교육자율운항선 해기사 양성을 위한 교과목을 개발하고자 하였다. 델파이조사에서 식별된 현행 해기사 양성 61개 교과목 중에서 중요도가 높은 32개 교과목은 자율운항선 해기사 양성 교육에서도 유지되어야 하고, 중요도가 낮은 교과목은 차차 폐지하거나 타 교과목에통합되어야 할 것이다.현행의 해기사(항해사, 기관사) 양성 교육에서 식별된 자율운항선 해기사 양성을위한 교과목은 ‘일반과정’으로 통칭하고 항해분야 27과목, 기관분야 20과목, 행해·기관공통분야 14과목으로 분류하였다. 전문가 패널들에 의해 신규 제시된 42항목은 중요도 ‘상’ 18항목, ‘중’ 14항목, ‘하’ 10항목으로 나타났다. 이들 교과목에 대한 전문가 6인의 심층분석을 통하여 자율운항선박에 적용된 진보된 기술 및 정보의 이해를 위한 기초이론 등 기초역량 배양을 위한 ‘기초과정(10과목)’, 자율운항선 운용과 직접적으로관련 있는 실무역량 배양을 위한 ‘직무과정(10과목)’, 자율운항선 육상 원격운항자 양성을 위한 ‘심화과정(7과목)’으로 분류하여 제시하였다. 자율운항선박의 도입 및 확산이 급속히 진전될 것이므로 자율운항선박의 자율운항 수준을 반영하여자율운항선 해기사 양성 교과목의 개발 및 보완을 위한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다. The Autonomous ships are equipped with a function to judge and navigate the sea conditionson their own, so the job of the ship officer who operates it changes. The educational curriculumto nurture ship officer with the ability to operate and manage autonomous ships must also bechanged. This study aimed to develop the curriculum for training autonomous ship officer by usingthe Delphi survey method suitable for predicting the uncertain future. Among the current 61 subjects for training ship officer identified in the Delphi survey, 32 subjects with high importance should be maintained in the training for autonomous ship officer, andsubjects with low importance should be abolished or integrated into other subjects. These subjectswere collectively referred to as ‘general courses'. The expert panel of the Delphi survey suggested 42 items as new subjects, with 18 items of‘high’, 14 items of ‘middle’, and 10 items of ‘low’. Through in-depth analysis of these items by experts, 27 subjects were adjusted and three courses were proposed : 1)'Basic course(10 courses)' fordeveloping basic capabilities such as basic theories for understanding advanced technology and information applied to autonomous ships, 2)'Job course(10 courses)' for practical competency directlyrelated to autonomous ship operation, 3)'Intensive course(7 subjects)' for fostering land remote operators of autonomous ships. Since the introduction and spread of autonomous ships will progress rapidly, research to developand supplement autonomous ship pilot training courses should be continued by reflecting the levelof autonomous navigation of autonomous ships.

자율운항선박 도입에 따른 해기사 직능 변화와 인력양성에 관한 연구

임성주,신용존 한국항해항만학회 2022 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.46 No.1

This study aims to investigate changes in the demand for ship officers in response to changes in the shipping industry environment in which Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) emerge according to the application of the fourth industrial revolution technology to ships, and it looks into changes in the skill of ship officer. It also analyzes and proposes a plan for nurturing ship officers accordingly. As a result of the degree of recognition and AHP analysis, this study suggests that a new training system is required because the current training and education system may cover the job competencies of emergency response, caution and danger navigation, general sailing, cargo handling, seaworthiness maintenance, emergency response, and ship maintenance and management, but tasks such as remote control, monitoring diagnosis, device management capability, and big data analysis require competency for unmanned and shore-based control. By evaluating the importance of change factors in the duties of ship officers in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships, this study provides information on ship officer educational institutions’ response strategies for nurturing ship officers and prioritization of resource allocation, etc. The importance of these factors was compared and evaluated to suggest changes in the duties of ship officers and methods of nurturing ship officers according to the introduction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships. It is expected that the findings of this study will be meaningful as it systematically derives the duties and competency factors of ship officers of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships from a practical point of view and analyzed the perception level of each relevant expert to diagnose expert-level responses to the introduction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships. 본 연구는 제4차 산업혁명 기술에 의해 선박의 자동화와 지능화가 진전되면서 자율운항선박이 도입되게 됨에 따라 해기사 인력수요 축소와 직능 전환 등의 문제가 대두되는 상황에서 해기사의 직무변화와 이에 따른 요구 역량을 분석하고 이를 배양하기 위한 인력양성 방향을 제시하였다. 선행연구 검토와 전문가 집단의 브레인스토밍과 AHP 설문조사를 통해 자율운항선박의 해기사 직무와 역량 요인을 도출하고 그 중요도를 평가하였다. 해기사 승선 자율운항선박의 해기사 직무 중에서 안전 운항과 비상시 대응 그리고 화물의 안전운송 관련 직무요인이 중요한 것으로 나타났으며, 자율운항시스템의 제어 및 운용 역량의 중요성이 매우 높으며 이를 뒷받침하기 위한 육·해상 커뮤니케이션과 AI 및 Big Data 분석 역량이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 완전자율운항선박의 해기사 직무는 예상하지 못한 비상상황에 대비하여 선박을 안전하게 원격운항시키는 비상상황대처, 원격운항제어, 선박정비ㆍ관리 직무 순으로 중요도가 높으며, 해기사 역량에서는 자율운항시스템 제어와 운용 그리고 이를 수행하기 위한 Big Data 와 AI 활용 역량들의 중요도가 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다, 이러한 요인들의 직무역량 함양을 위한 해기인력 양성 방향과 규모는 기술의 진보에 따라 크게 달라질 수 있는 점을 고려하여 자율운항선박 도입단계별로 필요한 해기사 교육 프로그램과 직무교육 내용 그리고 핵심역량 함양을 위한 교육인프라 구축 방안을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 자율운항선박의 해기사 직무 및 역량 요인을 실무적 관점에서 체계적으로 도출하였으며, 관련 전문가별 인식도를 분석함으로써 자율운항선박 도입에 대한 전문가 차원의 대응 방안을 진단하였다는데 연구의 의의가 있다.

A study on the developments of STCW training of seafarers on ships applying in the IGF Code

한세현,이영찬 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2015 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.39 No.10

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been regulating emissions by making mandatory the compliance with institutions aimed at protecting air quality such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Tier III. Under the circumstances, one of the response measures considered to be the most feasible is the replacement of existing marine fuel with Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The industry has been preemptively building infrastructure and developing and spreading engine technology to enable the use of LNG-fueled ships. The IMO, in turn, recently adopted the International Code of Safety for Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flash-Point Fuels (IGF Code) as an institutional measure. Thus, it is required to comply with regulations on safety-related design and systems focused on response against potential risk for LNG-fueled ships, in which low-flash-point fuel is handled in the engine room. Especially, the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Convention was amended accordingly. It has adopted the qualification and training requirements for seafarers who are to provide service aboard ships subject to the IGF Code exemplified by LNG-fueled ships. The expansion in the use of LNG-fueled ships and relevant facilities in fact is expected to increase demand for talents. Thus, the time is ripe to develop methods to set up appropriate STCW training courses for seafarers who board ships subject to the IGF Code. In this study, the STCW Convention and existing STCW training courses applied to seafarers offering service aboard ships subject to the IGF Code are reviewed. The results were reflected to propose ways to design new STCW training courses needed for ships subject to the IGF Code and to identify and improve insufficiencies of the STCW Convention in relation to the IGF Code.

A study on the developments of STCW training of seafarers on ships applying in the IGF Code

Han, Se-Hyun,Lee, Young-Chan The Korean Society of Marine Engineering 2015 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.39 No.10

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been regulating emissions by making mandatory the compliance with institutions aimed at protecting air quality such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Tier III. Under the circumstances, one of the response measures considered to be the most feasible is the replacement of existing marine fuel with Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The industry has been preemptively building infrastructure and developing and spreading engine technology to enable the use of LNG-fueled ships. The IMO, in turn, recently adopted the International Code of Safety for Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flash-Point Fuels (IGF Code) as an institutional measure. Thus, it is required to comply with regulations on safety-related design and systems focused on response against potential risk for LNG-fueled ships, in which low-flash-point fuel is handled in the engine room. Especially, the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Convention was amended accordingly. It has adopted the qualification and training requirements for seafarers who are to provide service aboard ships subject to the IGF Code exemplified by LNG-fueled ships. The expansion in the use of LNG-fueled ships and relevant facilities in fact is expected to increase demand for talents. Thus, the time is ripe to develop methods to set up appropriate STCW training courses for seafarers who board ships subject to the IGF Code. In this study, the STCW Convention and existing STCW training courses applied to seafarers offering service aboard ships subject to the IGF Code are reviewed. The results were reflected to propose ways to design new STCW training courses needed for ships subject to the IGF Code and to identify and improve insufficiencies of the STCW Convention in relation to the IGF Code.