天津方言的特征及使用现况考察

송위수(Song, Wei-Xiu),나민구(Na, Min-Gu) 대한중국학회 2020 중국학 Vol.72 No.-

天津是中国北方最大的经济商贸中心,天津方言是天津地域文化的典型代表,天津方言生动形象,是中国语言文化花园中的一朵奇葩,天津人幽默风趣的性格主要体现在天津方言中。天津方言并不是指天津全部区域内人们使用的语言,通常指的是天津市内六区及西郊和南郊一部分、东郊小部分本地居民所使用的方言,它是一种特殊的方言岛现象。二十世纪八十年代开始一些社会语言学专家致力于对天津方言的考察研究。本文简明介绍了天津方言岛的形成历史,语音特征和特殊词汇,重点是通过发放实际的问卷调查,考察目前天津方言的使用现状及人们对天津方言的态度,分析天津方言使用情况变化的原因,展望天津方言未来的发展前景,期望更多学者研究天津方言,对天津方言的保护和宣传起积极的作用。 Tianjin is the largest economic and trade center in northern China. Tianjin dialect is a representative dialect of Tianjin local culture. Tianjin dialect is a vivid and wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese language and culture. The simple and unsophisticated folk customs of the people of Tianjin produced the warm and humorous qualities of the Tianjin people, which are mainly reflected in the Tianjin dialect. The Tianjin dialect does not refer to the language spoken by people in every part of Tianjin. It usually refers to the dialect spoken by local residents in six districts of Tianjin, parts of western and southern suburbs and parts of eastern suburbs. It is a special phenomenon of dialect island. Since the 1980s, some social language experts have devoted themselves to studying Tianjin dialect. This paper briefly introduces the formation history, phonetic characteristics and special vocabulary of Tianjin dialect island. Through the actual survey, the emphasis is to investigate the current situation of Tianjin dialect and the people s attitude toward Tianjin dialect, analyze the reasons for the change in the use of Tianjin dialect, and forecast the development prospects of Tianjin dialect in the future. More scholars are expected to study Tianjin dialect and study Tianjin dialect. The protection and propaganda of words play a positive role.

天津近代貿易과 綿業

강경락 역사교육학회 2009 역사교육논집 Vol.42 No.-

The present study examined how modern trade influenced the economy of Tianjin and its hinterlands focused on the cotton industry–cotton production, cotton spinning and weaving, and traditional manual industry. The pattern of exporting raw materials, which is traditional trade in underdeveloped countries, was not observed as typical in the trade of cotton, one of important products in Tianjin and its hinterlands. In Tianjin, cotton, one of major raw materials in modern industry, could not be an important export item. Rather, cotton export from Tianjin began to grow actively in the situation that the export of cotton was decreasing rapidly in other areas in China. The increase in the export of specific cotton varieties during this period accelerated the cultivation and commercialization of cotton in the agricultural industry of the hinterlands of Tianjin. However, the commercialization of specific cotton varieties was monopolized by and dependent on Japanese importers and Japanese market. With this limitation, cotton export could not have a broad influence on the economy of farmers in the Hebei region, and the influence was limited to the specific area of the Hubei Prefecture. Rather, cotton farming in the hinterlands of Tianjin began to develop stably with the advance of domestic cotton spinning business and improvement of cotton varieties for meeting demand from the cotton spinning industry in Tianjin. Second, the cotton spinning industry in Tianjin achieved remarkable growth in volume in order to meet domestic demand in the middle of the war and Western countries’ disability to produce. The cotton spinning industry in Tianjin grew at full speed particularly after the 1st World War. Different from other areas in China, Tianjin had imported cotton yarn steadily until the early 1920s. Modern cotton spinning factories in Tianjin had to compete with both cotton yarn imported and produced in Shanghai, and got a severe blow by the postwar economic depression. Under the economic depression and chronic shortage of raw cotton, the spinning industry in Tianjin was gradually subjugated to Japanese capitals armed with high capital and technological power. The development of the modern cotton spinning and weaving industry in Tianjin was influenced by the modern trade of Tianjin, but was impacted negatively by the concentration of cotton export on specific varieties and the import of cotton yarn. Lastly, with regard to cotton textile, the cotton textile in Tianjin before the 1st World War was controlled by the U.K. With the outbreak of the 1st World War, Japan replaced the British position over the Tianjin cotton textile market, and enjoyed the predominant position until the early 1920s. However, the predominant position of Japanese‐produced cotton textile was threatened by the development of the cotton yarn industry and the spread of new cotton weaving technology in China. In response to the threat, Japan promoted high quality of their products. Because of its domestic situation and economic decline in China in the 1930s, however, the import of cotton textile from Japan decreased and the market share of imported cotton textile in Tianjin fell below 10%. In the course, the districts of homespun cloth manufacturing using filature silk and new weaving machines in the Hubei region played an important role in rural markets. Using cheap home‐produced cotton yarn and introducing foot‐pedaled hand weaving machines made of steel, the homespun cloth businesses competed with modern cloth businesses. The homespun cloth checked the import of cotton textile particularly from Japan in the Tianjin market. In conclusion, modern trade in Tianjin restructured areas related to cotton industry and established a close relation between hinterland farm villages and Tianjin, and by doing so, it played an important role in the transition to the modern economic system.

1920년대 천진시의 공업발전

임지환 전북사학회 2010 전북사학 Vol.0 No.36

In 1920s, Tianjin was the second largest industrial city in China. With the outbreak of the world war I, China could achieve remarkable industrial development. Tianjin could also develop it's industry in a short period time. In 1920, there were over 6000 factories established in Tianjin. Even if small and medium sized factories occupied 99% of all the factories, a few of large factories were globally competitive, especially in the textile and flour industries as well as part of the chemical industries. There were several factors that made it possible for Tianjin to achieve the rapid industrial development in a short period time. In the first place, in the early 20th century, the expansion of railway network revolutionized the transportation of commercial goods and industrial raw materials. The large amount of industrial raw materials, collected from various areas of North China such as cotton, wheat, fur etc, could easily be transported to Tianjin without geographical hindrance, and lots of industrial products produced in Tianjin could also be easily supplied to various areas in North China. Secondly, the financial market had well been developed in Tianjin since Ch'ing dynasty. During the early years of the republic of China, there were three kinds of financial groups: the foreign banking group, the Chinese banking group, and the Chinese traditional banking group. The large enterprises borrowed the industrial funds from the foreign or Chinese banks, and most of the small and medium sized enterprises borrowed their industrial funds from the traditional Chinese banks. Most of the small and medium sized enterprises didn't have enough collateral to take out the industrial funds and, therefore, they favored the Chinese traditional banks which had been lorning on a credit basis since Ch'ing dynasty. The development of the financial market made it possible for businessmen in Tianjin to secure their industrial funds easily. Thirdly, to establish large factories, a large amount of investment could be made in the textile, flour, and chemical industries, mainly by the warlords and government officials. The investment of warlords and government officials could contribute not only to take the lead in promoting Chinese national industries in Tianjin, but to put a stop to foreign capital's penetration into the Chinese industry. Fourthly, constant investments to produce industrial raw materials, such as cotton, wheat, and fur, had been made since the end of Ch'ing dynasty. Especially foreign capitalists made a large amount of investment in the northwestern area of North China to collect fur. The cotton producing districts which covered a wide range of North China rpompted the rapid development of textile industry, and the expansion of fur collecting districts into Northwest China contributed to developing the leather industry in Tianjin. The rapid development of industry in Tianjin had an effect on the commercial development. For example, the development of industry led to prompting the warehouse and distribution industry, and, in the various areas of North China, caused a lot of wholesale markets to be established to supply the industrial products.

5・4운동 시기 天津 각계의 동향과 내부갈등의 양상 : - 학생사회와 상계를 중심으로 -

손재현(SON, Jae-hyun) 한국사학사학회 2018 韓國史學史學報 Vol.0 No.38

At the time of 5・4, the study of Tianjin’s civilian society proceeded with a positive aspect that contributed to the development of the urban economy and the anti-foreigner movement in order to emphasize regional differentiation. Recent research has been limited to introducing the conflicts between the academic community and the merchant organization, also the rejection and trends within each unit. The purpose of this study is to investigate how conflicts and discords that have arisen in the region have been resolved by focusing on the student society and the merchant organization. The main reason for analyzing these two types of civilian society is that the student society and the merchant organization represent the civilian society of Tianjin with opposite position. In addition, we will examine the concerns within the academia about the behavior of students who were the most progressive forces in the course of 5・4, and will correct the complete praise. Furthermore, investigating the future of student leaders who represent the Tianjin Student Movement will be able to examine the impact of the movement. We tried to fill the void of research by understanding the aspect of inner conflict and internal discord in the student society and the merchant organization who had simultaneously been pressured each other. In the development of 5・4 movement, the academia and the business world which represented the civilian society, greatly influenced Tianjin’s patriotic activities. Moreover, the flow of movement in Tianjin which is very close to the capital, has had a significant impact on the change of attitude of the government and it could seriously damage Japan economically. Tianjin’s 5・4 movement, did not represent the whole China in side of scale or capacity, but played an important role in changing the flow of the movement. At first, the government neglected the mass demonstrations in Shanghai, but they held emergency meetings actively to respond condition and accepted public opinion because of students’ classes refusal and the closing of merchants. According to the flow of whole nation, Tianjin students immediately began to denounce classes and held the street demonstrations. In addition, they informed the news of the Shanghai area and demanded the business world’s denial of commerce. The Chief Representative of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry demanded・the three days after discussions and finding ways to deal with the livelihood and security of the citizens. However, the students urged immediate action, saying that the danger of China’s 危亡 and if they lingered the problem, there is no way to save it. The business world received pressure from the students and entered the denial of commerce. The government dispatched a member of the upper House to Tianjin and settled the situation with the caorui(曹銳). 曹銳 visited the general assembly and gave a warning speech that if any sort of mishap occurred, he could not protect it and put a strong pressure that there was an illegal problem. In the end, The business world decided to withdraw the commerce denial at the・first and start it. Since then, The general assembly organization gradually disintegrated because of the repeated conflicts within the business world. This is a distinguished feature of the Tianjin area and differentiated it from other regions’ business deviated from the central government’s control in aspect of their willingness to speak for themselves. In Tianjin, the 5・4 movement began in earnest when about 10,000 people of 15 universities joined the denial of lecture including 北洋大學, 南開大學. Students disbanded and clarified the separation of the country and education. They thought that it was more important to awaken the people, to invigorate the patriotic enthusiasm, and to participate in the way of the country than doing the lecture. However, as the breakup continued, the voice of opposition 본 연구는 오사운동의 전개과정에서 천진의 학생사회와 상계를 중심으로 불화와 갈등양상을 검토한 것이다. 두 부류를 중심에 두고 분석하는 이유는 학생사회와 상계가 서로 상반된 입장을 대변하는 天津의 민간사회를 대표하기 때문이다. 또 5・4과정에서 진보세력이었던 학생들의 행동에 대한 반응과 이익을 둘러싼 상계 내부의 우려를 검토하여 찬양일변도의 시각을 바로 잡고자 하였다. 5・4운동에 참여했던 학생들은 혁명정당에 가입하여 직업혁명가의 길을 가는 부류와 다시 학교로 돌아가 학업에 열중하는 부류로 나뉘는데, 天津의 학생운동을 지도했던 대표와 부대표는 학교를 졸업하고 교사를 거쳐 직업혁명가와 관료의 길을 갔다. 5・4시기 天津의 학생운동을 이끌었던 천진학생연합회 회장 諶志篤은 졸업 후 南明中學 교사를 거쳐 국민당 정부에 몸담았다. 부회장 馬駿은 남개대학을 졸업하고 길림 毓文中學에서 국어교사가 되었다. 그는 행동하는 공산주의자가 되었고 33세의 나이에 군벌 장작림에 의해 처형되었다. 5・4운동의 전개과정에서 시민사회를 대표했던 학생사회와 상계는 天津 전체의 애국활동에 큰 영향을 주었다. 더욱이 수도와 매우 가까운 거리인 천진에서의 운동 흐름은 정부의 태도변화에 중대한 영향을 주었고 일본에게 심각한 손실을 줄 수 있었다. 天津의 5・4운동은 규모나 역량에 있어서 중국 전체를 대표한 적은 없지만 운동의 흐름을 바꾸는데 역할을 하였다. 사회의 안정을 원하는 정부는 상해에서의 罷市와 대규모 시위는 방관하다가 天津에서 학생들의 수업거부와 상인들의 영업중단이 현실로 나타나자 긴급회의를 개최하여 적극적으로 대응하고 여론을 수용하였던 것이다. 天津에서 5・4운동은 북양대학, 남개대학 등 15개 학교 약 1만 여명이 공동으로 수업거부에 돌입하면서 본격화되었다. 학생들은 파과를 하면서 구국과 교육의 분리를 분명히 하였다. 하지만 수업거부가 지속되면서 운동의 목적과 애국의 명분에 반대하는 소리가 학생사회 내부에서 먼저 나왔다. 특히 학생들의 극단적인 행동은 상계의 거부와 반발을 불러왔다. 天津의 학생들은 罷市 선포를 요구하였고, 상계는 학생들의 압박을 받고 영업을 중단하였다. 정부는 참의원 曾毓雋을 天津에 파견하고, 省長 曹銳는 총상회를 직접 방문하여 만약 불법 파업으로 어떠한 종류의 변고가 생기면 지켜줄 수 없다는 경고성 연설을 하면서 강한 압박을 가하였다. 결국 상계는 전국에서 가장 먼저 영업을 시작하기로 결정하였다. 이후 상계 내부의 갈등으로 파시와 복시가 반복되면서 총상회 조직은 점차 와해되었다. 이는 天津 지역에서 두드러지게 나타나는 특징이다.

톈진의 도시 정체성을 위한 서사적 재현과공간적 실천

박정희(Jeonghee Bark) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2022 인문사회과학연구 Vol.23 No.4

이 글은 톈진을 통해, 현재의 도시문화 텍스트가 청말 민초 개항장 도시의 문화정체성과 공간을 재형성・재구성하는 양상의 일단을 확인하고자 한다. 공간적 실천 과정을 통해 톈진 도시 공간의 변화와 문화접변 양상을 살피고, 진미문학을 중심 텍스트로 삼아 문화적 충돌과 융합의 과정을 도시 기억과 상상 그리고 그로 인해 형성된 도시 정체성 등으로 재현하는 양상을 분석한다. 수도 베이징의 장벽이라는 군사 요충지, 남북 조운의 중계지라는 톈진의 정체성이 가장 극대화된 시기는 청말 민초였다. 이 시기에 시작된 톈진의 근대화는 지정학적 환경, 도시 발전의 과정, 시민문화의 성격 면에서 상하이 등의 여타 개항도시와는 사뭇 달랐다. 톈진 특유의 근대 도시문화란 이질적인 두 문화 즉 톈진 고유의 시민문화와 서구화된 조계지 문화의 병존 현상을 가리킨다. 톈진에는 봉건 세력・군벌들의 전통 지향적 문화와 서구 각국이 합세하여 관리했던 근대 문화가 공존하고 있다. 상하이 문화는 개항 이후 서구 근대 시민정신을 점진적으로 수용하는 과정에 있었고 톈진 문화는 서구의 현대성과 부딪힐 때 민간의 전통으로 돌아가 동력을 찾는 경향을 보였다. 톈진 문화는 공간・문화적 양분화와 공존, 상호영향 관계 등으로 인해 시민화, 세속화의 특징이 두드러졌다. 1980・90년대의 진미소설은 청말 민초 시기를 반추하면서 톈진의 도시 정체성을 재구성하고자 한다. 진미소설은 ‘진미’라는 복합적이고 중층적인 도시 정체성을 구도심 시정의 건강한 일상과 소시민의 낙천성으로 구시대의 부패와 매판자본의 반민족적 성격을 단죄・극복하고 조계지의 긍정성을 포용하는 것으로 재구성하고자 했다. 진미소설이 강조한 공간은 구도심이었지만 조계지의 긍정성을 전적으로 폄훼하지는 않는다. 진미소설의 이런 태도는, 전통적인 고유의 문화자산을 중심으로 이질적인 시공간을 포섭함으로써 다양성・중층성이라는 도시 정체성을 구축해가고 있는 현재 톈진의 공간적 실천과 동궤를 이룬다. This paper attempts to confirm an aspect of how a treaty port city remodeled and restructured urban culture and space through a process of social transformation during the Late Qing and Early Republican Period. The study examines aspects of change and acculturation with regard to the urban space of Tianjin through a process of spatial practices. It then analyzes aspects of how the process of cultural conflict and fusion is reproduced as urban memory, imagination, and the resulting urban identity. The modernization of Tianjin, beginning in the Late Qing and Early Republican Period, was utterly different from that of other treaty port cities, such as Shanghai, in terms of geopolitical environment, the process of urban development, and the characteristics of civic culture. Spatial and cultural bifurcation and coexistence, along with relationships of mutual influence, made the characteristics of citizenization and secularization noticeable. The Tianjin-style novels of the 1980s attempted to recreate the urban identity of Tianjin while also ruminating over the Late Qing and Early Republican Period. Tianjin-style novels attempted to recreate the complex and stratified urban identity of the ‘Tianjin-style’ as something that convicted and overcame the anti-nationalist characteristics of corruption and comprador capital and embraced the positivity of concessions in China through the healthy everyday life of the old urban administration and the optimism of the petit bourgeois. The space highlighted by Tianjin-style novels was the old urban center, but it did not wholly denigrate the positivity of concessions either. Such an attitude on the part of Tianjin-style novels aligns with the trajectory of contemporary Tianjin’s spatial practices which builds an urban identity of diversity and stratification by embracing heterogeneous space and time with a focus on traditional, indigenous cultural assets.

베이징 ‧ 톈진의 상호관계와 그 변화 양상

박정희 제주대학교 인문과학연구소 2024 인문학연구 Vol.36 No.-

Traditionally, Beijing and Tianjin had formed a close interdependent relationship. Until the pre-modern era, they were organized as the capital and its peripheral city, and though this order reversed after modernization, but despite this superficial change, the close interaction between Beijing and Tianjin was so dominant that it could not be replaced by the relationship between Beijing and other cities. However, after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing sought to reclaim all positions Tianjin had occupied to restore its former status and position. Since then, the relationship between Beijing and Tianjin has become a contradiction in terms, with Beijing and Tianjin each becoming a sprawling metropolis, suffering from various metropolitan diseases and downgrading in status. The Jingjinji Cooperative Development Plan was proposed to solve this problem. Its main focus was on integrating Tongzhou as a sub-center into Beijing and undertaking large-scale development in Xiong’an New Area to decentralize Beijing’s non-capital functions. As a result, Tianjin, which had long monopolized the traditional relationship of interdependence with Beijing, now had to compete with Tongzhou and Xiong’an New Area. For this reason, the work of Tianjin’s local historians and cultural and artistic practitioners to actively remember and recall modern Tianjin becomes a symbolic activity that creates a crack in the centripetal force of the Jingjinji Cooperative Development Plan’s inclusive, collective memory project. 전통적으로 베이징과 톈진은 긴밀한 상호의존적 관계를 형성하고 있었다. 근대화 이전 시기까지 베이징과 톈진은 수도와 주변도시로 질서화되어 있었고 근대화 이후 이 질서는 역전되었지만, 이런 표면적인 변화에도 불구하고 베이징과 톈진의 긴밀한 상호영향 관계 는 베이징과 여타 도시의 관계로 대체할 수 없을 만큼 우세한 것이었다. 하지만 중화인민 공화국 건국 이후 베이징은 기존의 위상, 지위를 회복하기 위해 톈진이 점유하고 있던 모든 지위를 회수한다. 이후 베이징과 톈진의 관계는 모순관계로 변모하고, 베이징과 톈진 은 각각 비대한 종합도시가 되어 각종 대도시병(大都市病)을 노정하거나 도시 위상이 격 하되는 각자의 곤경에 처하게 된다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 제기된 것이 징진지(京津冀) 협력발전 계획이다. 퉁저우를 부중심으로 베이징에 편입시키고 슝안신구를 대규모로 개발 하여 베이징의 비수도적 기능을 분산시키는 것이 이 계획의 주된 내용이다. 이로 인해 톈진은 베이징과의 상호의존적 관계라는 오랫동안 독점해 온 전통적 관계를 퉁저우나 슝 안신구와 경쟁하면서 나누어야 한다. 이 때문에 톈진 향토사학자, 문화예술인들이 근대의 톈진을 적극적으로 기억하고 소환하는 작업은, 구심력에 기반을 둔 징진지 협력발전 계획 의 포섭력, 집단기억 기획에 균열을 일으키는 상징적인 활동이 된다. 이 글은 베이징과 톈진의 관계가 변화해온 양상을 살핌으로써, 현재 징진지 협력발전 계획과 그 실천을 둘러싸고 빚어지는 두 도시의 양가적 인식과 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 통해 베이징과 톈진의 관계뿐만 아니라 국가성과 지역성의 관계를 입체적 ‧ 중층적으로 이해하는 데 기여 하고자 한다.

연구논문 : 1920년대 천진금융시장과 화상은행(華商銀行)의 발전

임지환 ( Chi Hwan Yim ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2015 역사학연구 Vol.57 No.-

1920년대 천진금융시장은 대단히 빠른 속도로 발전을 거듭하였다. 천진금융시장에서 화상은행의 발전은 괄목할만한 성과를 이루었는데 화상은행의 빠른 발전의 요인을 다음 몇 가지로 나누어 설명할 수 있다. 천진시 상공업의 급속한 발전, 북양군벌과 관료들의 금융업에 대한 집중적인 투자, 국제금융환경의 은행업발전에 유리한 조건의 형성, 그리고 화상은행 자신의 여수신업무 확장을 위한 노력 등을 들 수 있다. 다음으로 화상은행의 발전이 갖는 역사적인 의의로서는 천진금융시장의 발전으로 인해 천진시 상공업이 안정적인 발전을 이룰 수 있었다는 점, 제국주의 열강이 천진금융시장을 장악해 들어오는 것을 저지시킬 수 있었다는 점, 구식은행과의 긴밀한 금융 유대감을 통해 화상은행의 자금이 천진시의 중소상공업자들에게 흘러들어가 상공업의 발전에 유효하게 쓰일 수 있도록 했다는 점 등을 손꼽을 수 있다. With industrial development, Chinese commercial banks could be rapidly developed in Tianjin financial market, which made it possible for TianJin to become the second largest banking center in China, behind Shanghai, in 1920s. This paper has shed a light on how Chinese commercial banks could be rapidly developed for a short period of time after the first world war broke out. The main causes that, with outbreak of the first world war, the commercial banks in Tianjin financial market can be summarized as follows : first of all, the rapid growth of Chinese commercial banks was deeply linked to the development of Chinese industry in 1920s. Withe the outbreak of first world war, China could not import the daily commodities and industrial products from European countries, which led to cause the abrupt rise of their price all around China. This new economic condition which was in favor of Chinese industrial development got Chinese capitalist to make an investment on textile and flour milling industry that had deep relation with people`s life. As a result, thousands of industrial factories began to be established for a shout period of 10 years in Tianjin. A large number of commercial banks began naturally to appear to provide industrial funds to the industrial enterprises efficiently. Second, the development of Chinese commercial banks had deep relation with the investment of warlords and government officials related to them on the banking sector in 1920s. In the early stage of republic of China, influential warlords could control China, based on the economic cooperation of Chinese commercial banks. Therefor, Chinese commercial banks could continue to develop under the protection and support of warlords. Third, Nanking government conducted the reform of monetary system, which contributed to paving the way that made it possible for Chinese commercial banks to be rapidly developed under the new financial environment. We need to take a look at the historical meanings of rapid development of Chinese commercial banks in Tianjin financial market. It can also be summarized as follows: first, The rapid growth of Chinese commercial banks in Tianjin financial market contributed to making the industrial development possible by providing the industrial funds to businessmen in Tianjin efficiently. Second, the development of Chinese commercial banks played very important role in detering the capitals of foreign powers from occupying the Chinese industry and financial market. As I mentioned above, Chinese capitalists began to make an investment on the industrial field, like the textile and flour milling industry, that had much demand of consumption when the first world war broke out in Europ. These kinds of industries played important role in sprouting the Chinese national industry in 1920s. Finally, In 1920s, Chinese commercial banks and Chinese traditional banks weer coexisted in Tianjin financial market. The Chinese traditional banks lent money to Chinese businessmen on credit basis, but Chinese commercial banks demanded the offer of proper collateral when they wanted to borrow the industrial funds . As a consequence, the small and medium sized enterprises could not approach the Chinese commercial banks, due to the lack of proper collateral. The Chinese commercial banks tried to flow their funds into the small and medium sized enterprises in the secondary way by depositing the large sum of money in the traditional banks.

1920년대 천진금융시장과 華商銀行의 발전

임지환 호남사학회 2015 역사학연구 Vol.57 No.-

With industrial development, Chinese commercial banks could be rapidly developed in Tianjin financial market, which made it possible for TianJin to become the second largest banking center in China, behind Shanghai, in 1920s. This paper has shed a light on how Chinese commercial banks could be rapidly developed for a short period of time after the first world war broke out. The main causes that, with outbreak of the first world war, the commercial banks in Tianjin financial market can be summarized as follows : first of all, the rapid growth of Chinese commercial banks was deeply linked to the development of Chinese industry in 1920s. Withe the outbreak of first world war, China could not import the daily commodities and industrial products from European countries, which led to cause the abrupt rise of their price all around China. This new economic condition which was in favor of Chinese industrial development got Chinese capitalist to make an investment on textile and flour milling industry that had deep relation with people's life. As a result, thousands of industrial factories began to be established for a shout period of 10 years in Tianjin. A large number of commercial banks began naturally to appear to provide industrial funds to the industrial enterprises efficiently. Second, the development of Chinese commercial banks had deep relation with the investment of warlords and government officials related to them on the banking sector in 1920s. In the early stage of republic of China, influential warlords could control China, based on the economic cooperation of Chinese commercial banks. Therefor, Chinese commercial banks could continue to develop under the protection and support of warlords. Third, Nanking government conducted the reform of monetary system, which contributed to paving the way that made it possible for Chinese commercial banks to be rapidly developed under the new financial environment. We need to take a look at the historical meanings of rapid development of Chinese commercial banks in Tianjin financial market. It can also be summarized as follows: first, The rapid growth of Chinese commercial banks in Tianjin financial market contributed to making the industrial development possible by providing the industrial funds to businessmen in Tianjin efficiently. Second, the development of Chinese commercial banks played very important role in detering the capitals of foreign powers from occupying the Chinese industry and financial market. As I mentioned above, Chinese capitalists began to make an investment on the industrial field, like the textile and flour milling industry, that had much demand of consumption when the first world war broke out in Europ. These kinds of industries played important role in sprouting the Chinese national industry in 1920s. Finally, In 1920s, Chinese commercial banks and Chinese traditional banks weer coexisted in Tianjin financial market. The Chinese traditional banks lent money to Chinese businessmen on credit basis, but Chinese commercial banks demanded the offer of proper collateral when they wanted to borrow the industrial funds . As a consequence, the small and medium sized enterprises could not approach the Chinese commercial banks, due to the lack of proper collateral. The Chinese commercial banks tried to flow their funds into the small and medium sized enterprises in the secondary way by depositing the large sum of money in the traditional banks. 1920년대 천진금융시장은 대단히 빠른 속도로 발전을 거듭하였다. 천진금융시장에서 화상은행의 발전은 괄목할만한 성과를 이루었는데 화상은행의 빠른 발전의 요인을 다음 몇 가지로 나누어 설명할 수 있다. 천진시 상공업의 급속한 발전, 북양군벌과 관료들의 금융업에 대한 집중적인 투자, 국제금융환경의 은행업발전에 유리한 조건의 형성, 그리고 화상은행 자신의 여수신업무 확장을 위한 노력 등을 들 수 있다. 다음으로 화상은행의 발전이 갖는 역사적인 의의로서는 천진금융시장의 발전으로 인해 천진시 상공업이 안정적인 발전을 이룰 수 있었다는 점, 제국주의 열강이 천진금융시장을 장악해 들어오는 것을 저지시킬 수 있었다는 점, 구식은행과의 긴밀한 금융 유대감을 통해 화상은행의 자금이 천진시의 중소상공업자들에게 흘러들어가 상공업의 발전에 유효하게 쓰일 수 있도록 했다는 점 등을 손꼽을 수 있다.

중국 톈진 지역 물류산업 현황과 활성화 방안

이신규(Shin Kyuo Lee),석월(Yue Shi) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.3

TianJin port is the biggest intemational trade port in North-east China. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the present logistics industry of the regions around TianJin, China and to present some development plans for revitalizing the logistics industry in TianJin. Based on the analysis of the logistics industry in China, this paper presented some problems and some useful policies for the development of the logistics industry in TianJin. Some problems-which surfaced such as small logistics firms competing, shortage in logistics professionals, lower logistics service quality, fierce competition in the line of logistics among global logistics firms, environmental pollution and lack of a development plan for port hinterland logistics in TianJin were derived. Therefore, a master development plan for training logistic professionals, establishing information system and environment-friendly logistics environment, integrating public logistic information platform, expanding infrastructure of port facility in TianJin need to be developed. TianJin Binhai New District has incorporated in the central Committee the outline of its Eleventh Five-Year Plan for national economic and social developmental proposals.

天津博物馆学生群体社会教育活动概述

李君 한국박물관학회 2020 博物館學報 Vol.- No.39

Tianjin Museum located in Tianjin Cultural Center, China. It is the largest comprehensive museum of history and art in Tianjin. The collection, exhibitions and the long and unique history and culture of Tianjin are the important contents for Tianjin Museum to carry out the social education of students. The paper summarized the ways and methods of social education activities of students in Tianjin Museum. The paper discussed the characteristics such as large quantities; rich methods, strong sense of innovation; profound significance and the development of social education activities in Tianjin Museum. 天津博物馆坐落在中国天津市文化中心,是天津地区最大的历史艺术类综合性博物馆。馆藏文物、展览、天津悠久独特的历史文化是天津博物馆开展学生群体社会教育的重要内容依托。本文对天津博物馆有关学生群体的社会教育活动方式方法进行了梳理归纳,并对天津博物馆社会教育活动具有数量多;方式方法丰富,创新性强;社会教育活动意义深远等特点以及未来发展进行探讨。