중국의 전기통신금융사기 방지를 위한 법제 현황에 관한 소고 - 「전기통신네트워크사기 방지법」의 제정을 중심으로 -

임종천 단국대학교 법학연구소 2023 법학논총 Vol.47 No.3

As telecommunications-based financial fraud became a social problem in China, China began to regulate telecommunications-based financial fraud through the Fraud under the 「Criminal Law」 and 「Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Law in the Trial of Criminal Cases on Swindling」. In order to provide practical standards for preventing the telecommunications-based financial fraud, 「Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Telecommunications Network Fraud and other Criminal Cases」 were prepared in 2016 and 2021. These regulations are still a valid legal and practical basis for regulating telecommunications-based financial fraud in China, and their importance and utilization are expected to be significant not only now but also in the future. Furthermore, China enacted the 「Law on Countering Telecommunications Network Fraud」 on September 2, 2022, which sets out various administrative regulations for fundamental and systematic regulation of telecommunications-based financial fraud. In this Law, the entities obligated to comply with the Act are divided into the government, telecommunications business operators, financial sector workers, Internet sector business operators, etc., and various measures are taken to prevent telecommunications-based financial fraud in the fields of ‘telecommunication, finance, internet, etc. This law was enacted to fundamentally prevent the occurrence of telecommunications-based financial fraud through administrative regulation, and serves to complement the current telecommunications-based financial fraud prevention legislation that focuses on criminal punishment. Considering the reality that many of the telecommunications-based financial fraud crimes that occur in Korea are linked to China, understanding the current status of China’s legislation for regulating telecommunications-based financial fraud and the 「Law on Countering Telecommunications Network Fraud」 is essential for improving and responding to our legal system.

전기통신금융사기의 방지를 위한 법정책적 고찰

박창욱(Park, Chang-Wook),윤창술(Yoon, Chang-Sul) 한양법학회 2018 漢陽法學 Vol.29 No.1

Telecommunications-based financial fraud has caused tremendous damage to the financial life of Korea since the early 2000s. The initial method of crime of telecommunications-based financial fraud criminals was voice Phishing, but later developed into Pharming, Memory Hacking and Smishing. Recently, it has become difficult to commit such crimes because of the government’s and financial institutions’ efforts to promote crime prevention. Scammers have developed their own techniques and used Qshing and the Obscene Video Chat Phishing, in which the criminal seduces others to find their flaws and exploit them to steal money. According to the National Police Agency statistics, a total of 6,227 telecommunication-based financial fraud (Phishing, Pharming, Smishing, Memory Hacking, and Obscene Video Chat Phishing) incidents occurred solely in the year of 2016, and the total amount of financial damage was more than 27.4 billion won. However, considering the cases of undeclared crimes, such as incidents or financial damage that are not reported in the statistics of the National Police Agency, it is estimated that the extent of damage will be much greater than stated by the police statistics. The Financial Services Commission, the National Police Agency, and the Financial Company have continually worked to minimize these damages. The government and the National Assembly have adopted 「Digital Signature Act」, 「Electronic Financial Transaction Act」, 「Act on the Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, etc」, 「Personal Information Protection Act」, and 「Special Act on the Prevention of Losses Caused by Telecommunications-Based Financial Fraud and Refund for Loss」. They have tried to prevent telecommunications-based financial fraud by utilizing these legal safeguards. The police have operated 112 centers to try to help victims of voice phishing. Financial institutions and companies have strengthened the security regarding the issuance and reissuance of public key certificates. They used a system that delayed ATM withdrawals for a certain amount of time. They also tried to prevent the occurrence of borrowed or stolen accounts that are being exploited as a major means of committing telecommunications-based financial fraud. Despite these efforts, telecommunications-based financial fraud has not been blocked, and the damage still remains. Therefore, fundamental examination and revision of the countermeasures against telecommunications-based financial fraud is necessary. The IP address tampering through borrowed or stolen accounts or VPNs should be continuously regulated to prevent telecommunications-based financial frauds. The laws related to telecommunication-based financial fraud should be revised to establish systematic regulatory bases. In addition, it is necessary to create a system that can detect the occurrence of such crime in advance. And it is necessary to create a unified organization responsible for telecommunication-based financial fraud that can effectively carry out such fraud prevention tasks. As a legal device to aid the victims in the aftermath, it is also necessary to create funds for the victim`s relief and to activate insurance systems. These policies are not perfect countermeasures against telecommunications-based financial fraud. This is because, based on how the methods of telecommunications-based financial fraud has evolved over the past decade, no one can predict how such methods will evolve and how the degree of damage will change.

EU와 대표회원국의 방송통신융합법제와 방송통신발전에 관한 기본법안의 분석

김은경 한국외국어대학교 EU연구소 2008 EU연구 Vol.- No.23

This paper explore the EU and this member nations’ on the Convergence of Broadcasting and Telecommunications and Korean Law on the Development of Broadcasting and Telecommunications. The Convergence of Broadcasting and Telecommunications has become a worldwide legal and policy issue. EU has established already the legal system from Framework Directive of 2002 and then is coming the other Directives in this area, for example Authorization Directive 2002, Access and interconnection Directive 2002, Universal Service Directive 2002, Competition Directive 2002/77/EC and Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2007. Under the legal framework the european member nation had to enact or reform the law on the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunications. Germany and France have established ‘the law for the Telemedia 2007’ and ‘the law on the Electronic Communications 2004’. In a way that the regulating institution of broadcasting and telecommunication is dualistic and that media publicity is accentuated, the system is similar to that of Germany. The Korean media & telecommunication law are preparing for the Law on the Convergence of Broadcasting and Telecommunications. As the fundamental law in this area the Act on the Development of Broadcasting and Telecommunications was proposing, but the issue of digital convergence involving this Act became the critical issues. The convergence of Broadcasting and Telecommunications along with technology development has been followed by regulation that comes from legal system and should be regarded as critical consideration factor for designing new regulatory bodies. However this paper suggested adoption of minimum regulation approach based on each need including content regulation and interest of the public. EU와 그 회원국은 방송통신융합법제에 대한 끊임없는 법제정을 해오고 있으며 우리나라의 경우 방송통신발전 기본법안이 국회통과를 기다리고 있다. 방송통신융합현상은 현재 전 세계적인 추세로 이에 대한 법제와 정책이 큰 관심거리가 되고 있다. EU는 이미 2002년에 방송통신융합법제와 관련한 지침을 제정하였고 이에 연이어 후속적인 지침 예컨대 2002 인가지침, 2002 접속지침, 2002 보편적 서비스 지침 경쟁지침 및 정보통신서비스 지침 등 을 내놓고 있다. 유럽연합의 회원국은 이와 같은 지침의 취지를 방송통신융합과 관련한 국내법으로 전환시키고 있는데 특히 독일의 경우 2007 텔레미디어법 프랑스의 2004 전자커뮤니케이션법이 제정되었다. 우리나라의 경우 방송통신융합법제를 제정하기 위하여 현재 입법적 노력을 기울이고 있는데 그 방향성이 독일의 영향을 많이 받았다. 이는 과거 방송을 바라보는 정치적 역사의 배경과 미디어에 대한 정책에 기울이는 관심이 유사하기 때문이다. 현재 기본법으로서 방송통신발전기본법안이 제안된 상태이지만 이 법안을 포함하여 디지털컨버전스 시대에 논의되어져야 하는 각종 법안 등이 정치적 이슈가 되고 있으며 많은 비판을 받고 있는 실정이다. 기술적인 발전에 부합하는 방송통신융합법제는 법체계에서 오는 규범과 새로운 규제체제가 함께 형성되는 것이므로 매우 신중하게 접근해야 한다. 특히나 이러한 법제를 만드는 과정에서 지나치게 많은 법을 나열하는 것보다는 최소한의 입법을 통하여 방송통신융합시대를 이끌어나감이 옳을 것이라 보며 특히 방송통신의 산업성을 추구하다 보면 간과될 수 있는 공공성을 견지할 수 있어야 한다고 본다.

통신사기피해환급법 제15조의2 제1항에서 말하는 ‘정보 또는 명령의 입력행위’의 의미

고제성 사법발전재단 2016 사법 Vol.1 No.36

The Special Act on Refund of Amount of Damage Caused by Telecommunications Bank Fraud (amended by Act No. 12384, Jan. 28, 2014; hereinafter “Special Act”) inserted a new clause on “crimes involving telecommunications-based financial fraud” under Article 15-2 (Penal Provision) in order to punish variant forms of voice phishing which are difficult to punish under the Criminal Act, as well as conventional types of voice phishing attacks which were punishable under the Criminal Act as crimes involving fraud or fraud using computers, etc. However, rather than prescribing that “a person who committed an act of telecommunications-based financial fraud” as being subject to punishment, Article 15-2(1) of the Special Act stipulates that “[any person] causing other persons to input data or instructions into computers or other information processing units” (subparag. 1) or “[any person] inputting data or instructions into computers or other information processing units by using other persons’ data he/she acquires”(subparag. 2) shall be punished for telecommunications-based financial fraud. This, in turn, has caused confusion as to interpreting the said provision in practice. As to the subject case, the Majority Opinion expressly stated that “The act of ‘inputting information or instruction for the purpose of telecommunications-based financial fraud’ which is subject to punishment under Article 15-2(1) of the Special Act (hereinafter “this case’s penal provision”) means ‘inputting information or instruction for the purpose of remitting/transferring money into an account used for fraud by committing a telecommunications-based fraud against another person.’ Therefore, in this case, the act of inputting information, etc. on the holder of the account used for fraud into an information processing unit for the purpose of withdrawing cash from the said account after the victim’s money was remitted/transferred to the account used for fraud does not constitute an element of crime prescribed under this case’s penal provision.” The subject case is significant in that it was the Supreme Court’s first declaration as to interpreting the meaning of the phrase “inputting information or instruction” prescribed under the aforementioned Article 15-2(1), based on not only the said Article’s language in itself but also the systematic relationship with the provision as to the definition of telecommunications-based financial fraud (Article 2 subparag. 2) and logical context. 종래 형법상 사기죄 또는 컴퓨터등사용사기죄로 처벌되던 보이스피싱 행위를 포함하여 위 규정으로는 처벌이 어려운 변종 보이스피싱 행위까지도 처벌하기 위하여 2014. 1. 28. 법률 제12384호로 개정된 통신사기피해환급법은 제15조의2로 전기통신금융사기죄를 신설하였다. 그런데 통신사기피해환급법 제15조의2 제1항은 ‘전기통신금융사기의 행위를 한 자’라고 하지 않고, ‘전기통신금융사기를 목적으로, 타인으로 하여금 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치에 정보 또는 명령을 입력하게 하는 행위를 하거나(제1호), 취득한 타인의 정보를 이용하여 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치에 정보 또는 명령을 입력하는 행위를 한 자’라고 규정하여, 그 해석에 관하여 실무상 혼란이 있어 왔다. 대상판결의 다수의견은, 이 사건 처벌조항에서 처벌대상으로 삼고 있는 ‘전기통신금융사기를 목적으로 하는 정보 또는 명령의 입력’이란 ‘타인에 대한 전기통신금융사기 행위에 의하여 자금을 사기이용계좌로 송금·이체하는 것을 목적으로 하는 정보 또는 명령의 입력’을 의미하는 것이므로, 피해자의 자금이 사기이용계좌로 송금·이체된 후 그 계좌에서 현금을 인출하기 위하여 정보처리장치에 사기이용계좌 명의인의 정보 등을 입력하는 행위는 이 사건 처벌조항에서 정한 구성요건에 해당하지 않는다고 선언하였다. 대상판결의 다수의견은, 이 사건 처벌조항의 문언 자체뿐만 아니라 전기통신금융사기 정의 규정(제2조 제2호)과의 체계적 관계와 논리적 맥락에 따라 위 처벌조항에서 말하는 ‘정보 또는 명령의 입력행위’를 해석하여 그 의미를 최초로 선언하였다는 데 그 의의가 있다.

통신산업에서 개인정보의 보호와 영업적 이용의 한계

홍명수 한국법제연구원 2011 법제연구 Vol.- No.41

The rapid changes in telecommunications have exercised an important influence on the telecommunications law system, including the protection of the privacy. It was a decisive assignment that telecommunications law protected the confidentiality of privacy. But in new digitalized telecommunications circumstance, every steps of the conveyance of the individual informations should be protected, in particular by telecommunications carriers as a subject of the protection of information. EU Privacy Directive in 2003 and the amendment of Communications Act in U. S. A. in 1996 have reflected the necessity of the privacy from a new point of view. In Korea, “Protection of Privacy Act” has been established as general law as to the protection of privacy and “Electronic Communications Net-work Act” and “Location Data Act” have been functioned as special law in telecommunications, and these laws have developed the legal systems about the protection of privacy in telecommunications. Such a legal system could be affirmatively evaluated. But the regulations should be reformed in a way that corresponds to the detailed types of the privacy and it should be devised a method, that the consent of users could be fulfilled practically. 통신산업에서 급격한 변화는 통신법 규제체계에 많은 영향을 미치고 있으며, 개인정보 보호의 측면에서도 이러한 변화가 요구되고 있다. 전통적인 통신법에서는 개인정보(privacy)의 비밀을 보호하는 것이 가장 중요한 정책 목표였지만, 디지털화된 통신 환경에서는 정보의 형성, 저장, 전송 등의 모든 과정에서 개인정보의 보호가 문제가 되고 있으며, 특히 통신사업자 등이 개인정보 보호의 주체로서 중요한 의미가 있다. 2003년 EU의 프라이버시 지침의 제정이나 1996년 미국 통신법의 개정을 통하여 새로운 관점에서 개인정보 보호의 필요성을 반영하고 있으며, 우리 통신법 체계에서도 이러한 제도 개선이 이루어져 왔다. 즉 개인정보 보호에 관한 일반법으로서 「개인정보보호법」이 제정되고, 통신산업에서의 특별한 규율의 의미가 있는 「정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률」과 「위치정보의 보호 및 이용 등에 관한 법률」 등이 특별법으로서 개인정보 보호의 근거가 되고 있다.주제어:개인정보, 통신산업, 프라이버시 지침, 개인정보보호법, 정보통신망법이와 같은 개인정보 보호를 위한 통신법 체계는 긍정적인 것으로 평가할 수 있지만, 개인정보 보호의 구체적인 유형에 상응하는 규제 내용을 보완하고, 개인정보 보호의 기본 요건으로서 정보주체의 동의를 실질화 하는 방안을 지속적으로 강구해야 할 것이다.

A Technical Approach for Suggesting Research Directions in Telecommunications Policy

( Junseok Oh ),( Bong Gyou Lee ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.12

The bibliometric analysis is widely used for understanding research domains, trends, and knowledge structures in a particular field. The analysis has majorly been used in the field of information science, and it is currently applied to other academic fields. This paper describes the analysis of academic literatures for classifying research domains and for suggesting empty research areas in the telecommunications policy. The application software is developed for retrieving Thomson Reuters` Web of Knowledge (WoK) data via web services. It also used for conducting text mining analysis from contents and citations of publications. We used three text mining techniques: the Keyword Extraction Algorithm (KEA) analysis, the co-occurrence analysis, and the citation analysis. Also, R software is used for visualizing the term frequencies and the co-occurrence network among publications. We found that policies related to social communication services, the distribution of telecommunications infrastructures, and more practical and data-driven analysis researches are conducted in a recent decade. The citation analysis results presented that the publications are generally received citations, but most of them did not receive high citations in the telecommunications policy. However, although recent publications did not receive high citations, the productivity of papers in terms of citations was increased in recent ten years compared to the researches before 2004. Also, the distribution methods of infrastructures, and the inequity and gap appeared as topics in important references. We proposed the necessity of new research domains since the analysis results implies that the decrease of political approaches for technical problems is an issue in past researches. Also, insufficient researches on policies for new technologies exist in the field of telecommunications. This research is significant in regard to the first bibliometric analysis with abstracts and citation data in telecommunications as well as the development of software which has functions of web services and text mining techniques. Further research will be conducted with Big Data techniques and more text mining techniques.

Regulatory Interaction between the ITU and the WTO

Chung Chan Mo 인하대학교 법학연구소 2010 法學硏究 Vol.13 No.1

This paper discusses policy interaction between the ITU and the WTO by looking at the historical development of regulatory measures concerning international telecommunications interconnection. The authority of the ITU to set international regulations on telecommunications services has been challenged by the WTO since the Uruguay Round Agreements. The adoption of the WTO panel report Mexico-Telecommunications (DS204) could be regarded as a threat to the institutional jurisdiction of the ITU. This paper concludes that the inability of the ITU to meet the needs of telecommunications industry in a changing market environment has caused the advancement of the WTO as a rule-maker in international telecommunications. It suggests ways to revamp the ITU within the cooperative framework of the two international institutions.

통신사기피해환급법의 정보·명령입력죄의 구성요건적 의미와 한계

윤동호(Yun, Dong-Ho) 한국형사정책학회 2020 刑事政策 Vol.32 No.1

정보·명령입력죄의 신설 취지 내지 배경을 보면 입법자는 본래 형법의 사기죄나 컴퓨터등사용사기죄로 처벌하기 어려운 변종 보이스피싱행위를 처벌하기 위해 전기통신금융사기죄 또는 그 예비죄를 신설하려고 하였으나 전기통신금융사기를 구성하는 행위를 처벌하는 범죄가 신설된 것이고, 이 과정에서 오히려 그 법정형이 사기죄의 법정형보다 무겁게 설정된 것이다. 마치 폭행·협박에 의한 간음을 처벌하는 강간죄가 있는데, 강간죄의 처벌의 공백을 막기 위해서 강간죄보다 더 법정형이 무거운 강간목적의 폭행·협박죄를 신설한 것과 같다. 입법자의 의도와 다르게 또 목적범의 구조에 적합하지 않게 법정형도 체계에 맞지 않게 설정된 정보·명령입력죄는 폐지가 옳지만, 그대로 둔다면 관련규정의 개정을 통해서 구성요건적 한계를 해결할 필요가 있다. 통신사기피해환급법 제2조 제2호의 전기통신금융사기의 취득객체에 재산상 이익 외에 재물도 추가하여 판례에 따를 경우 발생하는 처벌의 부당한 공백을 메울 필요가 있다. 피해자의 자금의 인출책도 정보·명령입력죄로 처벌할 필요가 있다면 전기통신금융사기 개념에 범인쪽계좌에 입금된 피해자의 자금을 인출하거나 송금·이체하는 행위도 포함시켜야 한다. 끝으로 처벌의 왜곡을 해결하기 위해서는 정보·명령입력죄의 법정형을 사기죄의 법정형보다 낮추어야 한다. Any person that commits any of the followings for the purpose of telecommunications-based financial fraud shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than ten years or by a fine not exceeding 100 million won: 1. Causing other persons to input data or instructions into computers or other information processing units; 2. Inputting data or instructions into computers or other information processing units by using other persons data he/she acquires. Article 15-2(1) of Special Act was legislated to punish variant voice phishing which cannot be punished for fraud crime or fraud crime using computers, etc. This provision doesn’t prescribe that a person who committed an act of telecommunications-based financial fraud is subject to punishment. So this crime should be called crime of inputting data or instructions for the purpose of telecommunications-based financial fraud, not telecommunications-based financial fraud crime. This paper analyzes the crime of inputting data or instructions for the purpose of telecommunications-based financial fraud and points out its problems. It is right to abolish this crime. But If maintenance is inevitable, revision is necessary. Property should be added to the term “telecommunications-based financial fraud” prescribed by Article 2(2) of Special Act. And The penalty for this crime of inputting data or instructions should be lower than the penalty for fraud crime.

통신사기피해환급법 개정방안에 관한 연구 : 제21대 국회에 계류 중인 10개 법률안을 중심으로

주문호(Joo, Moon-Ho),권헌영(Kwon, Hun-Yeong),김기범(Kim, Gi-Bum) 한국형사정책학회 2021 刑事政策 Vol.33 No.2

전기통신금융사기 범죄 피해는 지속 증가하고 있으며, 그 피해액은 2020년에 역대 최대인 7천억원에 육박하는 등 심각한 사회문제가 되고 있다. 전기통신금융사기범죄 피해자에 대한 구제를 위해 2011년 제정된 「전기통신금융사기 피해 방지 및 피해금 환급에 관한 특별법」은 새로운 범죄 기법 출현에 따른 법률적·정책적 사후 대응의 한계를 극복하기 위해 그동안 총 6차례의 개정을 거쳐왔으며 현재 제21대 국회에는 총 10건의 개정법률안이 제출되어 계류 중이다. 이에 본고는 해당 개정안들을 전기통신금융사기 처벌 범위와 법정형, 금융회사의 책임 및 의무, 전기통신금융사기 대응 거버넌스 체계를 중심으로 검토하여, 총 세 가지 입법방향을 제시하였다. 첫째, 전기통신금융사기 법정형 처벌을 강화하고 새로운 범죄 대응을 위해 전기통신금융사기의 적용범위를 확대하여야 한다. 둘째, 금융회사의 전기통신금융사기 예방책임 강화가 필요하다. 셋째, 전기통신금융사기대응위원회를 신설하여 거버넌스 체계를 확립해야 한다. 전기통신금융사기 근절을 위해 국회에서 조속히 관련 입법이 이루어지기를 촉구한다. Telecommunication-based financial fraud crimes continue to increase, and the amount of damage reached an all-time high of KRW 700 billion in 2020. This is becoming a serious social problem. The 「Special Act on the Prevention of Loss caused by Telecommunications-Based Financial Fraud and Refund for Loss」, enacted in 2011 to provide relief to victims of telecommunication-based financial fraud crimes, has A total of six amendments have been made, and a total of 10 amendments have been submitted to the 21st National Assembly and are pending. Accordingly, this paper reviewed the amendments focusing on the scope of punishment for telecommunication-based financial fraud, legal punishment, responsibility and obligations of financial companies, and the governance system for responding to telecommunication-based financial fraud, and suggested three legislative directions. First, the statutory punishment for telecommunication-based financial fraud should be strengthened and the scope of application of telecommunication-based financial fraud should be expanded to respond to new crimes. Second, it is necessary to strengthen the responsibility of financial companies to prevent telecommunication financial fraud. Third, a new telecommunication- based financial fraud response committee should be established to establish a governance system. We urge the National Assembly to promptly enact relevant legislation to eradicate telecommunication financial fraud.

Considering Service Factors in R&D Project Selection

Hyo-Jung Jun(전효정),Tae-Sung Kim(김태성),Seung-Jun Yeon(연승준),Won-Gyu Ha(하원규) 한국통신학회 2011 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.24 No.7

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) are now in commercial service, tearing down the traditional boundaries between the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors. These latest developments also hold important implications for research projects in related areas. Both telecommunications and broadcasting being fields with a strong service orientation, market demand should be the primary consideration when selecting research and development (R&D) projects in these areas. This study presents a process for selecting converged telecommunications-broadcasting technology development projects from a demand-oriented perspective, using criteria that are based on projected future demand characteristics. Aimed at increasing the efficiency of the R&D project selection process in telecommunications and broadcasting convergence, this study can point out new directions in R&D management in this field.