자살과 종교, 금기와 자유의 아포리아

김윤성(Kim, Yunseong) 한신대학교 종교와문화연구소(구 한신인문학연구소) 2011 종교문화연구 Vol.- No.16

In recent Korean society, as suicide rate has greatly increased during the last decade, religions have also become seriously concerned for the problem of suicide. There recognition of suicide, however, was not always the same. This article elucidates why religious people came to have different recognition of suicide. For this, firstly, I analyse religions’ cooperative campaigns for suicide prevention. There was two sorts of the campaign: One is the campaign by the progressive religious group, and the other by the conservative religious group. The former regard suicide as a social-and-spiritual problem and, therefore, layed more stress on the social justice. For the latter, on the contrary, suicide was mere a personal-and-spiritual problem and, therefore, each person’s awareness of the pathology and fault of suicide was more emphasized. This shows that religious people’s recognition of suicide is determined not so much by religious belief as by political opinion. Secondly, I analyse two cases of religiously motivated suicide that happened in 2010, which showed both similarities and differences. The first case is Munsu, a Buddhist monk, who burnt himself to death in order to demand the President to stop the development work destroying living things. Another is a man known as “Mr. Lee,” who thought himself the incarnation of Highly God and killed himself in order to ascend to heaven where he should fight against evil gods. While Munsu’s suicide has been commemorated as a religious-and-political self-immolation both by the Buddhist community and by the progressive political camp, Mr. Lee’s suicide was soon and completely forgotten from the memory of most people. Reading Munsu’s suicide note and Mr. Lee’s diary, we can see that Munsu was worried about the suffering of living things on earth and that Mr. Lee was anxious for the suffering of spiritual beings in heaven. Reading more closely Mr. Lee’s diary, however, little difference is found between his and Munsu’s altruistic compassion for other beings. Therefore, what makes them different was not their belief or practice but the signifying behavior of the community who remembers the dead. Through such analyses, in conclusion, we can say that the relation between suicide and religion is not fixed but fluctuates according to political and communal situations.

Trends in Suicide Methods and Rates among Older Adults in South Korea: A Comparison with Japan

박수빈,Hochang Benjamin Lee,Su Yeon Lee,Go Eun Lee,Myung Hee Ahn,Kikyoung Yi,Jin Pyo Hong 대한신경정신의학회 2016 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.13 No.2

ObjectiveaaLethality of the chosen method during a suicide attempt is a strong risk factor for completion of suicide. We examined whether annual changes in the pattern of suicide methods is related to annual changes in suicide rates among older adults in South Korea and Japan. MethodsaaWe analyzed annual the World Health Organization data on rates and methods of suicide from 2000 to 2011 in South Korea and Japan. ResultsaaFor Korean older adults, there was a significant positive correlation between suicide rate and the rate of hanging or the rate of jumping, and a significant negative correlation between suicide rate and the rate of poisoning. Among older adults in Japan, annual changes in the suicide rate and the pattern of suicide methods were less conspicuous, and no correlation was found between them. ConclusionaaThe results of the present study suggest that the increasing use of lethal suicide methods has contributed to the rise in suicide rates among older adults in South Korea. Targeted efforts to reduce the social acceptability and accessibility of lethal suicide methods might lead to lower suicide rate among older adults in South Korea.

Differences between Impulsive and Non-Impulsive Suicide Attempts among Individuals Treated in Emergency Rooms of South Korea

Meerae Lim,이수정,Jong Ik Park 대한신경정신의학회 2016 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.13 No.4

ObjectiveaaA considerable proportion of suicide attempts are the result of sudden desires. Understanding such impulsive suicide attempts is necessary for effective interventions. We evaluated the impulsivity of suicide attempters treated in emergency rooms. The aim of the study was to identify the characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts by comparing these individuals to those who attempted to commit suicide in a non-impulsive manner. MethodsaaThis study analyzed suicide attempters who visited the emergency departments of seven selected university hospitals. A total of 269 medical records in which impulsivity of suicide attempt were confirmed were subject to be analyzed. The impulsivity of the suicide attempt was examined using a summative score of items 6 and 15 on the Suicide Intent Scale. ResultsaaA total of 48.0% of the participants were impelled by sudden inclinations to attempt suicide. Impulsive attempters were younger, unmarried and less physical illness than non-impulsive attempters, whereas no significant differences were found on psychiatric history and previous suicide history. Impulsive suicide attempters had suicide ideations that were not as severe (χ2=55.33, p<0.001) or intense (t=-8.38, p<0.001) as their counterparts’. Furthermore, medical results of impulsive suicide attempts were better than non-impulsive suicide attempts (t=-3.77, p<0.001). ConclusionaaThe results suggested that a considerable proportion of suicide attempts were the result of sudden inclinations. Impulsive attempts were made in relatively earlier stages of suicide ideation; consequently, they have less intent than non-impulsive attempts.

자살 유서를 통한 자살 사망자의 심리상태에 대한 질적 연구

함근수,유성호,표주연,박종필,나주영,이이나 대한법의학회 2014 대한법의학회지 Vol.38 No.4

Suicide notes are essential for investigating the psychological state of suicide victimsand establishing suicide prevention programs. Since only a few studies haveattempted to identify the causes of suicidal behavior through suicide notes, it would beworth examining suicide notes. Quantitative research on suicide has offered a limitedunderstanding of suicide. Results showed that the suicide victims had used the suicidenote as a tool for their last communication. Further, in addition to neutral contentssuch as directions for funeral, the note often contained information about precipitatingevents that caused the suicidal ideation. Writing a suicide note seemed to help the victimsconsider concrete plans for suicide. This study proved that qualitative researchon suicide notes would be helpful for researchers to understand suicide victims indepth, which cannot be achieved by quantitative methods alone. Based on theseresults, several suggestions for suicide prevention programs were discussed.

청소년 자살 위험과 정서·행동 특성에 관한 연구

강창현,유지혜 한국미래교육학회 2022 미래교육연구 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of youth emotional and behavioral characteristics on suicide risk and to understand the vulnerability of risk groups. The dependent variable was set as suicide risk, including suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts, and the independent variable was set as general characteristics, risk factors for school violence, emotional and behavioral factors, and personality factors. First, as a result of identifying the difference between each variable according to general characteristics using the T-test and the ANOVA, the risk of suicide and the risk of female students in emotional and behavioral problems were high. In the relationship between drug abuse, self-esteem, and parents, male students were high, and the difference in suicide risk according to grades was not significant. Second, in identifying suicide risk influencing factors using multiple regression analysis, grades and self-esteem were high, and the more positive the parent relationship, the lower the risk of suicide. Factors that increase the risk of suicide were psychological burden (733), mood problems (.327), drug abuse (.174), and Internet dependence (146). Third, as a result of analyzing the differences by group using cross-analysis, the groups with a high proportion of suicide risk were identified as the management group of psychological burden, mood problems, anxiety problems, poor self-control, drug abuse management group, and Internet dependence. Fourth, in the analysis of suicide risk using logistic regression analysis, the risk of suicide was high in the first year of middle school and first year of high school, and the risk of suicide was found to be high in the mood problem management group, drug abuse management group, anxiety problem management group, Internet dependence management group, low self-esteem group, and low community conscious group. Youth suicide risk is complex due to the interaction of individual personality, emotional and behavioral characteristics, and social environmental factors, so intervention in cooperation programs by local communities is necessary rather than individual approaches of risk groups 본 연구는 청소년 정서·행동 특성이 자살 위험에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 위험집단의 취약성 파악에 목적이 있다. 종속변수는 자살 생각과 계획, 시도를 포함하여 자살 위험으로 설정하였고, 독립변수는 일반적 특성과 학교폭력의 위험요인, 정서·행동 요인, 성격 요인으로 설정하였다. 첫째, T-검정과 ANOVA를 활용하여 일반적 특성에 따른 각 변수의 차이를 파악한 결과 자살 위험과 정서·행동 문제에서 여학생의 위험성이 높게 나타났다. 약물 오남용과 자존감, 부모와의 관계에서는 남학생이 높았으며, 성적에 따른 자살 위험의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 다중회귀분석을 활용한 자살 위험 영향요인 파악에서는 성적과 자존감이 높고, 부모 관계가 긍정적일수록 자살 위험이 낮아졌다. 자살 위험을 높이는 요인으로는 심리적 부담(.733), 기분 문제(.327), 약물 오남용(.174), 인터넷 의존(.146) 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교차분석을 활용한 집단별 차이를 분석한 결과 자살 위험의 비중이 높은 집단은 심리적 부담, 기분 문제, 불안 문제의 관리군과 자기통제 부진의 일반군, 약물 오남용 관리군, 인터넷 의존 일반으로 파악되었다. 넷째, 로지스틱 회귀분석을 활용한 자살 위험성 분석에서는 중학교 1학년, 고등학교 1학년의 위험성이 높았고, 기분 문제 관리군, 약물 오남용 관리군, 불안 문제 관리군, 인터넷 의존 관리군, 낮은 자존감 집단과 낮은 공동체 의식 집단에서 자살의 위험성이 큰 것으로 파악되었다. 청소년 자살 위험은 개인의 성격, 정서·행동 특성 및 사회환경적 요인이 상호작용하여 복합적으로 나타나므로, 위험군의 개별적 접근 보다는 지역사회 공동체에 의한 협력 프로그램의 개입이 필요하다.

자살에 대한 정신의학적 이해 및 예방대책

정영철,강남인,문수효 21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 2012 신학과 사회 Vol.26 No.1

One million people die worldwide from suicide annually and more higher suicide rate was observed in Asian countries compared to western countries. Korea is classified as one of the high risk nations for suicide. Chonbuk area showed 4th-5th suicide rate in Korea for the last three years and suicide has become a serious social problem. Suicide being related with various psychiatric causes is a difficult problem to solve. To make an efficient government policies for the prevention of suicide it has to be accompanied with accurate understanding of suicidal status and causes. In this article, we described domestic and international data for suicide, psychiatric understanding and preventive strategy of suicide. Suicidal data are from general reference and findings on the regional survey study in Chonbuk province. Risk factors, protective factors and intrapsychic understanding of suicide was described in the psychiatric understanding of suicide. The concept and types of activities for universal interventions, selective interventions and indicated interventions are described. The targets of universial, selective and indicated intervention are general population, potential high risk individuals for suicide and previous suicide attempters respectively. To achieve successful outcome, it is critical to maintain consistent policies in a long-term perspective. More fundamentally, preventing materialism and dehumanization stemming from excessive competition in society and creating a social culture highly respecting mind-health value should be followed. We hope that this article would be a valuable resource for the people who are engaged in mental health problem directly or indirectly to improve understanding of suicide and find a proper role which they could. 전 세계적으로는 해마다 백만 명 정도가 자살로 사망하며 아시아에서 보다 더 높은 자살률을 보이고, 이중 한국은 자살의 고위험 국가로 분류된다. 전북 지역의 경우 최근 3년간 전국에서 4-5위의 자살률 순위를 보이는 등 자살은 심각한 사회문제로 대두되고 있다. 자살은 다양한 심리적 원인이 복합적으로 관여하는 어려운 문제인 만큼 자살에 대한 효과적인 정책 마련 및 시행을 위해서는 자살에 대한 정확한 현황 파악 및 이해가 필요하다. 본고에서는 자살에 대한 국내외 현황, 정신의학적 이해, 그리고 자살예방 대응책에 대해 기술하였다. 자살 현황은 일반적 자료 및 최근 전북지역에서 얻어진 지역사회 조사 결과를 정신의학적 이해에서는 자살과 관련된 위험요인 및 보호요인 그리고 자살에 대한 심리내적인 이해를 기술하였다. 자살예방 대응책은 일반인구, 자살에 대한 잠재적위험인구 및 고위험인구를 대상으로 이루어지는 보편적 중재, 선별적 중재 그리고 지시적 중재의 개념과 그 활동 등에 대해 소개하였다. 자살 예방 대책이 성공적인 결과를 가져오기 위해서는 단기간의 성과에 급급하지 않고 장기적인 관점의 지속성 있는 정책추진이 중요하다. 또한 궁극적으로 물질만연주의, 지나친 사회적 경쟁에서 오는 인간성의 피폐를 막고 남을 배려하고 존중하는 정신적 여유와 가치를 소중히 여기는 사회가 되는 것이 중요할 것이다. 본고를 통하여 자살과 관련된 정신보건 분야에 직간접적으로 관여하는 사람들이 자살에 대한 이해를 높이고 나아가 각자의 위치에서 담당할 수 있는 역할을 찾는데 도움이 되었으면 한다.

자살과 구원의 상관성에 대한 소고

한승진 ( Seung Jin Han ) 성신여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2010 人文科學硏究 Vol.28 No.-

Suicide is one out of important characteristics of people not in salvation and is a heavy and serious sin. However, it is not in Bible that we prescribe suicide itself to be not in salvation. As mentioned as above, Bible treats suicide as the same sin as others. Some people argue that other sinners can repent their sins before they are dead, but a suicide is not in salvation since they don`t have the opportunity to repent their suicide. Salvation in Christianity depends on only believing Jesus, not depending on whether people repented or not after salvation. Namely, salvation depends on whether people believe Jesus or not, not depending on whether they repented or not. Instead of the prejudice and judgment on committing suicide, we must find a way to help people understand about the importance of life, in order to prevent suicides. In addition, they must understand how misfortunate suicides can be. People must learn why they shall not commit suicide. The Bible strongly reads, "Then I passed by and saw you kicking about in your blood, and as you lay there in your blood I said to you, Live!"(Ezekiel 16-6). We must teach people why we should stay alive, even at times our lives become covered in blood.

아동 · 청소년의 자살위험 프로파일과 자살생각 지도(Suicide-thinking Map)를 통한 자살위험 예측

권재기 ( Kwon Jaeki ) 초록우산 어린이재단(구 한국복지재단) 2018 어린이재단 연구논문 모음집 Vol.2018 No.-

아동과 청소년의 자살은 점차 저연령화 추세를 보이고 있다. 이들의 자살이 충동적·비계획적으로 일어나는 점에서 자살위험에 노출된 아동과 청소년을 자살로부터 구하는 가장 최선의 방법은 자살을 예방하는 일이다. 그러나 자살위험은 개인마다 다르고, 복합적인 요인에 의하여 동시다발적으로 일어나기 때문에 한 두가지 요인으로는 설명하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구는 선행연구 고찰을 통하여 자살에 영향을 미치는 대표적인 9가지 위험요인과 보호요인을 지표로 선정하여 자살위험 집단을 탐색하고, 각 집단의 자살생각 지도(Suicide-Thinking Map)를 구축하여 자살위험 예측원을 분석하고자 하였다. 분석 시 전국 규모의 데이터를 사용하여 연구대상은 아동(2,969명)과 청소년(6,498명)이다. 연구결과, 잠재프로파일분석을 통한 자살위험 집단분류에서 아동은 5개 집단(건강군, 잠재위험군, 고위험군, 비행군, 학업스트레스군)이, 청소년은 6개 집단(건강군, 보통군, 잠재위험군, 고위험군, 비행군, 가정경제 스트레스군)이 탐색되었다. 도출된 집단에 따른 개인, 가정환경, 지역의 특성과 자살과거력의 차이를 비교, 분석하였고, 마지막으로 데이터마이닝기법을 활용하여 집단별 자살생각 지도(STM)를 구축하였다. 자살생각 지도를 토대로 초점 대상(고위험군 또는 잠재위험군 등)의 자살생각 가능성을 예측할 수 있고, 예측원을 토대로 효과적인 예방과 교육적 개입 방안을 마련하고자 하였다. 연구를 통하여 자살위험과 자살위기의 아동과 청소년을 조기에 발견하고 예방하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. Suicide in children and adolescents is gradually showing a tendency toward aging. The best way to prevent children and adolescents exposed to suicidal risk from suicide is to prevent suicide because their suicide is impulsive or unplanned. However, since suicide risk varies from person to person and occurs at the same time by multiple factors, it can not be explained by one or two factors. Therefore, in this study, we investigated suicide risk groups by selecting nine representative risk factors and protective factors influencing suicide through previous studies, and constructed Suicide-Thinking Map of each group, And to analyze risk prediction sources. In the analysis, the subjects were 2,969 children and 6,498 adolescents using national data. As a result of the study, the children were divided into five groups(health group, potential risk group, high risk group, delinquent behavior group, academic stress group) and 6 groups (health group, normal group, Potential risk group, high risk group, delinquent behavior group, family economic stress group). Finally, the data mining technique was used to construct the Suicidal-Thinking Map(STM) for each group. Based on the suicidal ideation map, we were able to predict the likelihood of suicidal thoughts(high risk group or potential risk group) and to propose effective prevention and educational intervention plan based on the predictor. This study is expected to help early detection and prevention of suicide risk and suicide risk children and adolescents.

생명보험의 자살면책기간이 자살에 미치는 영향

이창우,윤상호 한국법경제학회 2017 법경제학연구 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구는 생명보험의 자살면책기간이 국내 생명보험 피보험자의 자살률에 미친 영향에 대해 분석한다. 생명보험사가 자살로 인한 사망에 대해 보험금을 지급하지 않아도 되는기한을 규정한 생명보험의 자살면책기간은 금전적인 이유로 인한 자살을 예방하기 위해설치되었으며 현재 24개월로 설정되어 있다. 2006년부터 2010년까지 생명보험 피보험자를대상으로 자살면책기간인 24개월 전·후의 자살률을 비교·분석해 본 결과 자살면책기간직후에 자살률이 상대적으로 크게 증가하는 현상이 나타났다. 또한 최고 자살률은 자연사망률과는 달리 자살면책기간 직후에 나타나고 자살은 자살면책기간 후 1년간 집중되어 분포된 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 간단한 이론적 전개를 통해 현재 24개월로 설정되어 있는 자살면책기간을 연장할 경우 역선택과 도덕적 해이를 감소시켜 생명보험 피보험자의자살률을 낮출 수 있다는 정책적 시사점을 제시한다. This paper analyzes the effect of suicide exemption clause on the suicide rate among the life-insured in Korea. The suicide exemption clause refers to the life insurers being exempted from paying the death benefit to the beneficiaries when the insured commits suicide within a certain period of taking out a policy, and it is designed to avoid the purchase of life insurance policy solely to seek the death benefit by committing suicide. Our analysis, which utilizes the dataset of the life-insured in Korea from 2006 to 2010, suggests that the suicide rate among the life-insured increases drastically right after the suicide exemption period, currently set at 24-month in Korea. Furthermore, unlike the trends found in natural and accidental deaths, the highest suicide rate is observed right after the suicide exemption period, while the concentration of suicide commitment is found within a year after the suicide exemption period. Using a standard economic apparatus on risk-taking behavior, this paper also suggests that the extension or perpetuation of suicide exemption period may negate the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard caused by suicidal behaviors in insurance market and, thus, may lower the suicide rate among the insured.

의학적 측면의 자살방지 대책: 외국 사례를 중심으로

배상빈,우종민 대한의사협회 2011 대한의사협회지 Vol.54 No.4

Even though suicide ranks as the fourth cause of death and is causing a significant loss in Korea, it seems that the conventional notion regarding suicide as a feasible way of solving a troublesome life situation hinders early recognition and proper management of suicide. This article reviews suicide prevention strategies recommended based on robust experience and scientific understanding of the characteristics of the suicide problem. In the UK, a suicide prevention strategy was formed at the national level suggesting significant goals to reduce the rate of suicide. In the US, the Institute of Medicine study committee examined the state of the science base, gaps in knowledge, strategies for prevention, and research designs for the study of suicide. This recommendation includes more science-based, coherent and well-coordinated multidisciplinary approaches, and thus suggests important practical recommendations for a suicide prevention strategy of Korea. The author concludes that suicide should be defined as a treatable and even preventable medical condition. Constructing a national network of suicide research, data surveillance, developing tools for suicide prevention including early detection and safety planning, and comprehensive insurance coverage are recommended.