A NOTE ON THE REMOVAL OF PHYTATE IN SOYBEAN MEAL USING Aspergillus usami

Ilyas, A.,Hirabayasi, M.,Matsui, T.,Yano, H.,Yano, F.,Kikishima, T.,Takebe, M.,Hayakawa, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.2

Soybean meal was fermented by Aspergillus usami in order to reduce phytate content. Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the fermented soybean meal. The contents of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and crude ash were slightly increased following fermentation with a concomitant reduction in nitrogen free extract. Though the fermentation partly degraded proteins in the soybean meal, there was small difference in amino acid composition between the soybean meal and the fermented soybean meal. The results showed that the fermentation did not affect nutritional value of protein in soybean meal. Approximately 55% of phosphorus extracted by trichloroacetic acid was inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) in the soybean meal. The content of inositol tetra to hexaphosphates was not detected in the fermented soybean meal. These results indicated that the fermentation almost completely eliminated phytate in soybean meal. Phytase activity was not detected in the unfermented soybean meal. However, the enzyme activity in the fermented soybean meal was 167.7 U/g. When the fermented soybean meal in supplemented in formula feeds, phytase in the fermented soybean meal might partly degrade the phytate in other ingredients in the digestive tract. The fermented soybean meal is possibly used as a phytate-free protein source of feed, which contains high available phosphorus.

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation on the Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Barley-Based Diets Supplemented with Soybean Mealor Canola Meal

Thacker, P.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.7

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of enzyme supplementation on the performance of 80 growing-finishing pigs (26.2 kg) fed diets containing either soybean or canola meal. Barley-based diets formulated using either soybean meal or canola meal were fed with or without enzyme (Allzyme Vegpro, Alltech Biotechnology Centre). Eight castrates and twelve gilts were fed each diet. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy was 8.0 (p=0.0001), 7.9 (p=0.0005) and 7.9 (p=0.0003) percent lower for pigs fed diets containing canola meal compared with soybean meal. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility (p>0.05). There was a significant interaction between protein source and enzyme for all three nutrients. Over the entire experimental period (26.2 to 77.9 kg), pigs fed canola meal consumed 9.4% less feed (p=0.001), gained weight 20.4% slower (p=0.001) and had a 12.9% poorer feed conversion (p=0.001) than pigs fed soybean meal. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were unaffected by enzyme addition (p>0.05). Castrates gained weight 11.4% faster (p=0.001), consumed 9.3% more feed (p=0.001) and had a 2.6% better feed conversion (p=0.026) than gilts. There was a significant interaction between protein source and sex of pig for feed conversion. Pigs fed diets based on canola meal had a significantly lower carcass value index (p=0.01), lower lean yield (p=0.007) and lower lean depth over the loin (p=0.001) than pigs fed diets based on soybean meal. Enzyme addition significantly increased lean depth over the loin (p=0.01). There was a significant interaction between protein source and enzyme for carcass value index (p=0.04), estimated lean yield (p=0.05) and fat depth over the loin (p=0.05). These results confirm previous studies which have demonstrated poorer pig performance when canola meal completely replaces soybean meal in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs. In addition, the results provide little justification for the inclusion of the Vegpro enzyme in diets fed to pigs of this weight range.

Effect of Substitution of Groundnut with Soybean Meal at Varying Fish Meal and Protein Levels on Performance and Egg Quality of Layer Chickens

Naulia, Uma,Singh, K.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.11

Two hundred and sixteen single comb white egg layers of the White Leghorn hens of 24 weeks of age were randomly allocated to 12 groups with three replications of six hens in each. Hens were fed in a factorial arrangement 2${\times}3{\times}$2, on diets containing either 16 or 18% crude protein with 0, 3 or 6% fish meal, replacing groundnut meal with soybean meal. Soybean meal incorporation improved (p<0.05) egg production, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and egg weights. Egg quality traits of specific gravity, shape index, albumen index, yolk index and shell thickness remained unchanged. Laying performance was significantly (p<0.05) better at 18% than on 16% dietary protein level. Use of fish meal linearly improved egg production and feed conversion efficiency on diets supplemented with groundnut meal and fish meal incorporation showed quadratic improvement on feed conversion efficiency with SBM diets at 16% dietary protein level. Therefore, use of soybean meal as substitute of groundnut meal is recommended in layer diets, at 16% dietary protein level and fish meal incorporation could be beneficial for layers.

박류 사료 유래 효소 가수분해물 분획의 항산화 활성 비교

손우영,양나은,김대년,황준,김현욱 공주대학교 자원과학연구소 2023 자원과학연구 Vol.5 No.2

The objective of this study was to compare the hydrolytic and antioxidant characteristics of oilseed meals (soybean meal, perilla seed meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)). The oilseed meal samples were homogenized in distilled water at a concentration of 20% (w/v) and enzymatically hydrolyzed with applied enzymes (Alcalase and trypsin) at an enzyme-to-substrate ratio (E:S) of 1:100 (w/w) for 2 h. The optimal hydrolysis conditions of the applied enzymes were pH 8.0/50℃ and pH 8.0/37℃, respectively. After inactivation, the resulting protein hydrolysates were fractionated by ultrafiltration, obtaining fractions below 5 kDa, and the filtrate was freeze-dried and powdered. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline -6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and total polyphenol content of the obtained oilseed meal protein hydrolysate fractions (5 < kDa) were measured. The lowest degree of hydrolysis was observed for perilla seed meal (p<0.05), which was likely due to the lower protein solubility of perilla seed meal compared to soybean meal and DDGS. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were significantly higher in the hydrolysate fraction from perilla seed meal, along with the highest total polyphenol content (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the potential utilization of perilla seed meal hydrolysate fractions as an alternative to manufacturing bioactive peptides from soybean meal. A further study to isolate and identify the antioxidant peptides from the hydrolysate fraction from perilla seed meal would be warranted.

전복(Haliotis discus hannai) 용 배합사료내 오징어분 및 해조류 대체원으로서 대두박이 전복 치패의 성장과 체조성에 미치는 영향

김병학 ( Byeng Hak Kim ),김희성 ( Hee Sung Kim ),조성환 ( Sung Hwoan Cho ) 한국수산과학회 2015 한국수산과학회지 Vol.48 No.3

We examined the effect of substituting squid meal and macroalgae with soybean meal in a commercial diet on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai. We randomly distributed 2310 juvenile aba-lone into 33 rectangular plastic containers and fed them five experimental diets in triplicate as follows. The control diet (Con) consisted of 12% squid meal, 8% corn gluten and 20% soybean meal as protein source, wherein 10% α-starch, 20% wheat flour, and 5% dextrin were carbohydrate source. The experimental diets, 50% squid meal (SM50), 50% squid meal and 50% macroalgae (SM50+MA50), and 100% squid meal and 50% macroalgae (SM100+MA50) were substituted with the same respective amounts of soybean meal. The fifth experimental diet consisted of the control diet plus 1% diatom powder (DP). We prepared two domestic (Domestic A and B) and two imported (China and Japan) abalone feeds. Finally, we prepared Undaria and sea tangle. We found that the weight gain of abalone fed the Con, DP, and China and Japan diets was significantly greater than that of abalone fed Undaria and sea tangle. We conclude that the substituting squid meal and macroalgae with soybean meal in abalone feed has limited benefits, but supplementing diets with 1% diatom powder is effective in improving weight gain.

Dephosphorylation of Phytate from Rice Bran and Soybean Meal Using Phytases from Aspergillus sp. 5990

김종순,변대석,김형락,김두상,신태선,김흥윤,오명주 한국수산과학회 2004 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.7 No.2

Total phosphorus contents in rice bran and soybean meal were determined to be 5.81 and 2.77%, respectively, and 97.2% of phosphorus in rice bran and 66.4% in soybean meal were presented as phytate phosphorus. Optimum pH condition for hydrolysis of phytate in rice bran and soybean was determined to be in the pH range of 3.7 and 5.3. The highest activity of phytase for hydrolysis of phytate in both samples was determined to be at 55℃ for rice bran and 55-60℃ for soybean. Hydrolysis of phytate in soybean meal at pH 5.0 increased with the co-reaction or consecutive reaction with protease; however, in rice bran hydrolysis decreased with co-reaction with protease. Phytate degradation of soybean meal in the presence of pepsin at pH 2.5 showed higher than that of rice bran. Phytate degradation of rice bran in the presence of trypsin or pancreatin at pH 7.0 increased the activity around 2-times compared with the activity in the absence of trypsin or pancreatin. The results of this study suggest that hydrolysis of phytate in rice bran or soybean meal with phytase and protease may provide an alternative process for the preparation of aquacultural feed with a low level of organic phosphorus.

Effect of De-hulling on Ileal Amino Acids Digestibility of Soybean Meals Fed to Growing Pigs

Kang, Y.F.,Li, D.F.,Xing, J.J.,Mckinnon, P.J.,Sun, D.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

A study was carried out to determine the effect of de-hulling on apparent and true ileal amino acids digestibility of soybean meals for growing pigs. Twenty barrows (Duroc${\times}$Large white${\times}$Longer white) were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ilium. Digestibility of 20 experimental diets was determined, nine of them were de-hulled soybean meal diets, and nine of them were regular soybean meal diets and two low protein casein diets for determination of endogenous amino acid correction for true digestibility determination. A $5<{\times}5<$ Latin Squares Design was adopted in this trail. The results showed that de-hulling increased apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine, threonine, aspartic, tyrosine and indispensable and dispensable amino acid (p<0.05) in soybean meals. Furthermore, dehulling is also increased apparent digestibility of arginine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine and gross amino acids (p<0.01). However, there were no significant differences found for histidine, methionine, tryptophan, cystine and glycine (p>0.05). Similar responses were found for true ileal digestibility. In three dehulled and non-dehulled pairs soybean meals from the same respective sources, de-hulling increased apparent digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine 1.42%, 2.06%, 2.18% and 1.40% respectively. True digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine was increased 1.65%, 1.94%, 2.30% and 1.82% respectively. A prediction equation for true ileal amino acid digestibility (including lysine and arginine) was established by multivariate linear regression. The independent variables included relevant amino acid, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract. The coefficient R2 values of lysine and agrinine were 0.596 and 0.531 respectively. According to the crude protein content, a prediction equation for lysine and arginine content in soybean meal was also established by single linear regression. The coefficient $R^2$ values of lysine and agrinine were 0.636 and 0.636 respectively.

Dephosphorylation of Phytate from Rice Bran and Soybean Meal Using Phytases from Aspergillus sp. 5990

Kim, Jong Soon,Kim, Doo-Sang,Kim, Hyeng-Rak,Shin, Tai-Sun,Kim, Heung-Yoon,Oh, Myong-Joo,Byun, Dae-Seok 한국수산학회 2004 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.7 No.2

Total phosphorus contents in rice bran and soybean meal were determined to be 5.81 and 2.77%, respectively, and 97.2% of phosphorus in rice bran and 66.4% in soybean meal were presented as phytate phosphorus. Optimum pH condition for hydrolysis of phytate in rice bran and soybean was determined to be in the pH range of 3.7 and 5.3. The highest activity of phytase for hydrolysis of phytate in both samples was determined to be at 55°C for rice bran and 55-60'C for soybean. Hydrolysis of phytate in soybean meal at pH 5.0 increased with the co-reaction or consecutive reaction with protease; however, in rice bran hydrolysis decreased with co-reaction with protease. Phytate degradation of soybean meal in the presence of pepsin at pH 2.5 showed higher than that of rice bran. Phytate degradation of rice bran in the presence of trypsin or pancreatin at pH 7.0 increased the activity around 2-times compared with the activity in the absence of trypsin or pancreatin. The results of this study suggest that hydrolysis of phytate in rice bran or soybean meal with phytase and protease may provide an alternative process for the preparation of aquacultural feed with a low level of organic phosphorus.

볏짚과 왕겨의 첨가가 맥주박과 두부박 Silage의 발효에 미치는 영향

전병태,문상호,김용철 건국대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.9 No.2

This study was carried out to utilize agricultural by-products as self-sufficient roughage sources in deer. Brewer's grains and soybean curd meal were used as a main agricultural by-product source. Rice straw and rice bran were used for moisture control. Cracked com, wheat bran, bakery waste and beetpulp were used for fermentation additives Nutritive values and fermentative qualities of silages were determined and palatability by deer was evaluated. The results were summarized as follows 1. The quality of silage made with brewer's grain as a main source was better than that of soybean curd meal. 2. Rice bran was more effective for fermentation of silage than rice straw. 3. As a fermentive substrate, the bakery waste and cracked com were more effective than others. 4. The palatability of silages in Korean spotted deer was highest in brewer's grain mixed with rice bran and cracked com, and followed with soybean curd meal mixed with rice bran and cracked corn, brewer's grain mixed with rice bran, and soybean curd meal mixed with rice bran. In conclusion. It is suggested that the brewer's grain and soybean curd meal silage can be used roughage sources for deer.

대두박에 대한 extrusion처리 및 formaldehyde처리가 젖소의 반추위내 in situ분해율에 미치는 영향

문여황,김기원,문점동,조광일,김병기,이성실,이상철 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2001 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.14 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature of extrusion processing on ruminal degradation characteristics of soybean meal. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were employed to in situ trial and treatments were composed of soybean meals untreated(Control), extruded at 115, 130 and 155℃, and treated with 0.3% formaldehyde(HCHO). The nylon bags were suspended for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours in the rumen, respectively. Animals fed the diet of 50 : 50 in concentrate and orchard grass hay at 110% of NRC(1988) requirements, and were freely access to water and mineral block. The regression equations for degradation characteristics and effective degradability(ED) of crude protein of soybean meals in the rumen were obtained as follows. Control P = 26.41 + 69.86(1-e^-0.041t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 57.89% 115℃ extrusion P = 3.39 + 44.76(1-e^-0.013t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 12.63% 130℃ extrusion P = 2.79 + 56.60(1-e^-0.015t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 15.85% 155℃ extrusion P = 1.71 + 31.48(1-e^-0.018t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 0.04% 0.3% HCHO P = 7.23 + 35.14(1-e^-0.015t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 15.34% where, P = Degradability during the time(t) suspended in the rumen, k = Passage rate at the rumen(%/hr/100). Ruminal degradabilities of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter and energy significantly (P<.01) decreased by extrusion or HCHO treatments, but did not affected by the temperature of extrusion processing. The ruminal degradation of soybean meals treated extrusion and formaldehyde, paticularly crude protein, was low beyond expectation.