여성 노인 1인 가구의 실태 및 정책적 개선방안

송영신 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2015 이화젠더법학 Vol.7 No.2

급속한 1인 가구의 증가 및 고령화의 진행에 따라 우리 사회의 노인 1인 가구의 증가율은 가파른 상승곡선을 그려 2014년 기준 전체 노인인구 중 23%를 차지한다. 그 중 여성 노인 1인 가구는 약 104만 명으로 전체 노인 1인 가구의 3/4을 차지하는 것으로 추산할 수 있다. 그런데, 여성 노인 1인 가구는 여성, 노인, 독거라는 사회적 약자로서의 인자를 모두 갖춘 계층으로, 특히 혼자 사는 데 있어서 아플 때 간호문제, 경제적 불안감, 심리적 불안감・외로움을 가장 힘든 점으로 들고 있다. 이것은 각 건강 영역, 경제 영역, 사회 영역으로 대별되는데, 본 연구의 목적은 이와 같이 각 영역별로 나타난 구체적 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고 그 정책적 개선방안을 찾는데 있다. 먼저 건강 영역에서, 주로 치매 등 정신적 제약으로 인해 의사능력이 결여 내지 부족한 경우의 수발자 문제이다. 정부지원정책의 주요 골자는 치매 검진사업, 치매 치료관리비 지원사업, 노인장기요양보험제도를 통한 치매노인의 생활안정 등 대부분 의료・생활지원의 범주에 속한다. 하지만, 양질의 의료・생활지원서비스라도 이를 이용하고 관리할 능력이 부족하다면 무용지물이 될 수 있기 때문에, 그 효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 법률지원이 병행되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 성년후견제도를 활용할 수 있도록 법적・사회적 연계시스템이 뒷받침되어야 한다. 즉, 치매여성 노인 1인 가구의 대상자 발굴 및 연계, 절차구조, 공공후견서비스 제공이 이루어져야 하고, 공공후견인 양성 교육 및 인프라 구축, 예산편성과 기금 조성 등이 뒷받침되어야 한다. 그리고 치매노인의 생활안정에 긍정적 효과를 거두고 있는 노인장기요양보험제도에서도 성별・가구형태별・질환유형별로 장기요양급여 및 돌봄서비스의 양과 질에 차이 둔 다각적인 지원시스템을 마련하여 여성 노인 1인 가구에 적합하도록 조정이 이루어져야 한다. 다음으로, 경제 영역에서 여성 노인 1인 가구는 남성보다 2배가량 더 경제적 불안감을 호소한다. 실제 여성노인의 빈곤율은 41.2%로 남성노인의 빈곤율 31.2%보다 10%p 높다. 소득원천을 비교해도, 남성노인은 근로활동에 의한 소득이 1순위인 반면, 여성노인은 남성노인 근로활동소득의 절반에도 못 미치고 사적 이전소득에 많이 의존하고 있기 때문에 경제적 독립성이 낮고 재정적으로 불안정한 구조이다. 이를 공적 이전소득으로 보완해야 할 터인데, 대표적인 공적연금제도인 국민연금제도는 본질적으로 연금가입자의 과거 직업력과 소득력(job and earning history)에 근거하기에 여성 노인 1인 가구는 수급 혜택의 범위가 제한적일 수밖에 없다. 즉, 수급자 수가 적고, 급여수준도 낮은 중첩적 취약성을 보인다. 따라서 독자적 수급권 확보를 위해, 현재 및 장래 여성 노인 1인 가구의 국민연금 가입률을 높여야 하고, 그 전제로 여성의 노동시장 진입이 용이해야 하며, 여성노동의 특성에 맞춰 임금수준이 현실화되어야 한다. 뿐만 아니라, 남성보다 1.8배 많은 여성노인의 기초연금 수급현황에서 볼 수 있듯이, 여성 노인 1인 가구의 노후소득보장제도로서 기능하고 있는 기초연금제도에 대하여도 보완이 필요하다. 즉, 현재 국민기초생활보장 생계급여 산정을 할 때 기초연금을 개인별 소득인정액에 포함시키고 있는 것은 「국민기초생활보장법」과 「기초연금법」의 입법취지를 희석시킬 위험이 있으므로, 그 포함 여부 및 범위에 대한 조속한 조치가 필요하다. 무엇보다 가장 중요한 것은, 저소득 여성 노인 1인 가구에게 괜찮은 거처를 마련해주는 ‘Housing First’ 정책의 수립이다. 이는 소득빈곤을 해소함에 있어 가장 효과적인 사회복지 지원책으로 평가되고 있다. 그리고 이러한 정책은 모두 여성 노인 1인 가구를 위한 노인 일자리 우선지원 정책을 병행해야 그 효과를 극대화할 수 있다. 끝으로, 사회 영역에서의 심리적 불안감 내지 외로움의 문제이다. 노인 1인 가구는 남녀를 불문하고 ‘심리적 불안감 또는 외로움’을 공통적으로 토로하는데, 그 영향요인에는 상당한 차이가 있다. 즉, 남성 고령자는 직장유무, 경제수준이 주된 요인이지만, 여성 고령자의 경우 사회적 관계로부터 소외되는 것이 가장 중요한 영향요인이다. 여성 노인 1인 가구는 동거하는 가족 없이 혼자 생활을 하고 있기 때문에, 사회적 관계로부터 소외・단절될 가능성이 높아 심리적・정서적 불안감 내지 외로움을 경험할 확률이 매우 높고, 이러한 사회적 고립의 문제 ‘고독사’ 또는 ‘자살’ 등 매우 극단적인 사회문제로 악화될 수 있다. 따라서 이를 극복하기 위해서 ‘사회적 가족’이라는 새로운 사회적 관계망 모델을 제시한다. 정부차원의 지원정책이 있으나, 민간부문에서의 자발적인 시도와 노력이 그 효과를 배가시킬 수 있다. 한 예로, 사단법인 시니어희망공동체의 조부모세대, 부모세대, 형제자매세대 등 4인 이상 3세대로 구성된 ‘소셜팸(Social Family, 사회적 가족)운동’이 있다. 또한, 다양한 형태의 공동생활가정, 즉 코하우징(Co-Housing)도 추진해야 한다. 이는 여성 노인 1인 가구의 안전과 더불어 안정적인 사회적 관계망을 형성・유지할 수 있는 방안이기에 정부와 지자체, NGO, 협동조합 등을 중심으로 민・관이 협력할 필요성이 크다. 위의 각 영역별 정책적 개선방안은, 상호간에 유기적으로 영향을 미치는 관계에 있다. 예컨대, 성년후견제도는 여성 노인 1인 가구에게 치매발병시 수발자 기능을 할 뿐만 아니라, 그로 하여금 장기요양보험・기초연금 등 사회복지서비스를 이용할 수 있도록 하여 공적 노후소득보장에 기여하는 순기능을 한다. 따라서 각 영역별 현황에 따른 정책을 수립・시행하는 데 있어, 상호 유기적 관련성 및 연관효과 등에 대한 분석이 선행되어야 한다. Korean society has witnessed rapid increase in population of elderly forming one-person household(hereinafter referred to as “single-household elderly”) amid an increase in single-person household and aging. In 2014, the number of single-household elderly comprised 23% of entire elderly population. Among them, the number of single-household female elderly stands at 1.04 million which accounts for 3/4 of whole single-household elderly population. Single-household female elderly represent the class with whole elements of socially-disadvantaged, including elements of women, elderly, and solitary life, and encounter the greatest difficulty in connection with nursing care for illness, economic insecurity, and psychological anxiety/loneliness. Such issues are considered to fall under health realm, financial realm, and social realm. The objective of this study was to examine specific conditions and problems which were manifested in each realm and to explore measures for mitigating such problems at policy level. In the health realm, there are problems of benefit recipients who have little or inadequate communication ability primarily due to mental constraints such as dementia(Alzheimer’s disease). Government’s supportive policy mostly relates to medical and livelihood support, such as dementia examination project, dementia treatment & management support project, livelihood support project including long-term recuperation insurance system designed to help stabilize lives of elderly with dementia, etc. However, such supportive policy of government needs to be pushed forward in tandem with legal support in order to maximize desired effect, considering that even excellent medical and livelihood support services may become useless if the ability to use and manage such services is inadequate. For that, legal and social inter-connective system needs to be buttressed to ensure that adult guardianship system can be fully leveraged. In other words, it is deemed necessary to identify and connect to eligible single-household female elderly with dementia, establish procedural structure, and provide public guardian service, and furthermore, the support needs to be provided to underpin education for development of public guardians, establishment of infrastructures, budget preparation and fund-raising process, etc. In addition, even elderly long-term recuperation insurance system, which has positive effect in stabilizing the lives of elderly with dementia, needs to map out multi-faceted supportive system differentiated in terms of quality of care service and long-term recuperation allowance based on gender, type of household, and type of disease, thus ensuring adjustment tailored to situations of single-household female elderly. Meanwhile, single-household female elderly experience financial instability twice as much as their male counterparts in economic realm. In fact, poverty rate of female elderly stands at 41.2% which is 10%p higher than that of male elderly who are reported to have poverty rate of 31.2%. Female elderly has higher reliance on private transfer income with their labor income level remaining below half that of male elderly, which results in low economic independence and high financial instability of female elderly, in stark contrast to male elderly who earn the largest portion of their income from labor income. Such problem needs to be addressed by public transfer income. National pension plan system, the most typical public pension system, has unavoidably limited scope of pension benefit disbursements to single-household female elderly because such benefit disbursements are based on past job and earning history of pension holders. In short, the system has double vulnerability which means small number of recipients and low level of allowance such as recuperation allowance. Therefore, it is considered necessary to increase the ratio of present and future single-household female elderly covered by national pension plan in order to ensure that pensionable right can be secured independently. Based on that, the access of women to labor market should be made easy, and the wage level should be aligned with reality in light of characteristic of labor provided by women. Furthermore, an improvement is needed for basic pension system that functions as Old-Age Income Security System for single-household female elderly as witnessed by the supply-demand status of basic pension for female elderly whose population is 1.8 times larger than that of their male counterparts. In other words, legislative purpose of National Basic Livelihood Security Act and Basic Pension Act can be attenuated if basic pension is included in individual countable income when the livelihood benefit under National Basic Livelihood Security Act is estimated. Actions need to be taken swiftly with respect to such inclusion or exclusion and related scope. Above all, the priority is to map out ‘Housing First’ policy that provides good housing first to low-income single-household female elderly. That is deemed to be the policy that underpins social welfare most effectively in helping address low-income poverty. Moreover, such policy can produce the greatest impact when it is accompanied by policies designed to bolster job creation for the elderly, particularly single-household female elderly. Finally, it relates to issues of psychological anxiety or loneliness in social realm. Single-household elderly commonly express psychological anxiety or loneliness, whether they are men or women, and related influential factors differ significantly. In other words, employment status and financial conditions are most influential factors for men of advanced age while disconnection from social relationship is the most influential factor for women of advanced age. Single-household female elderly tend to experience alienation and disconnection from society because they are living alone without any co-habitating family member. Consequently, single-household female elderly are very likely to encounter psychological or emotional anxiety or loneliness, and such social isolation may lead to very serious social problems such as lonely death, suicide, etc. Thus, a new social relational network model, called ‘social family’, is presented to overcome such problems. Despite supportive policies of government, spontaneous attempts and efforts of private sector may redouble the effects. For instance, Senior Hope Community has proceeded with a movement called Social Fam(Social Family) consisting of more than 4 persons from 3 generations such as grandparent generation, parent generation, and sibling generation. In addition, various types of community life households, i.e., co-housing, needs to be pushed forward. Co-housing represents a measure that can help form and maintain stable social relationship and networking among single-household female elderly, along with their safety, and therefore, there is an increasing need for cooperation between government and private sector, spearheaded by central government, local governments, NGOs(Non-Governmental Organizations), cooperatives, etc. Aforesaid measures, which are designed to achieve improvement for each realm at policy level, have inter-relational systematic effect. For example, adult guardianship system helps provide single-household female elderly with access to social welfare services such as long-term recuperation insurance/basic pension, etc., as well as medical treatment, when they have dementia, thus contributing to guaranteeing public old-age income security. Thus, analysis of systematic interrelationship and related effect, etc., needs to take precedence in establishing and enforcing policies associated with conditions of each realm.

스웨덴 +40코하우징 주민의 1인가구여부 및 여성1인가구여부에 따른 코하우징 삶의 차이

최정신,조재순 한국 스칸디나비아학회 2018 스칸디나비아 연구 Vol.21 No.-

The purpose of this research is to identify the differences in motivation to move into +40 cohousing, participation in common activities, evaluation of physical environment design, and life satisfaction of Swedish +40 cohousing residents between single and cohabitant households as well as female single households and other types. The data of 127 respondents from 4 of ‘+40 cohousing’ communities used for this research are the subset of data (Choi & Paulsson, 2011) nationwide surveyed from 12 cohousing communities in Sweden. The results showed that there were some notable differences in housing characteristics, motivation to move in, participating in common activities, and evaluation of physical environment design. However, there was no difference in life satisfaction. Single households were more likely than cohabitants to be female and aged and tended to reside longer in a smaller dwelling, the aspect which female single households shared. Also, single households were more motivated to move in by personal reasons but less so by housing management reasons. Female single household had similar reasons to move in, except having more items related to security reasons. Single households were more likely than cohabitants not only to frequently participate in common activities such as common exercise/gymnastics/walking and common gardening, but also to highly evaluate common facilities such as exercise room/or similar and bath/sauna. Similar to single households, female single households were more likely than other households to frequently participate in exercise/gymnastics/walking activities and to highly evaluate various common facilities. The level of life satisfaction was not statistically different in both pair of the groups. The result of this research implies that the distinct differences of +40 cohousing found in previous research with respect to general characteristics of residents and dwelling, motivation to move into +40 cohousing, participation in common activities, evaluation of physical environment design might reflect characteristics of cohousing living of single households and more or less female single households. However, their life satisfaction remained high regardless of living situation and gender. Understanding the differences between the two pairs of groups may contribute to understanding and revitalizing the living in +40 cohousing community. 이 연구는 스웨덴 +40코하우징 거주자의 1인가구여부와 여성1인가구여부에 따라 코하우징(cohousing) 삶에 차이가 있는가를 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 구체적으로는 이주동기, 공동활동참여, 물리적 공간환경 평가, 생활만족도에 차이가 있는가를 분석하였다. 연구자료는 Choi & Paulson(2011)이 스웨덴 전역에서 수집한 설문자료 중 +40코하우징 4개단지 거주자 127명을 대상으로 SPSS통계프로그램을 활용하여 차이검증을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 1인가구여부와 여성1인가구여부에 따라 이주동기, 공동활동참여, 물리적 공간환경 평가에 있어 유의한 차이점이 발견되었으며 생활만족도에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이 연구결과는 시니어 코하우징이나 연령통합형 코하우징 거주자와의 차이를 비교한 여러 선행연구에서 나타난 +40코하우징 거주자들의 두드러진 생활특징이 1인가구나 여성1인가구의 증가와 유관하다는 가능성을 뒷받침하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이것은 +40코하우징에 1인가구나 여성1인가구 거주자가 증가하여 다른 형태의 코하우징에서 보다 안전에 관한 이주동기가 더 중요해지고, 공동활동 공간을 높이 평가하고, 여러 공동활동에 더욱 활발히 참여함으로써 코하우징 삶의 특징이 강화되고 있는 한편, 이로 인해 +40코하우징에서 1인가구나 여성1인가구라 하더라도 다른 가구들과 다름없이 높은 생활만족도를 유지하고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이 연구는 +40코하우징의 1인가구와 여성1인가구에 따른 차이를 밝힘으로써 일반적인 코하우징 거주자 삶의 변화, 특히 +40코하우징 거주자의 삶을 보다 구체적으로 이해하는 데 도움이 되며, 1인가구와 고령화가 급속히 진행되고 있는 우리나라에서 앞으로 코하우징 단지를 개발하는 데 참고자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 기대한다.

세대별 여성 1인가구 범죄피해 실태 및 범죄 두려움 영향요인

심혜인(Sim, Hye In) 한국범죄심리학회 2021 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.17 No.3

1인가구는 1990년 이후로 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, ‘신림동 강간미수 CCTV 영상’등 1인가구 여성의 범죄와 범죄두려움에 관하여 언론에서 주요하게 다루어졌었다. 기존의 선행연구에서는 1인가구와 다인가구를 중심으로 또는 1인가구의 세대별 분류를 통한 범죄피해와 범죄피해 두려움 영향요인을 주요하게 다루었다. 그러나 이 연구에서는 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해 및 범죄두려움 영향요인을 검토하고자 하였으며, 특히 세대별 차이가 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 범죄피해경험과 범죄두려움은 전체범죄와 일반적 범죄두려움, 구체적범죄두려움 뿐만아니라 범죄유형별로 분류하여 폭력범죄, 재산범죄, 주거침입범죄로 추가적인 분류를 하여 검증하였다. 한국형사정책연구원에서 조사한 ‘전국범죄피해조사(2018년 기준)’의 2차 데이터 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 세대별 분류를 중심으로 다루기 위하여 만18세 이하의 자료를 삭제한 다음 1인가구 여성 856명의 자료를 분석하였다. SPSS 25.0ver 통계프로그램을 활용하여 주요 변수들의 기술통계분석, 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 교차분석, t-test, ANOVA, 로지스틱 회귀분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 이 연구에서는 세대를 연령에 따라 청년, 중년, 장년, 노년으로 분류하여 검증하였을 때, 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해 경험에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타나지 않았다. 반면 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해두려움에서 일반적 범죄두려움에는 영향이 없었으나, 구체적 범죄두려움에는 노년층이 중년층보다 구체적 범죄두려움 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 마찬가치로 폭력범죄와 재산범죄 두려움 수준에서도 노년층이 중년층보다 높을 두려움 수준임을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 경찰신뢰도 수준이 낮을수록 1인가구 여성의 구체적 범죄두려움, 폭력범죄, 재산범죄 두려움 수준에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 물리적 무질서는 일반적 범죄두려움, 구체적 범죄두려움, 재산범죄 두려움, 주거침입범죄 두려움에 사회적 무질서는 구체적 범죄두려움, 폭력범죄 두려움, 재산범죄 두려움, 주거침입범죄 두려움의 영향요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해 및 범죄두려움의 감소시킬 수 있는 정책적 제언에 있어서 세대별 차이를 고려한 근거자료로 활용되기를 기대한다. Single-person household has been continuously increasing since 1990, and crimes on single-female household such as CCTV footage for attempted rape in Sillimdong and crime factors have been covered seriously in the media. Existing preceding studies covered crime victims and influencing factor of fear on crime victim focusing on single-person or multiple-person household or through classification by single-person generation. However, this study plans to review crime victim and influencing factors of crime fear of single-female household. In particular, this study planned to review if there are any difference between generations. Experience on crime victim and crime fear were classified by not only overall crime, general crime fears and specific crime fears but also crime types, and further classified by violent crimes, property crimes and housebreaking to verify. The second data of Crime victim survey across the country (as of 2018) investigated by Korean Institute of Criminology was used for analysis. The data under the age 18 were deleted to cover the classification by generation and 856 data of single-female household were analyzed. SPSS 25.0ver statistical program was used to conduct descriptive statistical analysis, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, crossover analysis, t-test, ANOVA, logistic-regression analysis and multiple regression analysis. When the generations were classified and verified as youth, middle-aged and elderly according to the age, it didn t appear as a factor affecting the experience on crime victim of single-female household. On the other hand, while there was no effect on general crime fear in the fear of crime victim of single-female household, the elderly showed higher level of fear than middle-aged in terms of specific crime fear. Similarly, level of fear on violent crimes and property crimes was higher in the elderly than middle-aged group. In addition, it was found that the lower level of reliability for the police had a significant effect on specific crime fear and level of fear on violent crimes and property crimes of single-female household. It was also found that physical disorder was a factor influencing general crime fear, specific crime fear, property crime fear and housebreaking fear, and social disorder was a factor influencing specific crime fear, violent crime fear, property crime fear and housebreaking fear. We hope that these results can be used as a basis that considers the difference between generation in suggesting policy that can reduce crime victim and crime fears of single-female crime victim.

여성 1인가구 현황과 정책적 지원 방안 연구: 경기도를 중심으로 국내 2차자료 분석

김정은,정혜은,남영주 한국아동가족복지학회 2018 한국가족복지학 Vol.23 No.3

Single-person households have become the dominant type of household in South Korea, while research and polices aimed at single-person households have been somewhat scarce, one focusing on females, one of the vulnerable groups in Korea society, have been even less common. The purpose of this study is to build our knowledge and understanding of the female single-person households in Gyeonggi province, which may serve as the base of policy development tailored for female single-person households. The current study utilized nationally representative data including Population and Housing Census, Korea Welfare Panel Study, and Social Survey. Chi-square and t-test in addition to the descriptive analyses were conducted in order to see whether there were differences between male and female single-person households. Findings of the present study from the secondary data analyses using government statistical sources are as follows: (1) female single-person households were more vulnerable to violence and felt less safe, (2) they showed lower levels of income and education, (3) they lived in lower-quality housing, (4) they were more likely to have physical and mental health problems, and (5) they were less likely to engage in social participation and more likely to have a narrow social network. These findings highlight the need to implement social policies for female single-person households in Gyeonggi province. Detailed policy recommendations for improving female single-person households’ quality of life are discussed.

The Housing Status of Female-Headed Households: A Comparative Analysis between Single-Mother/Unmarried One-Person Households and Two-Parent Households

Jeong-im Hwang,Eun-ji Kim 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2014 Gender Studies and Policy Review Vol.7 No.-

This research has attempted to investigate the urban housing status of households composed of one-woman and households headed by a single mother, which combined represent femaleheaded households, in comparison with that of one-unmarried-man and two-parent households. For the research purpose, raw data from the 2012 housing survey by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Marine Affairs were used. According to the result, the housing status of unmarried single-person households and single-mother households was notably poor, while that of male-headed two-parent households was the most stable. First, the proportion of home ownership and jeonse rental (the South Korean system of deposit-based home rental) was distinctly high among two-parent households. In contrast, the rate of monthly rental was high among unmarried one-person households and single-mother households, signifying a less stable housing status compared to two-parent households. Second, the ratio of housing expense to total income was lowest among two-parent households, but relatively higher among singlemother households and single-woman households. Third, in relation to housing quality, a great number of single-mother households and single-man households failed to meet the minimum standard for floor area and the minimum standard for facilities, respectively. These two groups also showed the highest rate of failure to meet overall minimum housing standards. Fourth, the proportion of those living in a basement, daylight basement, or rooftop home was high among single-mother households and unmarried woman-only households. As to perceived quality of living environment, the scores between these two groups were very poor in the areas of safety, neighborhood cleanness, noise, and pleasantness. In this regard, there is a need for support for more stable housing for single-mother households, focusing particularly on general housing support rather than facility support. Regarding single-woman households, safety appears to be the area of greatest concern, highlighting the importance of improving their living environments.

강원도 청년여성 1인 가구 주거지원 모색: 춘천 거주 청년여성 1인 가구 FGD를 중심으로

임혜순,김승희 강원대학교 사회과학연구원 2022 사회과학연구 Vol.61 No.3

The purpose of this study is to prepare a safe and stable housing support plan for the increasing number of Young Single-Female Households. The subjects of the study are Young Single-Female Households in their 20s and 30s living in Gangwon-do, and the research method is FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The main contents of the survey are the analysis of the housing status and the housing Demand of Young Single-Female Households in Gangwon-do. As a result, Young Single-Female Household is sensitive to housing safety and considers safety and security as an important factor in Housing Choice. In addition, Young Single-Female Household has a high Housing Cost Burden and a high desire for Owner-Occupiers in the future, indicating that housing ladder support is an important policy issue at the local government level. In addition, the community needs to respond to programs and space support due to the characteristics of young people living in the Old Downtown Area and residential areas.

중년(40~49세) 비혼 여성 1인가구의 생활세계: “온전한 개체로서의 삶”

임지애 한국여성정책연구원 2024 여성연구 Vol.120 No.1

본 질적연구는 중년 비혼 여성 1인가구의 선택 및 유지 경험을 현상학적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 심층면담 과정에서 7명의 참여자의 1인가구 선택 및 유지 경험이 어떠한가에 대한 구술을 통하여 1인가구의 선택 및 유지 의사결정 과정에 영향을 미치는 3가지 요인을 중심으로 1인가구의 의사결정 과정을 종합해보면, 1-선택요인(원가족의 직・간접적 영향, 직장의 영향, 1인가구의 가치로서의 자유). 2-보호요인(원가정의 가족 또는 친구(동료, 이웃)의 지지, 내 욕구 또는 우선순위에 집중), 3-위험요인(혼자 사는 여성에 대한 불쾌한 관심, 혼자서 다 하는 물리적・감정적 상황, 1인가구의 미래를 위한 재테크 부실, 해당없는 혜택)을 견디며 1인가구를 유지함을 확인하였다. 궁극적으로 중년 비혼 여성 1인가구로서의 자유로운 삶을 추구하는 것이지만 본질적으로 온전히 독립된 개체로서의 삶을 설계하고 성취해나가는 것이었다. 내부자 관점에서 중년 비혼 여성 1인가구의 선택 및 유지 의사결정 과정에 관한 이론적 모형과 중년 비혼 여성 1인가구의 위험요인을 감소시키는 사회복지적 제언이 제안되었다. This qualitative study examined the selection and maintenance experience of middle-aged unmarried female single-person households from a phenomenological perspective. In the course of in-depth interviews, the seven participants gave oral descriptions of their experiences in choosing and maintaining single-person households, and synthesized the decision-making process of single-person households, focusing on three factors that influence the decision-making process of single-person households, and found that the decision-making process of single-person households was based on 1-choice factors (direct and indirect influence of the original family, influence of the workplace, and freedom as a value of the single-person household). 2-Protective factors (support from family or friends (colleagues, neighbors) of the original family, focusing on my own needs or priorities), and 3-risk factors (unpleasant attention to women living alone, physical and emotional situations of doing everything alone, lack of financial support for the future of single-person households, and unapplicable benefits). Ultimately, it was to pursue a free life as a middle-aged, unmarried woman in a single-person household, but to design and achieve a life as an inherently completely independent individual. From an insider’s perspective, a theoretical model for the decision-making process of selection and maintenance of single-person households of middle-aged unmarried women and social welfare suggestions to reduce the risk factors of single-person households of middle-aged unmarried women were proposed.

서울시 성별 1인 가구 분포 특성 분석

이수영(Soo-Young Lee),임미화(Mi-Hwa Lim) 한국주택학회 2020 주택연구 Vol.28 No.4

미래 인구구조의 핵심은 1인 가구이며, 이미 주택정책을 비롯한 많은 사회현상의 주 핵심요인으로 자리잡고 있다. 서울시에서는 지속해서 증가하는 1인 가구를 위해 지자체 최초로 1인 가구 지원과 관련한 조례를 마련하거나 기본계획을 수립하여 진행하고 있다. 하지만 1인 가구는 생성 배경과 인구학적 특성에 따라 생활방식과 경제활동에 대해 많은 차이를 보이기 때문에 1인 가구가 지닌 인구 사회학적 및 공간적 분포의 특성에 대한 이해가 뒷받침되어야 발표되는 정책들이 실효성을 가질 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 서울시의 2018년 여성과 남성 1인 가구의 분포 현황을 살펴보고, 서울시의 동별 특성요인이 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 공간오차모형을 통해 살펴본 결과 여성과 남성 1인 가구는 직장ㆍ거주 근접을 선호하며, 3차산업의 선호도가 더 높음을 확인할 수 있다. 가족 단위의 가구가 많이 사용하는 시설의 선호도는 떨어지며, 여성과 남성 1인 가구 대다수가 대학교가 위치한 지역에서 거주하기 때문에 대학교와의 접근성을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 생활방범 CCTV의 개수가 많은 곳을 선호하는 것으로 보아 주거환경 선택 시 보안 측면을 중요시하는 것을 알 수 있다. The core of the future demographic structure is a single-person household, which is already a major key factor in many social phenomena, including housing policy. The Seoul Metropolitan Government is the first local government to prepare ordinances related to support for single-person households, and to establish and carry out basic plans. However, there are many differences in terms of lifestyle and economic activities among single-person households, depending on the background of creation and demographic characteristics. Therefore, the published policies can be effective only when there is an understanding of the characteristics of demographic and sociological and spatial distribution of single-person households. The purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of single-male and female households in Seoul in 2018, and to analyze the impact of the characteristic factors of each gender in Seoul. After examining the spatial error model, single female and male households prefer the proximity of work and residence, and the preference toward tertiary industries is higher. The preference for facilities that are frequently used by family households is low, and the majority of single-male and female households live in the area where the university is located, so they prefer easy access to the university. Furthermore, it can be seen that the security aspect is important when choosing a residential environment because people prefer places with a large number of security CCTVs.

여성 가구 형태별 범죄 두려움에 대한 분석

김다은(Kim Da Eun),이창한(Lee Chang Han) 한국범죄심리학회 2017 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.13 No.2

여성 1인 가구의 증가는 여성의 거주 가구 형태에 변화를 초래했고, 그 결과 여성 1인 가구를 표적으로 하는 범죄가 증가하는 등 여성의 범죄 두려움을 가중하고 있다. 범죄 두려움은 삶의 질에 직접적인 위협이므로, 그 억제의 필요성이 시급한 문제다. 특히 여성의 범죄 두려움은 남성에 비해 높게 나타나는데, 이 연구는 ‘성폭력 그림자 가설’로 여성의 범죄 두려움을 분석하고자 한다. 전국범죄피해조사 2014년도 자료를 활용하고, 변화한 여성의 가구 형태를 고려해 여성 1인 가구와 다인 가구 각각의 범죄 두려움을 검증해보았다. 그 결과 여성 1인 가구와 여성 다인 가구의 성폭력 두려움은 일반적 두려움, 절도 두려움, 주거침입 두려움, 스토킹 두려움에 있어 가장 영향력 있는 요인이었다. 또한 성폭력 두려움 변수를 모델에 투입시켰을 때 전체 모델의 설명력이 큰 폭으로 증가했다. 여성의 범죄 두려움이 성폭력 범죄 두려움에 의해 설명되고, 증폭된다는 분석 결과로부터 여성의 범죄 두려움을 감소할 수 있는 정책 방안을 강구한다. The increase in the number of single female households has led to changes in the type of residential households. As a result, the number of crimes targeting a single female household increases and the fear of crime increases at the same time. Especially, several studies has shown that women s fear of crime are much higher than men s while men s actual victimization ratio is much higher than women s. By this point of the view, this study seeks to analyze the fear of crime between women s household types (Single-person household versus multi-person household) focused on shadow of sexual assault. The study has revealed the following results. Regardless of the types of households, fear of sexual assault has a shadow effect to all the dependent variables. Specifically, stalking crime is the most effective variables in both single-person households and multi-person household. From the analysis that female s fear of crime is explained and amplified by fear of sexual assault. Based on these results, this study tries to find policy measure that can reduce female s fear of crime.

‘그들’이 사는 안전 : 고소득 청년 여성 1인가구의 범죄두려움에 관한 근거이론 연구

오수진,이새롬,김하은,한민경 한국피해자학회 2023 被害者學硏究 Vol.31 No.3

Previous studies on the fear of crime and criminal victimization among female single-person households have assumed that these households experience higher levels of fear of crime and criminal victimization. The literature has focused on analyzing significant influencing factors based on quantitative data but have not considered economic factors such as income in comparison to gender, age, and environmental circumstances. By differentiating the focus, data, and analysis methods from prior research, this study attempts to analyze the fear of crime among high-income young female single-person households, with a specific focus on income as a determinant of lifestyle. According to the grounded theory framework proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1987), 14 high-income young female single-person households living in Seoul were interviewed and analyzed in this study. Low levels of fear of crime and conditioned fear were identified as central phenomena. Although the research participants were aware of their vulnerability as biological women and single- person households, they felt secure in their refined surroundings on a daily basis and did not feel anxious about becoming victims of crime. The high-income young female single-person households felt temporarily fearful only in conditioned cases, such as sexual crimes and/or random violence. However, they primarily considered the crimes they encountered in the media as incidents happening to others and not related to them. This is because research participants have been able to maintain a certain distance from crime by choosing high-cost, safe housing and environments and enhancing housing safety based on their financial abilities. Based on the analysis results, this study recommends that future policies related to the fear of crime and crime victimization among female single-person households be explored in detail, taking into account differences in lifestyle based on income.