하루 생수 2L섭취에 따른 타액 분비량과 타액 pH의 상관관계

김민지 한국구강보건과학회 2019 한국구강보건과학회지 Vol.7 No.3

Objectives: The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate how the saliva secretion rate and saliva pH affect the consumption of 2 L of bottled water per day and 2) to obtain basic data to suggest the proper contents and direction of water intake education to help prevent and treat dental caries. Methods: The study participants were 20 women in their 20s in B area who did not drink 2 L of water per day. This work measured the amount of water consumed daily over five weeks, saliva secretion rate, and saliva pH and then examined the correlation between factors. Results: Before the experiment, the water intake, saliva secretion rate, and pH were 793.63 mL, 2.97 mL, and 6.63, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the water intake, saliva secretion rate, and pH were 2,040.92 mL, 5.00 mL, and 7.43, respectively. The mean water intake, saliva secretion rate, and pH were 1,950.24 mL, 4.27 mL, and 7.18, respectively, and the pH increased significantly each week (p<0.05). The saliva secretion rate and saliva pH were positively correlated with the increase in water intake, but the correlation was not significant. As the saliva secretion rate increased, the saliva pH increased, and it was statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusions: The saliva secretion rate and saliva pH increased significantly with the water intake (p<0.05), and the saliva secretion rate and saliva pH were positively correlated with water intake. Encouraging frequent and large amounts of water intake from adolescence through oral health education may help improve oral hygiene through the effect of increased saliva.

Comparison of the composition of oral mucosal residual saliva with whole saliva

Lee, J-Y,Chung, J-W,Kim, Y-K,Chung, S-C,Kho, H-S Stockton Press 2007 Oral Diseases Vol. No.

<P>Objective: </P><P>Compared with whole saliva, residual saliva comprising the oral mucosal film shows a high protein concentration. The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of residual saliva with unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in normosalivators.</P><P>Materials and methods: </P><P>The composition of oral mucosal residual saliva in 30 healthy individuals was investigated and compared with that of whole saliva. The concentrations of total protein, secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA), lactoferrin, total carbohydrate, and sialic acid were examined. The activities of peroxidase, lysozyme and <I>&agr;</I>-amylase were determined.</P><P>Results: </P><P>Residual saliva had higher levels of total protein and carbohydrate than whole saliva, with a higher carbohydrate to protein ratio in the residual saliva suggesting that salivary glycoproteins are concentrated on the oral mucosal surface. sIgA, lactoferrin and sialic acid were present as highly concentrated forms in residual saliva. The enzymatic activity of peroxidase in residual saliva was higher than that of whole saliva.</P><P>Conclusions: </P><P>These concentrated carbohydrate and antimicrobials on the oral mucosal surface work for mucosal defence and could be used for targeting sites for the delivery of therapeutic agents.</P>

Hyaluronidases in Human Saliva

Pogrel, M. Anthony,Low, Mari Anne,Stern, Robert Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 1998 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study was to quantify and characterize hyaluronidase in human saliva. Pure parotid saliva and mixed saliva from the floor of the mouth was collected from ten volunteers under unstimulated and stimulated conditions. The protein content was calculated for all specimens. Hyaluronidase activity was measured at acid pH by an ELISA-like assay. Immunoreactivity was detected by dot blot analysis. At pH 3.7, parotid saliva showed a specific mean hyaluronidase activity of 0.39 NFU/gm of protein in unstimulated saliva and 0.34 NFU/gm of protein in stimulated saliva. Mixed saliva had a mean specific hyaluronidase activity of 0.68 NFU/gm of protein in unstimulated, and 0.86 NFU/gm of protein in stimulated, saliva at pH 3.7. At pH 6.8, unstimulated whole saliva showed a mean specific hyaluronidase activity of 0.80 NFU/gm of protein while stimulated whole saliva showed no activity at pH 6.8. No activity was detected in parotid sliva at pH 6.8. Parotid saliva shows hyaluronidase activity at one pH only with higher levels in unstimulated saliva. Mixed saliva from the floor of the mouth had activity at pH levels 3.7 and 6.8 indicating probable hyaluronidase from two different sources. The activity at pH 3.7 is presumably of salivary origin, and at pH 6.8 may well be of bacterial origin. It is possible that bacterial hyaluronidase in saliva may break down hyaluronan and inhibit its action in aiding intraoral wound healing. This may be of major significance in patients with periodotal disease as hylauronan fragments are known to promate inflammation.

The Molecular Weight of Hyaluronan in Parotid and Mixed Human Saliva

Anthony Pogrel, M.,Low, Mari Anne,Stern, Robert,Schmidt, Brian L. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 2000 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.25 No.1

To determine the molecular weight of Hyaluronan〔hyaluronic acid〕i stimulated and unstimulated pure parotid saliva and in mixed whole saliva from the floor of the mouth. Ten volunteers where utilized for this study. Pure stimulated and unstimulated parotid saliva was obtained by cannulation of the parotid duct and mixed saliva was obtained from the floor of the mouth by aspiration. Molecular weight determination was carried out by separation on a Superose 6 column. The molecular weight of the hyaluronan in pure parotid saliva was of prdominantly high molecular weight〔>200,000Kd〕. The hyaluronan present in the mucosal saliva of the floor of the mouth had a molecular weight predominantly in the range of 20,000 to 200,000 Kd, with only 3 percent above 200,000 Kd. The precise role of hyaluronan in saliva is unknown. It may aid in the lubricating properties of saliva, it may aid in intraoral wound healing, and may act as a carrier for growth factors which are present in saliva and may hav important physiological functions. It is assumed that the lower molecular weight found in mixed saliva as against pure saliva is due to cleavage and breakdown of the hyaluronan due to bacterial action in the mouth. This bacterial action may affect the ability of the hyaluronan to transport growth factors in the oral cavity. The molecular weight of hyaluronan in mixed saliva is lower than in whole saliva. The significance of this is unknown buy may be detrimental to growth factor transport.

Salivary biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy adults

Nam, Yoon,Kim, Yoon-Young,Chang, Ji-Youn,Kho, Hong-Seop Elsevier 2019 Archives of oral biology Vol.97 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>Diagnostic value of saliva depends on the reproducibility of data in repeatedly collected samples and predictable correlations between saliva and blood. We aimed to investigate the reliability, blood reflectance, and influence of blood contamination in the analysis of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in saliva samples.</P> <P><B>Design</B></P> <P>In total, 37 healthy young male participants (26.7 ± 2.2 years) were included. Unstimulated whole saliva and blood samples were collected on the first visit, and saliva samples were collected again after 2–3 days. The concentrations of total protein and inflammatory [C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α] and oxidative stress [8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] biomarkers in saliva and blood, and as well as blood contamination biomarkers (transferrin and hemoglobin) in saliva were analyzed.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>The intra-class correlations of all examined biomarkers except TNF-α were fair to excellent. Significant positive correlations between CRP and IL-6 and between total protein and TAC were stable in the saliva samples collected on different days. Notably, IL-6 was the only biomarker that showed a significant correlation between saliva and blood. As the concentration of salivary transferrin increased, the saliva/blood ratios of total protein and TAC also increased. The concentration of salivary hemoglobin did not affect the saliva/blood ratios of biomarkers.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>The findings of this study are limited to healthy young males. For clinical applications, studies on salivary diagnostics should be performed for individual disease and health conditions, demographic characteristics, and biomarkers.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Diagnostic value of saliva depends on reproducibility of analyzed results. </LI> <LI> The presence of blood in saliva samples affects the analyzed results of saliva. </LI> <LI> Analyses of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in saliva are reproducible. </LI> <LI> The level of IL-6 in saliva reflects that of blood. </LI> <LI> Transferrin is a reliable biomarker of blood contamination in saliva samples. </LI> </UL> </P>

Relationship between Saliva Factors Measured Using the SILL-Ha^Ⓡ Saliva Test System and Blood Cell Counts according to Perceived Stress Scale Scores in Female College Students

( Sun-mi Lee ),( Eun-ha Jung ),( Mi-kyoung Jun ) 한국치위생과학회 2021 치위생과학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Background: Stress as a cause of mental health problems is known to be more prevalent in women than in men and has a negative effect on several aspects of physical health, such as the composition of blood and saliva. This study investigated the relationship of perceived stress with blood cell counts, saliva flow rate, and saliva factors. Methods: We recruited women in their 20s with a high prevalence of stress. Stress was evaluated using the Korean version of the perceived stress scale. Blood tests included white blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet. We then examined the saliva flow rate and cariogenic bacteria level, acidity, occult blood, buffer capacity, leukocyte level, protein level, and ammonia level using rinse water with the SILL-Ha^Ⓡ saliva test system. Results: In a total of 70 participants, the average age was 21.64 years old, the average perceived stress score was 16.96±4.32, and high levels of stress were reported by 80% of the participants (n=56). The high-stress group had lower hemoglobin levels. In addition, the high-stress group showed a lower saliva flow rate than the low-stress group, and there was a difference in the salivary acidity and buffer capacity. The total perceived stress score showed a positive correlation with acidity and negative correlation with buffer capacity and the hemoglobin level. Conclusion: This study found that stress in female college students might affect the composition of blood and saliva. High levels of stress were positively correlated with the hemoglobin level, saliva flow rate, and acidity and negatively correlated with the buffer capacity.

일부 산성 과일향 사탕의 치아 부식 가능성 평가

김아현,김영남,권호근,김백일 한국식물생명공학회 ( 구 한국식물조직배양학회 ) 2008 한국식물생명공학회 춘계학술연구발표회 Vol.32 No.3

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate erosive potential of commercial fruit flavored candies in vitro and in vivo using candy stimulated human saliva. Methods: Three kinds of commercial fruit flavored sour candies (pomegranate, plum, lemon) evaluated in this study. According to measurement of pH in vitro, candy solutions were prepared by dissolving 4 grams of candy powder in 20 ml of distilled water or artificial saliva. For in vivo evaluation, Saliva was collected from 12 healthy non-medicated volunteers. The candies were given in a randomized order and test persons were blinded as to which candy subjects were having. Collections of whole saliva lasted 19 minutes and were divided into four periods: 5 minutes; non-stimulated saliva, 4 minutes; candy-stimulated saliva, and 10 minutes; post-stimulated saliva which was divided into two steps. For evaluating erosive potential of each candy, 5 mg of pure hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was added to 5 ml of candy-stimulated saliva. Then the pH was monitored for 5 minute at 15 seconds intervals under constant stirring. Immediately after dissolution of HAp, a back titration with acid (1 M HCl) was performed to estimate how much HAp was dissolved. Results: The pH of candies dissolved in distilled water and artificial saliva of in vitro evaluation were < 5.5. In terms of in vivo trial, pH of the candy-stimulated saliva of all samples was lower than pH of original non-stimulated. Each candy-stimulated saliva was dissociated HAp powder. Among them plum candy-stimulated saliva showed the highest solubility. Conclusion: In this study, fruit flavored acidic candies induced an erosive environment in the oral cavity during intake and those have erosive potential. Especially plum candy showed higher erosive potential than other candies.

우식위험도 검사 결과와 유아기 우식증 사이의 상관관계에 대한 예비연구

허선재,신터전,현홍근,김정욱,장기택,이상훈,김영재 대한소아치과학회 2017 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.44 No.3

This study aimed to compare chair-side test results for caries risk assessment and evaluate how well the tests reflect caries experience. The study was conducted on children aged < 6 years in primary dentition. Dental examination of children was conducted to determine the dmft index and subjects were divided into two groups : group Ⅰ (dmft < 6), group Ⅱ (dmft > 6). This study used four kinds of test kits (Plaque-check PH kit, Saliva-check buffer kit, Saliva-check mutans kit, Cytoperio analysis system). Saliva buffer capacity was significantly low in the high caries experience group (dmft > 6) and correlated with dmft index. Saliva pH level correlated significantly with saliva buffer capacity. The results showed that plaque pH and saliva pH levels had no correlation with dmft index. The Streptococcus mutans level measured by using the Saliva-check mutans and Cytoperio analysis system did not correlate with dmft index. 본 연구는 임상에서 사용되는 진단도구들이 소아에서 우식위험도와 상관관계를 가지는지 여부를 확인하고, 소아에서 우식위험도를효과적으로 반영하는 지표가 무엇인지 알아보기 위함이다. 32명의 6세 미만의 소아를 두 군(Ⅰ군 : dmft < 6, Ⅱ군 : dmft > 6)으로 나누었다. Plaque-check PH을 이용해 치태의 pH를 측정하고, Saliva-check buffer를 이용해 타액의 pH와 완충능력를 측정하였다. S. mutans 검출을 위해 Saliva-check mutans와 Cytoperio analysis system을 이용하였다. 타액 완충능력은 두 군에서 유의한 차이를 보이며 dmft와 상관관계를 보였고, 타액의 pH와도 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 두 군 사이에 치태 pH, 타액 pH의 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않으며 dmft와 상관관계를 가지지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. S. mutans 의 단일클론항체를 이용하는 Saliva-check mutans와 real-time PCR에 기반한 Cytoperio analysis system은 dmft와 유의한 상관관계를 가지고 있지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

타액에 오염된 상아질에 대한 콤포머의 접합양상

조영곤,김병태,이석종 대한치과보존학회 2000 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.25 No.4

In this study, adaptation of compomer to saliva contaminated dentin was evaluated with scanning electron microscope(SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). For the SEM study, the occulusal surfaces of thirty two molar teeth were grounded to exposure dentin surfaces. The specimen were randomly assigned to control and three experimental groups with four samples in each group. In control group, Dyract and F-2000 compomer were bonded on the specimens according to the manufactures' direction. Experimental groups were subdivided into three groups. They were contaminated with saliva on dentin surfaces ; Experimental group 1 : Saliva was dried with compressed air. Experimental group 2 : Saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried, Experimental group 3 : After polymerization of an adhesive, they were contaminated with saliva, and then saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried. Dyract and F-2000 compomer were bonded on saliva-treated dentin surfaces. The interfaces between dentin and compomer were observed with SEM. For the CLSM study, Class V cavities were prepared in buccal and ligual surfacess of thirty two molars. The specimens were divided into control and experimental groups. Class V cavities in experimental group were contaminated with saliva and those surfaces in each experimental groups received the same treatments as for the SEM study. Cavities were applied Prime & Bond 2.1 and F-2000 compomer primer/adhesive that were mixed with fluorescein, and then were filled with Dyract and F-2000 compomer. Specimens were embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw, and then mounted on cover slide for CLSM study. The interface between cavity and compomer was observed by fluoresence imaging with a CLSM. The results were as follows : 1.In SEM exammination of Dyract group, control group, experimental group 2, 3 showed close adaptation to dentin and hybrid layer of 3~4㎛ diameter. Interfacial gap between compomer and dentin in experimental group 1 was wider than in control group. 2.In SEM exammination of F-2000 group, adaptation to dentin of control group was closer than Dytact control group, but hybrid-like layer was not observed. Interfacial gap between compomer and dentin in experimental group 1 was wider than in Dyract experimental group 1. 3.In dissolution specimens of Dyract and F-2000 group, resin tags penetrated through dentinal tubules in control group and experimental group 1 and 3, but the penetration of resin tag was irregular and partial in experimental group 1. 4.In CLSM exammination of Dyract and F-2000 group, adhesive patterns of control and experimental groups showed same as in SEM. This result suggests the treatment methods, rinsing & drying, repeating all adhesive procedures, will produce good effect on adaptation of compomer to dentin if the dentin surface or polymerized adhesive is contaminated by saliva.

Effect of Parotid Saliva Secretion on Dry Forage Intake in Goats

Sunagawa, Katsunori,Nakatsu, Yoshifumi,Nishikubo, Yoriko,Ooshiro, Takeshi,Naitou, Kouta,Nagamine, Itsuki Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.8

Research was carried out to clarify whether a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in ruminants is caused by feeding induced hypovolemia which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva. Goats with a parotid fistula were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, commercial ground concentrate feed and $NaHCO_3$ twice daily (10:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00). The animals were free access to drinking water all day prior to, during and after experiments. The animals were intraruminally infused every day prior to the morning feeding period with parotid saliva collected from the parotid fistula over a 24 h period. The present experiment consisted of two treatments, non-infusion (RNI) and intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva (RSF). In the RSF treatment, 4-5 kg of parotid saliva (280-290 mOsm/l) collected over a 24 h period was intraruminally infused 1 h prior to the commencement of the morning feeding. During feeding, eating and parotid saliva secretion rates were measured. Blood samples were also periodically collected from the jugular vein. During and after 2 h feeding, water intakes were measured, respectively. These measurements were used to define thirst levels. It is thought that rumen fill in the RSF treatment was higher than the RNI treatment. Plasma osmolality in the RSF treatment increased in the first half of the 2 h feeding period due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. Therefore, parotid saliva secretion rates in the RSF treatment were lower than the RNI treatment for 30 min period from 30 to 60 min after the commencement of feeding. On the other hand, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment decreased by 3.2 and 3.3% prior to the commencement of feeding due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. In the first half of the 2 h feeding period, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment showed a tendency to decrease compared to the RNI treatment. Thirst level in the RSF treatment during feeding was approximately 31.3% less than the RNI treatment. Upon the completion of the 2 h feeding period, cumulative feed intake in the RSF treatment was significantly larger (19.7%) than the RNI treatment. The results suggest that a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in goats is partly caused by feeding induced hypovolemia, which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva.