철원지역 두루미류 개체수 증가와 사고사례 및 사망사고 방지방안

유승화,이기섭,김수호,김동원,김화정,김진한,조영호 한국조류학회II 2019 한국조류학회지 Vol.26 No.1

Wintering Population trend of Red-crowned Crane and White-naped Crane in Cheorwon, Republic of Korea has been increasing continuously since 1970s. In January 2018, the maximum number of wintering cranes has been recorded in Cheorwon since Winter Waterbird Census had begun, showing 979 individuals on Red-crowned Crane and more than 4,000 individuals on White-naped Crane. The ratio of the juveniles in wintering Red-crowned Crane population was 22.4% which is suggesting a stable population characteristic in 2018. This proportion of juvenile in the Red-crowned Crane's population was higher than the average proportion (19.2%) from 2002 to 2014, although the highest ratio of juvenile appeared in 2012 and 2013. The wintering area of cranes in Cheorwon was found to be expanding to eastward, such as Sangchang-ri, Myeong-ri and Yongyang-ri of Kimhwa-eup, where about 50 individuals were found in those areas. As a record from Cheorwon Wildlife Rescue Center from 2001 to 2018, 72 cranes including carcasses were rescued from 61 accidents. Among them, Red-crowned Cranes were 32 and White-naped Cranes were 40. The total number of accidents decreased, but the number of cases caused by collision of wires did not decrease, moreover, its proportion at total accidents increased from 31.8% to 42.8% before and after 2010. From 2016 to 2017, Cheorwon County Office and Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) installed the marking against collision on some electric wires in Cheorwon area. However, the size of marking is too small to be recognized by flying cranes and the space between the marking and the neighboring one is too wide. Therefore it seems to be necessary to attach additional markers to the overhead ground wire locating at the top of wires. 1970년대 이후 한국 철원지역의 두루미와 재두루미의 월동개체수는 연간, 일시적인 변화는 있지만 지속적으로 증가하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 두루미는 2018년 1월에 979개체를 기록하였으며, 재두루미는 2018년 1월에 4000개체 이상이 월동하는 것으로 조사되어 겨울철새 동시센서스가 시작된 이래 최대 월동개체수를 기록하였다. 2018년 두루미의 유조의 개체군내 비율도 22.4%로 안정적인 번식양상이 추정되는 개체군적 특징이 나타났다. 개체군내 유조의 비율은 2002년에서 2014년까지 평균 19.2%에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 2012과 2013년 이래 최대치였다. 두루미의 서식지역은 확장되는 추세였으며, 철원지역 동측인 김화읍 생창리, 읍내리 및 용양리 지역에 50여개체가 관찰되는 등 서식면적이 동쪽으로 확장된 것으로 나타났다. 철원 야생동물구조치료센터의 기록에 의하면, 2001년에서 2018년까지 61건의 사고에서 72개체의 두루미류 구조 및 사체수거가 이루어졌으며, 두루미는 32개체, 재두루미는 40개체가 있었다. 전체 사고개체수는 감소하였으나 전선충돌에 의한 사례는 현격하게 감소하지 않았다. 하지만 전체사고에서의 비중은 2010년 이전 31.8%에서 2010년 이후 42.8%로 높게 나타났다. 2016년 철원군청과 한국전력에 의해 철원지역의 일부 전선에 보호대를 설치하였다. 하지만 가공지선이 가장 위에 위치하기 때문에 2017년에는 이 부분에 표식 부착이 필요하여 보완하였다. 그러나 표식이 전선의 간격에 비하여 크기가 작으며 설치간격 또한 너무 떨어져 있어 실효성이 없는 것으로 판단되며 개선이 요구되었다.

Whole Genome Analysis of the Red-Crowned Crane Provides Insight into Avian Longevity

Lee, HyeJin,Kim, Jungeun,Weber, Jessica A.,Chung, Oksung,Cho, Yun Sung,Jho, Sungwoong,Jun, JeHoon,Kim, Hak-Min,Lim, Jeongheui,Choi, Jae-Pil,Jeon, Sungwon,Blazyte, Asta,Edwards, Jeremy S.,Paek, Woon Ke Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2020 Molecules and cells Vol.43 No.1

The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is an endangered, large-bodied crane native to East Asia. It is a traditional symbol of longevity and its long lifespan has been confirmed both in captivity and in the wild. Lifespan in birds is known to be positively correlated with body size and negatively correlated with metabolic rate, though the genetic mechanisms for the red-crowned crane's long lifespan have not previously been investigated. Using whole genome sequencing and comparative evolutionary analyses against the grey-crowned crane and other avian genomes, including the long-lived common ostrich, we identified redcrowned crane candidate genes with known associations with longevity. Among these are positively selected genes in metabolism and immunity pathways (NDUFA5, NDUFA8, NUDT12, SOD3, CTH, RPA1, PHAX, HNMT, HS2ST1, PPCDC, PSTK CD8B, GP9, IL-9R, and PTPRC). Our analyses provide genetic evidence for low metabolic rate and longevity, accompanied by possible convergent adaptation signatures among distantly related large and long-lived birds. Finally, we identified low genetic diversity in the red-crowned crane, consistent with its listing as an endangered species, and this genome should provide a useful genetic resource for future conservation studies of this rare and iconic species.

멸종위기종 두루미( Grus japonensis) 유조의 성별확인

이상직(Sang-Jik Lee),박소영(So-young Park),박희천(Hee-Cheon Park) 한국조류학회II 2010 한국조류학회지 Vol.17 No.4

서식지외보전기관인 조류생태환경연구소에서 멸종위기종 두루미(Grus japonensis)의 복원을 위해 2010년에 인공부화한 유조 4개체의 성별을 확인하기 위하여, crane sex-linked DNA at W chromosome (CSL-W)를 primer set (mCSL01/mCSL02)를 사용하여 약 420bp의 CSL-W fragment를 증폭한 결과, RCC1, RCC4는 암컷, RCC2, RCC3는 수컷으로 확인되었다. For the restoration of Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), endangered species, at the Institute of Ornithology designated by the Ministry of Environment as the ex-situ conservation organization, we had analyzed the sex identification of four chicks of Red-crowned Crane incubated in 2010. By the results of amplification using primer set (mCSL01/mCSL02) on the crane sex-linked DNA at W chromosome (CSL-W), RCC1 and RCC4 were female, whereas RCC2 and RCC3 were male.

Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of Echinostoma revolutum from Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)

Rongkun Ran,Qi Zhao,Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid,Yue Huang,Yunqiu Liu,Yongxiang Sun,Long He,Xiu Li,Jumei Liu,Guoqing Li 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.58 No.1

Echinostoma revolutum is a zoonotic food-borne intestinal trematode that can cause intestinal bleeding, enteritis, and diarrhea in human and birds. To identify a suspected E. revolutum trematode from a red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and to reveal the genetic characteristics of its mitochondrial (mt) genome, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and complete mt genome sequence of this trematode were amplified. The results identified the trematode as E. revolutum. Its entire mt genome sequence was 15,714 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and one non-coding region (NCR), with 61.73% A+T base content and a significant AT preference. The length of the 22 tRNA genes ranged from 59 bp to 70 bp, and their secondary structure showed the typical cloverleaf and D-loop structure. The length of the large subunit of rRNA (rrnL) and the small subunit of rRNA (rrnS) gene was 1,011 bp and 742 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic trees showed that E. revolutum and E. miyagawai clustered together, belonging to Echinostomatidae with Hypoderaeum conoideum. This study may enrich the mitochondrial gene database of Echinostoma trematodes and provide valuable data for studying the molecular identification and phylogeny of some digenean trematodes.

Co-infection of Aspergillus spp. with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a red-crowned crane: a case report

Mi-Na Han,Jeong-Ho Kim,Sang-Kab Lee,Kyong-Ok No,Mun-Hui Chae,Woo-Kyoung Cho,Jong-Hwa Lee,Rae-Hoon Jang,Chang-Seop Kim,Hyeon-Seop Byeon 한국동물위생학회 2020 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

This case describes outbreaks of acute aspergillosis in a red-crowned crane. A six-month-old, male, crane had showed clinical signs (i.e. anorexia, performance loss, ruffled feathers and drooped wings and open mouth breathing, etc.) before death. In necropsy examination, spherical to oval nodules dissemi-nated from the respiratory tract to other organs. Those nodules were formed predominantly in air sacs, lung, peritoneum, serosa of esophagus and trachea. The nodules varied in size from 1 mm to over 1cm and the color was white to yellow. Microscopically, most of lung architecture were replaced by multiple foci which were characterized by well demarcated eosinophilic and karyorrhetic debris and surrounded by numerous Inflammatory cell. Most within necrotic center of the nodules, large numbers of fungal hyphae were present. Microbiology result indicated fungal growths on sabroud dextrose agar and bacte-rial growths on blood agar. Bacteria identified as E. rhusiopathiae using MALDI-TOF (microflex, BRUKER, USA) and fungi identified as A. fumigatus, A. terreus by sequencing the ITS1 and ITS4 regions. To con-firm the route of infection, we checked the existence of the same pathogens in cohabitant (i.e. mother crane). The young age and weakened immunity (i.e. bacterial infection, etc.) causes fatal aspergillosis in birds.

Co-infection of Aspergillus spp. with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a red-crowned crane: a case report

Han, Mi-Na,Kim, Jeong-Ho,Lee, Sang-Kab,No, Kyong-Ok,Chae, Mun-Hui,Cho, Woo-Kyoung,Lee, Jong-Hwa,Jang, Rae-Hoon,Kim, Chang-Seop,Byeon, Hyeon-Seop The Korean Society of Veterinary Service 2020 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

This case describes outbreaks of acute aspergillosis in a red-crowned crane. A six-month-old, male, crane had showed clinical signs (i.e. anorexia, performance loss, ruffled feathers and drooped wings and open mouth breathing, etc.) before death. In necropsy examination, spherical to oval nodules disseminated from the respiratory tract to other organs. Those nodules were formed predominantly in air sacs, lung, peritoneum, serosa of esophagus and trachea. The nodules varied in size from 1 mm to over 1cm and the color was white to yellow. Microscopically, most of lung architecture were replaced by multiple foci which were characterized by well demarcated eosinophilic and karyorrhetic debris and surrounded by numerous Inflammatory cell. Most within necrotic center of the nodules, large numbers of fungal hyphae were present. Microbiology result indicated fungal growths on sabroud dextrose agar and bacterial growths on blood agar. Bacteria identified as E. rhusiopathiae using MALDI-TOF (microflex, BRUKER, USA) and fungi identified as A. fumigatus, A. terreus by sequencing the ITS1 and ITS4 regions. To confirm the route of infection, we checked the existence of the same pathogens in cohabitant (i.e. mother crane). The young age and weakened immunity (i.e. bacterial infection, etc.) causes fatal aspergillosis in birds.

서울대공원에서 사육중인 두루미와 홍부리황새의 일주행동

권영수,김도희,권용수,윤미,유정칠 국립공원연구원 2012 국립공원연구지 Vol.3 No.4