도쿠토미 로카 『自然과 人生』 고찰* -서구 낭만주의예술 수용과 관련하여-

김난희 한국일본언어문화학회 2014 일본언어문화 Vol.29 No.-

This paper explores ‘Nature and Man’ by Tokutomi Roka in relation to the novelist’s acceptance of the romantic in western art and literature. A comparison with the paintings of the landscape artist Camille Corot shows that Corot had a profound influence on Roka. In particular, the pleinairism technique of painting, which anticipated impressionism and lays stress on light and color in Corot’s landscapes, was adopted by Roka in his imagery to capture a romantic and pantheistic view of nature. While working as a journalist, Roka published a book on Emerson and Wordsworth, and, in addition to these writers, he derived his romantic influence from Tolstoy, Wordsworth, Emerson, and Carlyle. By demonstrating that Nature and Man adopts the pleinairism techniques of western art and the literary ideology of western romanticism, this paper shows how western transcendentalism permeated modern Japanese literature. Being strongly influenced by various writers, such as Wordsworth, Emerson, Carlyle, and Tolstoy, and learning romantic passion and revolutionary spirits from them is also noteworthy. Like Wordsworth, who revived a return to nature because of his frustration at the failure of the French Revolution, Roka tried to shake off his unpleasant memories of Tokyo by moving to the fishing village of Zushi. Living in Zushi allowed him to develop a sensitivity to nature and master his expressive abilities. As he communed with nature, Roka observed the human world and experienced nature as a deity. Experiencing and meditating on the being of deity as a medium of nature was a consistent attitude of Roka. In this way, Roka incorporated western transcendentalism through the inner contemplation of nature, and the paper shows that this influence was facilitated by pantheistic elements already within Japanese spirituality and culture.

데이터마이닝을 이용한 육군 간부의 스트레스 원인 분석

문호석 ( Moon Hoseok ),하범만 ( Ha Beomman ),박임희 ( Park Imhee ) 국군의무사령부 2017 대한군진의학학술지 Vol.48 No.1

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of stress in the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) officers by using data-mining. Methods; We use multiple regression and decision tree as the methods of data-mining. Results: The results of the causes of stress in ROKA officers show two important things. First, working environment and personal problem are the main factors of the causes of stress in ROKA officers. Second, women in ROKA officers have more stress than men generally. Especially if personal problem and working time are not controlled, these officers may be easy to be the person who has high level stress.

徳冨蘆花の初期作品考察 -<自然三部作>における自然認識を中心に-

호소미 노리코,김난희 동아시아일본학회 2014 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.50

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive investigation on the recognition of nature in the ‘Nature Trilogy’ (‘Seizan Hakuun’, ‘Shizen to Jinsei’ and ‘Seirosyu’) from the early works of the Meiji Period writer Roka Tokutomi. He is one of the exceptionally rare Christian authors in modern Japanese literature who also had good English reading comprehension and a broad knowledge of English literature. This explains why his works often contain quotations of distinguished Western writers including Emerson, Carlyle, Wordsworth, Shakespeare, and Tolstoy. Roka's nature recognition was found to have something in common with a pantheistic view of nature in Emerson's essays and Wordsworth's poems, which is also one of the major characteristics of Japanese ideology. Humans standing in awe of Mother Nature were connected to humility or repentance and a look at the nameless common people with a warm heart. Although he learned natural observation from the Western painting technique of sketching, Roka's written description of a landscape got more praise from readers than his sketches did,; it thus established itself as the norm to describe a natural setting.

徳冨蘆花の初期作品考察

細見典子(Hosomi, Noriko),金鸞姬(Kim, Nan Hee) 동아시아일본학회 2014 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.50

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive investigation on the recognition of nature in the ‘Nature Trilogy’ (‘Seizan Hakuun’, ‘Shizen to Jinsei’ and ‘Seirosyu’) from the early works of the Meiji Period writer Roka Tokutomi. He is one of the exceptionally rare Christian authors in modern Japanese literature who also had good English reading comprehension and a broad knowledge of English literature. This explains why his works often contain quotations of distinguished Western writers including Emerson, Carlyle, Wordsworth, Shakespeare, and Tolstoy. Roka’s nature recognition was found to have something in common with a pantheistic view of nature in Emerson’s essays and Wordsworth’s poems, which is also one of the major characteristics of Japanese ideology. Humans standing in awe of Mother Nature were connected to humility or repentance and a look at the nameless common people with a warm heart. Although he learned natural observation from the Western painting technique of sketching, Roka’s written description of a landscape got more praise from readers than his sketches did,; it thus established itself as the norm to describe a natural setting.

일본 근대문학에 투영된 서양회화의 영향

김난희(Kim, NanHee) 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2017 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.47

This paper looked at the sketches that appeared in modern Japanese literature. A sketch is a method of Western art. It is an observation of nature from outdoors. I note that the method of sketching has influenced Japanese writers. This paper revolved around Roka`s "Nature and life" and Toson`s "sketch of Chikuma River". "Nature and life" is characterized by a description of nature. So it had a great nfluence on the young generation of the Meiji Era. He described as a technique of Impressionism, which focuses on light and color. Toson`s work reveals realism and empirical spirit. He discribed people who live in a poor environment. Humans can survive by obeying nature, sometimes. Toson described it dynamically as if it were a painting by Millet. The method of sketch is the spirit of positivism of the Meiji Era.

육군 간부의 스트레스에 대한 평가 및 원인 연구

문호석,강성록 육군사관학교 화랑대연구소 2016 한국군사학논집 Vol.72 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the level and causes of the stress that military officers of R.O.K Army have experienced, considering theirs ranks and types of unit. We used a survey tool which have been widely used in R.O.K Army. A representative sample size of about 1,600 officers from all seven unit types was selected and surveyed, considering types of unit, ranks, and regional characteristics. The evaluation of stress showed that the stress of military officers was higher than that of non-commissioned officers. Also, the higher rank had more level of stress than the lower rank. There was no significant difference on impact of stress among the unit types. Generally, we found that the main causes of stress were sudden business and excessive control. But there were various causes of stress according to the types of unit and ranks of military officers. Furthermore, this study offers several recommendations to reduce the stress of military officers. 본 연구의 목적은 게급별, 부대유형별로 육군 간부들이 경험하는 스트레스의 수준과 원인을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 육군에서 광범위하게 이용되는 척도를 사용하였다. 부대유형, 계급, 지역 특성 등을 고려하여 대표성을 가지는 7개 부대 약 1,600여 명의 간부를 선택하여 설문을 실시하였다. 스트레스에 대한 평가 결과, 장교들의 스트레스는 부사관에 비해 높았다. 또한 계급이 높을수록 스트레스 수준도 높았다. 부대유형별 스트레스의 정도는 유의한 차이가 존재하지 않았다. 일반적으로, 스트레스의 주요한 원인은 불시 업무와 상급부대 통제로 밝혀졌다. 그러나 부대유형과 계급에 따라 스트레스의 원인은 다양하였다. 추가적으로, 본 연구는 군 간부들의 스트레스를 감소하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

도쿠토미 로카『흑조(黑潮)』고찰 - 시대인식과 사회비판 양상을 중심으로-

김난희 ( Kim Nan-hee ) 한국일본근대학회 2017 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.56

이 논문은 메이지 시대의 문호 도쿠토미 로카의 『흑조』를 사회비판 소설이라는 관점에서 고찰했다. 로카는 민우사에서 기자생활을 하면서 탁월한 영어실력으로 해외의 시사정보를 섭렵할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 메이지 신정부의 일탈과 당대 사회의 모순을 날카롭게 해부하고 있다. 논자는 작품의 사회비판의 내용을 서구추종, 정치 경제 및 언론의 유착, 축첩제의 폐해로 대별하여 분석·고찰했다. 그리고 시점인물이 주변인이라는 위상에도 주목했다. 주변인의 관점은 중심에 매몰되지 않는 객관적 거리를 유지할 수 있다는 점에서 중요하다고 보았다. 로카는 구마모토 출신으로 유신의 중심세력이 아니었다. 그래서 히가시 사부로라는 고슈 출신의 몰락 무사를 내세워 유신정부를 해부하고 비판했다고 도출했다. 로카는 당시로서는 매우 선각적인 태도로 소설을 쓰고 있는데 여성의 취약한 인권에 대해 고발하고 있는 점은 특기할 만하다. 당시의 유력자들은 처첩을 거느리고 사는 것을 당연시했으며 세상도 그들에게 관대한 시절이었다. 하지만 로카는 축첩이라는 인습이 일본을 낙후시키고 있으며 인간의 존엄을 훼손하고 나아가 가정의 파탄과 비극을 초래한다는 것을 작품의 큰 줄기로 다루고 있다. 이는 로카가 함양한 기독교 휴머니즘과 졸라·위고·톨스토이 등의 인도주의 작가의 영향이라고 보았다. 다만 로카는 제국주의와 천황제가 긴밀한 상관관계가 있다는 데까지는 인식이 이르지 못했다는 점에서 한계를 노정했다고 고찰했다. This paper examined the `Kurosio` of Roka Tokutomi. I analyzed it from the perspective of social critic novel. Roka has been a journalist for a 14 years at the Min-yusya. He was able to understand overseas situations based on his excellent English ability. He could point out the deviations and contradictions of the Meiji new government with a lot of knowledge and information. This paper reviewed the content of social criticism in terms of western followers, the coalescence of politics and the media economy, and the system of concubinage. And I looked at the outsider hero. The outsider is not burid in the center and can maintain an objective distance. Roka was from the Kuma-moto, not the central force of the revolution. Likewise main character Higashi-Saburo was from Go-syu, not the central force. Roka showed a very progressive feminine perception at that time. He was writing a novel that accuses woman of vulnerable human rights in a male-centered society. The infulential people took for granted the concubine, and the world tolerated it in those days. Roka recognizes that the concubinage is the cause of the tragedy that destroys human dignity and destroys the family. This tendency was attributed to the Christian humanism and Tolstoy`s humanitarianism.

안중근과 일본의 평화지성, ‘화이부동’과 ‘사이비’-千葉十七·德富蘆花·石川啄木·夏目漱石

도진순 한국근현대사학회 2018 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.86 No.-

In relation to calligraphy of An Jung Geun, <爲國獻身 軍人本分>, a tale between An Jung Geun and Lüshun prison keeper Toshichi Chiba(千葉十七) has been distorted and manipulated by Saito Taigen’s book, <An Jung-guen of my heart>. In the review by Roka Tokutomy(德富蘆花) on the calligraphy of An Jung Geun, <貧而無諂 富而無驕>, he disapproves of the method An Jung geun took of shooting Ito. However, as Roka criticizes the Japanese annexation of Korea, the relationship of An Jung Geun and Roka differs from hostile confrontation, but more of a 和而不同(harmony without uniformity). Takuboku Ishikawa(石川啄木), one of Japan’s greatest poets, opens the possibility of peaceful solidarity between Korea and Japan from the aspect of opposing the Japanese annexation of Korea. However, the subject Takuboku praised as heroic, was not the patriotic deed of An Jung Geun but rather the death of Ito. For that reason, unlike some of the misunderstandings, the terrorist whom Takuboku express sympathy to in his poem <A Spoonful of Cocoa> does not represent An Jung Geun. Sōseki Natsume(夏目漱石), a Japanese literary giant, praised the death of Ito Hirobumi not An Jung-guen in his novel <The Gate(門)>. He also revealed ethnic discrimination against China and Korea in his other works. Ergo, Soseki does not fall under a group that is in solidarity with An Jung-geun. 일본인들 중에서 안중근의 ‘의거’나 평화 사상에 동감하는 이들은 동아시아 평화전선에서 보배로운 존재들이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 입장을 지닌 것으로 알려진 일본인들의 면모를 구체적으로 층위를 나누어 분석하였다. 먼저 안중근과 뤼순 감옥 간수 치바 도시치(千葉十七)와의 미담과 안중근의 유묵 <爲國獻身 軍人本分>에 관련된 이야기는 역사적 사실이라기보다 사이토 타이겐(齋藤泰彦)의 저서 『내 마음의 안중근』 등에 의해 각색된 것이 많다는 점에 유의할 필요가 있다. 다음, 본 연구에서는 저명한 평화주의 소설가인 도쿠토미 로카(德富蘆花)가 안중근의 유묵 <貧而無諂 富而無驕>에 쓴 논평을 면밀하게 검토하였다. 그 결과 로카는 안중근이 이토 히로부미를 사살하는 武力 행사에는 찬성하지 않았음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 그는 일제의 한국병탄과 식민지화를 비판하기 때문에 안중근과의 이러한 차이는 적대적 대치와는 다른 ‘和而不同’에 속한다고 평가할 수 있다. 일본의 천재 시인 이시카와 다쿠보쿠(石川啄木)도 일제의 한국병탄을 비판했다는 측면에서 한일 간 평화연대의 가능성을 열어두고 있다. 그러나 그가 영웅적이라고 찬양한 것은 안중근의 ‘의거’가 아니라 이토의 ‘죽음’이었다. 따라서 그가 시 <코코아 한 잔>에서 동정심을 표한 테러리스트도, 일부의 무리한 주장과 달리 안중근이라고 볼 수 없다. 일본의 문호 나쓰메 소세키(夏目漱石)의 소설 『門』에서는 이토의 죽음을 위대한 것으로 찬양하고 있으며, 「韓満所感」에서는 한국인과 중국인에 대한 민족적 차별도 드러내었다. 때문에 소세키가 안중근을 찬양한 것처럼 해석하는 것은 사실과 맞지않다. 소세키와 안중근은 비슷해 보이지만 서로 다른 ‘似而非’의 관계라 할 수 있다.

정부수립 전후 국가정보체계 형성 과정

정주진 한국국가정보학회 2019 국가정보연구 Vol.12 No.2

US Army Counter Intelligence Corps led the South Korean intelligence during the occupation of Korea. This agency had a mix of investigation and intelligence functions. At that time, Anti-Soviet and Anticommunist groups also had its own secret organization. When the government of the Republic of Korea is established, Syngman Rhee agreed to make the Korean Research Bureau newly, as the heir of US CIC. Accordingly, the 971st CIC procured, trained, assigned personnel for K.R.B.. The deployment was completed in early October 1948. At the same time, Korean CIC were also organized in preparation for the withdrawal of the US military. The position of the intelligence police in the intelligence community has been weakened due to the shrinking of organizations. Syngman Rhee made a lot of efforts to obtain parliamentary approval for K.R.B.. However, it failed to obtain parliamentary approval. For that reason, there was also the clandestine activities of North Korea. As a result, K.R.B. has been suspended since March 1949. Subsequently, the plan to create another national intelligence agency under prime minister failed against the National Assembly. The US CIC withdrew from Korea in May 1949. In the process of the withdrawal, the US CIC function was briefly transferred to K.R.B. and returned to the Korean CIC. Early in government establishment, failure to create a national intelligence organization composed of civilians, with the frequent treason and subversive activities, strengthened the influence of the ROKA G-2. Until the day of the Korean War, ROKA G-2 was the de facto national intelligence service of the Republic of Korea. For this reason, the characteristics of Korean national intelligence of government launch time such as combination of intelligence and investigation, relative comparative advantage of military intelligence, and political intelligence collection were formed. 미군정기 정보활동은 미 방첩대가 주도했다. 미 방첩대는 방첩수사이외 정치정보까지 수집했다. 수사와 정보가 융합된 구조였다. 미군정기 반소·반공단체와 정치지도자들도 사설정보조직을 만들어 독자적 정보활동을 전개했다. 정수수립 시기 이승만과 미 정보기관은 민간기구인 대한관찰부를 만들어 미 방첩대 업무를 인계하기로 합의했다. 이에 따라 미군측에서 대한관찰부 직원을 선발해서 교육한 후 1948년 10월초 미 방첩대에 배치했다. 미 정보기관은 철수에 대비해서 한국군내에 방첩대도 신설했다. 한국군 방첩대는 육군본부 정보국 산하조직으로 설치됐다. 경찰이 독립부처가 아닌 내무부 산하 국으로 축소되면서 정보경찰의 위상은 약화됐다. 이승만은 국회의 대한관찰부 승인을 끌어내려고 많은 노력을 기울였으나 실패했다. 거기에는 북한의 대남공작도 개입되어 있었다. 그 결과 대한관찰부는 1949년 3월 이후 활동을 중단했다. 대한관찰부 해체 후 국무총리 직속으로 사정국을 만들려는 계획도 국회반대로 무산됐다. 미 방첩대는 1949년 5월 한국에서 완전 철수했다. 철수 과정에서 미 방첩대의 기능은 일시적으로 대한관찰부로 넘어갔다가 최종적으로 한국군 방첩대로 이관됐다. 정수수립 초기 민간인으로 구성된 국가정보기구 설립에 실패한데다 군내 반란사건이 연이어 일어남에 따라, 비상계엄이 수시 발동되면서 육본 정보국의 위상이 강화됐다. 6.25전쟁이 일어날 때까지 육본 정보국은 실질적인 국가정보기구였다. 그에 따라 정보와 수사의 융합, 군사정보의 상대적 우위, 정치정보수집이라는 정부수립 시기 한국적 국가정보기구의 특성이 형성됐다.

한국전쟁기 육군예비사관학교의 도입과 성격

나상철(SANGCHUL NA) 육군사관학교 화랑대연구소 2020 한국군사학논집 Vol.76 No.1

This study traces the history of the Army Reserve Officer Academy, which was founded in May 1951 during the Korean War and disbanded in October of the same year, in the category of ‘micro-historical military history’. This Academy was established simultaneously with the 5th Corps (reserve), which was established following the disbandment of the National Defense Corps. The Reserve Officer Academy is presumed to be an organization to clean up the remaining human and material resources of the National Defense Corps Officer Academy. However, unlike before, the officers who graduated and commissioned the academy followed the Army"s officer hierarchy, although they were a reserve. The Reserve Officer Academy produced about 4,500 officers during its six-month until disbandment. Some of them were turned into active-duty officers and have been deployed to the front and rear mopping up and counterterror echelon. And many of them have become the link of the ROKA and U.N. military alliance, with the deployment of a number of senior members of the Korean Service Corps. In addition, they played a role in ensuring the robustness of the labor force to support the U.N. military"s defense. But memories of them have been forgotten and excluded from the study of Military History which was implemented from national history research institutions. Therefore, in this paper, I attempt to restore the nature of the Reserve Officer Academy and its military historical character by compiling the statements of the veterans along with the extremely scarce literature historical materials.