Effect of Feed Protein Source on Digestion and Wool Production in Angora Rabbit

Bhatt, R.S.,Sawal, R.K.,Mahajan, A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.7

Adult German cross $(German{\times}British{\times}Russian)$ angora rabbits (one year age), 32 in number were divided randomly into four groups $(T_1-T_4)$ with equal sex ratio and fed diets containing $T_1$ groundnut cake (GNC); $T_3$, soyaflakes (SF); $T_4$, sunflower cake (SFC) and $T_2$, a mixture of all the three cakes along with green forage as roughage for a period of 9 months. Nine per cent protein was added from each protein source. Fibre level was maintained by adjusting the level of rice phak in the diets. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and contained similar level of fibre. DMI through roughage was not affected due to source of protein in the diet, however, DMI through concentrate was higher $(p{\leq}0.05)$ with SFC diet, which resulted in higher total feed intake in the group $(T_4)$. Body weights increased up to second shearing, thereafter it decreased due to summer depression. Diet containing soyaflakes sustained higher wool yield whereas, it was lowest $(p{\leq}0.05)$ on SFC diet. Wool attributes (staple length, medullation, fibre diameter) were not affected due to source of protein in the diet. Digestibility of fibre and its fractions (ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose) decreased $(p{\leq}0.05)$ with incorporation of SFC in the diets. Balance of calcium was lowest whereas, that of nitrogen was highest with SFC diet $(T_4)$. Biological value of N and net protein utilization was better when different protein sources were mixed together $(T_2)$. Protein quality of soyaflakes proved better for wool production followed by groundnut cake and mixture of three protein sources. Sunflower cake alone or in combination decreased wool production which may be checked by supplementation of amino acids and energy.

단백질 종류 및 첨가수준이 In Vitro 발효특성과 반추위 미생물 성장에 미치는 효과

최뢰광(Cui, Lei Guang),송만강(Song, Man Kang) 충북대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2013 동물생명과학연구 Vol.5 No.-

본 실험은 서로 다른 단백질 원의 첨가 수준이 반추위액의 발효성상 및 미생물 체단백질 합성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 연속배양 장치에서 일련의 in vitro 실험을 수행하였는 바, 가용성 단백질 중 peptone 또는 casein을 각각 0.5%와 1%씩 첨가할 경우 반추위 미생물에 의 한 발효와 미생물 생산량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. pH는 배양기간 동안 단백질원과 그 수준에 관계없이 낮아지는 경향이었고 대조구에 비하여 단백질원 첨가구에서 높았다(P<0.01). Ammonia-N의 농도는 단백질원을 첨가한 처리구들이 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으며 같은 단백질원 첨가구 중 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 높았다(P<0.0001). 배양액중 total VFA 함량은 단백질원을 첨가한 처리구들의 경우 대조구에 비하여 높았으며, 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 높게 나타났다(P<0.0001). Acetate의 농도는 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향이었으나(P<0.05), propionate의 농도는 일정한 수준을 유지하였다(P>0.05). 따라서 C2/C3의 비율도 감소하였는데 peptone 1% 첨가구(2.68)에서 가장 낮았다(P>0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 단백질 분해로 생성된 암모니아에 비해 반추위 미생물 성장에 필요한 에너지 공급이 충분하지 못함으로서 단백질과 에너지의 동조화를 이루지 못하여 미생물 합성에 부정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다. In vitro continuous culture study was conducted to investigate the effect of protein source(peptone or casein) and it"s addition level(0.5% and 1%) to the culture solution on fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial growth. Ruminal pH was decreased with protein source. the control was lowest in pH among the treatments(P<0.0006). Ammonia concentration was higher in protein added treatments than in control, and its concentration was higher(P<.0001) for 1% added treatment than 0.5% added treatment. Control was lowest in total volatile fatty acid concentration in the culture solution rumen among treatments, and 1% addition was higher than 0.5% addition(P<.0001). Acetate(C2) proportion was decreased in all treatments as incubation time passed, and peptone addition at 1% level was lowest(P<0.05) among treatments. The C2/propionate ratio was decreased in all treatments as incubation time passed. There were no significant differences in ruminal microbial protein synthesis among protein sources and among addition levels. Results from this experiment indicate that protein source and its addition level did not significantly improve ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis.

식품단백질 효소분해물의 제조 및 이화학적 특성

김종희(Jong-Hee Kim),홍순광(Soon-Kwang Hong) 동아시아식생활학회 2009 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.19 No.1

In this study, food protein hydrolysates were prepared from six types of food protein: purified meat protein, whole egg protein, casein, isolated soy protein, concentrated rice protein, and gluten. Food proteins were hydrolyzed with pepsin and ethanol (80%)-soluble fractions of pepsin hydrolysates were employed for analysis. The products were colorless and odorless powders with low fat content and good solubility. The MW (molecular weight) of the protein hydrolysates was confirmed to be 200~1,800 via gel filtration. Free amino acid contents accounted for less than 5% of the samples. The results of our amino acid analysis revealed that all food protein hydrolysates preserved their original amino acid compositions and nutritional values of their source proteins with highly pure oligopeptide mixtures. These results show that the food protein hydrolysates prepared in these investigations should prove excellent dietary nitrogen sources for a variety of applications.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITIES AFFECTED BY VARIOUS PLANT PROTEIN SOURCES IN GROWING-FINISHING PIGS

Moon, H.K.,Kim, J.W.,Heo, K.N.,Kim, Y.H.,Kim, S.W.,Kwon, C.H.,Shin, I.S.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.4

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of six different plant protein sources such as soybean meal, extruded full-fat soybean, canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal as a sole protein source of diets on growth performance and amino acid bioavailabilities in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 54 pigs with average 25 kg of body weight were used as experimental subjects for a 65-d feeding trial. Digestion trial was carried out with seven ileal-cannulated pigs. The most rapid rate of weight gain was observed in pigs fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean, the moderate one in pigs fed canola meal and cottonseed meal and the least one in pigs fed rapeseed meal and perilla meal (p<0.005). Feed efficiency was better for groups fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean than other protein meals (p<0.05). The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids of soybean meal and full-fat soybean (82.5% and 81.6%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other protein sources (61.2 to 69.4%). Regardless of protein sources, the apparent ileal digestibility of arginine was highest, whereas that of histidine was lowest among essential amino acids. Proline had the lowest digestibility among non-essential amino acids. True amino acid digestibilities tended to be higher than apparent amino acid digestibilities. The differences between true and apparent ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal than other protein sources. The differences was greatest in praline except for cottonseed meal. The fecal digestibility appeared to be higher than the ileal digestibility. The differences between fecal and ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal than in soybean meal and full-fat soybean. In general, praline was the most disappeared amino acid in the hind gut, while the net synthesis of lysine in the large intestine was observed in all protein sources except perilla meal. It is appropriate that swine feeds should be formulated based on true ileal amino acid digestibility of protein sources for pig's normal growth.

Influence of Yeast Fermented Cassava Chip Protein (YEFECAP) and Roughage to Concentrate Ratio on Ruminal Fermentation and Microorganisms Using In vitro Gas Production Technique

Polyorach, S.,Wanapat, M.,Cherdthong, A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.1

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of protein sources and roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio on in vitro fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. The experimental design was a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A was 2 levels of protein sources yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) and soybean meal (SBM) and factor B was 5 levels of roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100, respectively. Rice straw was used as a roughage source. It was found that gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) of YEFECAP supplemented group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in SBM supplemented group. Moreover, the intercept value (a), gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), gas production rate constants for the insoluble fraction (c), potential extent of gas production (a+b) and cumulative gas production at 96 h were influenced (p<0.01) by R:C ratio. In addition, protein source had no effect (p>0.05) on ether in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic (IVOMD) while R:C ratio affected the IVDMD and IVOMD (p<0.01). Moreover, YEFECAP supplanted group showed a significantly increased (p<0.05) total VFA and $C_3$ while $C_2$, $C_2:C_3$ and $CH_4$ production were decreased when compared with SBM supplemented group. In addition, a decreasing R:C ratio had a significant effect (p<0.05) on increasing total VFA, $C_3$ and $NH_3$-N, but decreasing the $C_2$, $C_2:C_3$ and CH4 production (p<0.01). Furthermore, total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus populations in YEFECAP supplemented group were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the SBM supplemented group while fungal zoospores, methanogens and protozoal population remained unchanged (p>0.05) as compared between the two sources of protein. Moreover, fungal zoospores and total bacteria population were significantly increased (p<0.01) while, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, R. albus, methanogens and protozoal population were decreased (p<0.01) with decreasing R:C ratio. In conclusion, YEFECAP has a potential for use as a protein source for improving rumen fermentation efficiency in ruminants.

어분대체 단백질원(대두박, 오징어간분, 콘글루텐밀) 첨가가 치어기 무태장어(Anguilla marmorata)성장과 어체 지방산과 아미노산 성분에 미치는 영향

김봉래(Bong-Rae KIM),임태준(Tae-Joon LIM),박수빈(Su-Bin PARK),이진우(Jin-Woo LEE),이정호(Jeong-Ho LEE),안준철(Jun-Cheul AHN) 한국수산해양교육학회 2018 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.30 No.1

The potential and drawback of three alternative protein sources(fermented soybean meal, squid liver powder and corn gluten meal) in marbled eel(Anguilla marmorata) culture were evaluated. Contents of both crude protein and essential amino acids in alternative protein sources were lower than those of fishmeal, and with the exception of squid liver powder, crude fat contents also were considerably lower than fishmeal. In growth performance on three kinds of diets having 10% alternative protein sources(fermented soybean meal, FSM; squid liver powder, SLP; corn gluten meal, CGM) compared to control(100% fishmeal as protein source, TFM), weight growth rate were in the order TFM(85.26%), FSM(67.6%), SLP(65.4%), and CGM(58.1%), and feed efficiency were in the order TFM(87.7), SLP(75.3), CGM(72.9) and FSM(66.8), suggesting that it is difficult to replace the feed efficiency as these alternative protein sources. However, the feed intake which can predict digestion efficiency were in the order FSM(101.9g), TFM(99.4g), SLP(87.3g) and CGM(80.5g), and showed the potential of fermented soybean meal as an alternative protein source. In the meantime, lysine and methionine that added to the FSM to overcome the decrease in feed efficiency were found to rather inhibit the growth performance in proportion to the concentration.

지질의 첨가를 통한 포도당 기반 무세포 단백질 합성 시스템의 단백질 발현 효율 향상

이소정,김호철,김동명 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.57 No.7

Cell-free protein synthesis utilizes the translational machinery in a cell extract. Unlike the conventional cell-based expression methods, not being affected by the conditions for cell growth, cell-free protein synthesis enables flexible manipulation of individual factors affecting the efficiency protein biosynthesis. However, the high cost and low stability of the energy sources to regenerate ATP have limited the use of cell-free synthesis for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. One of the approaches to address this problem is to use glucose as an alternative energy source to regenerate ATP through the glucose-metabolizing pathways in a cell extract. In this study, in an attempt to improve the efficiency of ATP regeneration by reinforcing oxidative phosphorylation process, we supplemented with cellular lipids to a glucose-fueled reaction mixture for cell-free protein synthesis. As a result of the lipid supplementation, the productivity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in a cell-free synthesis system using glucose increased more than 6 fold compared to when the lipid was not supplemented. 무세포 단백질 합성 시스템은 세포를 파쇄한 후 파쇄액 내의 단백질 합성기구들을 이용하여 단백질을 발현하는 시스템으로 기존의 세포 기반 재조합 단백질 발현 기법들과 달리 세포의 생장조건에 영향을 받지 않으면서 발현 조절에관한 다양한 인자들을 인위적으로 조절 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 그러나, 단백질 합성 과정 중 소모되는 ATP의 연속적 재생을 위해 사용되는 에너지원의 높은 비용과 낮은 안정성은 재조합 단백질 대량생산에의 적용을 제약하는 요인으로 작용하여 왔다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 대안들 중의 하나로 포도당을 에너지원으로 사용하여 세포 파쇄액내 대사과정을 통해 ATP를 재생하는 방법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 포도당을 에너지원으로 이용한 무세포 합성 시스템에서의 단백질 합성 효율 향상을 위하여 대장균 파쇄액으로부터 회수된 지질을 추가적으로 첨가함으로써 산화적 인산화 과정에서의 ATP재생을 증진시키고자 하였다. 그 결과, 지질이 추가된 무세포 단백질 합성 시스템은 지질이 추가되지 않은 대조군에 비하여 6배 이상 향상된 단백질 생산성을 나타내었다.

지질의 첨가를 통한 포도당 기반 무세포 단백질 합성 시스템의 단백질 발현 효율 향상

이소정 ( So Jeong Lee ),김호철 ( Ho-cheol Kim ),김동명 ( Dong-myung Kim ) 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.57 No.1

Cell-free protein synthesis utilizes the translational machinery in a cell extract. Unlike the conventional cell-based expression methods, not being affected by the conditions for cell growth, cell-free protein synthesis enables flexible manipulation of individual factors affecting the efficiency protein biosynthesis. However, the high cost and low stability of the energy sources to regenerate ATP have limited the use of cell-free synthesis for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. One of the approaches to address this problem is to use glucose as an alternative energy source to regenerate ATP through the glucose-metabolizing pathways in a cell extract. In this study, in an attempt to improve the efficiency of ATP regeneration by reinforcing oxidative phosphorylation process, we supplemented with cellular lipids to a glucose-fueled reaction mixture for cell-free protein synthesis. As a result of the lipid supplementation, the productivity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in a cell-free synthesis system using glucose increased more than 6 fold compared to when the lipid was not supplemented.

Apparent Digestibility of Amino Acids, Energy and Proximate Nutrients in Dietary Protein Sources for Young Pigs

Cho, S.B.,Kim, J.H.,Han, In K.,Moon, H.K.,Chae, B.J.,Cho, W.T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.6

This experiment was conducted to determine apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities of protein sources for young pigs (15.6 kg BW) which were fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas. Experimental diets included one of the followings as a sole protein source: spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), spray-dried blood meal (SDBM), soybean meal (SBM), isolated soy protein (ISP), dried skim milk (DSM), and fish meal (FM). The digestibilities of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in DSM-based diet were the highest (p < 0.05), and those of SDBM and SBM diets were the lowest at the terminal ileum. The average ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids (AAs) were 88.3, 84.7, 84.6, 83.4, 83.0 and 77.7% for pigs fed the DSM, ISP, SDBM, SBM, SDPP and FM diets, respectively. There were no significant differences in overall apparent ileal AAs digestibilities in DSM and ISP diets. Digestibilities of essential AAs in DSM, however, were significantly higher than those of ISP (p < 0.05). Among the essential AAs, the digestibility of arginine was higher except for SDBM or DSM, than other AAs. The ileal digestibilities of lysine, methionine and threonine were higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed SDBM or DSM diet than in those fed SBM diet. Digestibilities for SDPP or ISP diet in these AAs were similar except for threonine which was higher (p < 0.05) for SDPP diet. The apparent ileal digestibilities of lysine and methionine ranged from 79.6 (FM) to 92.5 (DSM) and 75.4 (SDPP) to 88.7 (DSM), respectively. The apparent fecal digestibilities of average essential AAs were 90.4, 89.1, 86.0, 84.4, 84.2 and 80.8% in pigs fed the DSM, ISP, SDBM, SDPP, SBM and FM diets, respectively. The fecal digestibilities of essential AAs were higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the DSM and ISP. Lysine digestibility in pigs fed the DSM or ISP diet was higher (p < 0.05) than that of pigs fed SBM diet. Apparent essential AAs digestibility was the highest (p < 0.05) in pigs fed DSM diet, and was the lowest (p < 0.05) in pigs fed FM diet. Digestiibilities of essential AAs and nonessential AAs were higher when measured over the total digestive tract than at the end of the small intestine except for several AAs in SDPP, SDBM and SBM diets. In conclusion, whether it is fecal or ileal, the digestibilities of proximate nutrients and AAs in pigs fed DSM and ISP diet were the highest, and those of pigs fed FM was the lowest.

Methods for energizing cell-free protein synthesis

Kim, H.C.,Kim, D.M. Society for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Japan ; 2009 Journal of bioscience and bioengineering Vol.108 No.1

The productivity of cell-free protein synthesis depends critically upon the efficiency of ATP regeneration. In addition, the expensive energy sources used in the conventional cell-free protein synthesis systems account for the major part of the overall cost for the expression of proteins. Therefore, it is essential to implement a cheaper and more efficient ATP regeneration method in order to make cell-free protein synthesis a viable option for industrial protein production. In this article, we review the recent progress in the methodologies for supplying ATP during cell-free protein synthesis in E. coli extracts.