하수슬러지 전처리 기법별 감량화 및 가용화 특성 평가

김홍석 ( Hong-suck Kim ),김병군 ( Byung-goon Kim ),서인석 ( In-seok Seo ),김연권 ( Youn-kwon Kim ) 한국환경기술학회 2008 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.9 No.3

전처리 기법별 감량화 및 가용화 특성을 평가하기 위해 마이크로파, 오존, 열, 알칼리, 초음파, 알칼리-초음파 및 알칼리-오존 전처리 기법이 연구되었다. 단독처리기법 중에 알칼리와 오존이 가장 높은 감량화율 및 가용화율을 보여주었고 감량화율 면에서 볼 때 알칼리 전처리 기법이 오존 전처리 기법보다 조금 더 높았다. 또한, 복합처리기법 중에서는 알칼리-오존 전처리 기법이 가장 좋은 감량화율 및 가용화율을 보여주었다. NaOH 30 meq/L와 0.32 g O₃/gSS에서의 감량화율과 가용화율이 회분식 실험에서 각각 39.8%와 41.6%를 나타냈으며 계속되는 실험에서 감량화율 및 가용화율은 알칼리-오존 처리법에 의한 회분식 실험에서 보다 10% 낮았다. 또한 알칼리-오존 복합처리(오존과 알칼리가 하나의 반응조에서 전처리됨)기법과 알칼리-오존(알칼리 처리후에 오존이 사용됨)전처리법은 조금 더 높은 가용화율을 보여주었다. 고도처리공정의 외부탄소원으로의 이용과 운영관리 측면에서도 알칼리-오존 복합처리(오존과 알칼리가 하나의 반응조에서 전처리됨)기법이 더 나을 것으로 사료된다. In order to evaluate the pre-treatment techniques for reduction and solubility, microwave, ozone, heat, alkali, ultrasonic, alkali-ultrasonic and alkali-ozone pre-treatment were investigated. Among the independent use of pre-treatment, alkali and ozone showed the highest reduction rate and solubility. In reduction rate, alkali pre-treatment was little higher than ozone pre-treatment. However, in solubility, ozone pre-treatment was little higher than alkali pre-treatment. Also, among the incorporative use of pre-treatment, alkali-ozone pre-treatment was the best pre-treatment for reduction and solubility. At 30 meq/L of NaOH and 0.32 gO₃/gSS, the reduction rate and solubility was 39.8%(VSS) and 41.6% respectively in batch test. In continuous test, the reduction and solubility was 10% lower than in batch test by alkali-ozone treatment. Moreover, incorporative use of alkali-ozone (ozone and alkali is pre-treated in one reactor) pre-treatment and alkali-ozone (after alkali treatment, ozone is used) pre- treatment showed the almost same reduction rate. However alkali-ozone (after alkali treatment, ozone is used) pre-treatment showed somewhat higher solubility. For the use of external carbon source of advanced wastewater treatment process and operation & management, incorporative use of alkali-ozone (ozone and alkali is pre-treated in one reactor) pre-treatment is thought to be better.

Fabrication of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Film with Pre-treated Sol Coating

Sung-Jei Hong,Chan-Jae Lee,Dae-Gyu Moon,한정인,Seung-Suk Choi,Yong-Hoon Kim 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.45 No.3

A new pre-treated sol-coating method to fabricate an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin lm is introduced in this paper. The pre-treatment sol-coating method is to form a seed layer on the substrate before spin coating of ITO sol. The pre-treatment was carried out at room temperature in order not to damage the substrate during the pre-treatment. It is eective to enhance the formation of the ITO sol lm on the substrate, owing to the seed layer. The seed layer consists of ultrane grains, which are observed at the pre-treated substrate. For the optimal pre-treatment condition, we used pre-treatment times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours to observe the eect on the characteristics of ITO sol lm. As a result, the lowest resistance could be achieved with a pre-treatment time of 72 hours. The optical transmittance of the ITO sol lm with the pre-treatment time of 72 hours exceeded 80 % at a wavelength of 400 nm. So, an ITO sol lm with good electrical and optical properties could be fabricated by using the pretreatment sol coating. A new pre-treated sol-coating method to fabricate an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin lm is introduced in this paper. The pre-treatment sol-coating method is to form a seed layer on the substrate before spin coating of ITO sol. The pre-treatment was carried out at room temperature in order not to damage the substrate during the pre-treatment. It is eective to enhance the formation of the ITO sol lm on the substrate, owing to the seed layer. The seed layer consists of ultrane grains, which are observed at the pre-treated substrate. For the optimal pre-treatment condition, we used pre-treatment times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours to observe the eect on the characteristics of ITO sol lm. As a result, the lowest resistance could be achieved with a pre-treatment time of 72 hours. The optical transmittance of the ITO sol lm with the pre-treatment time of 72 hours exceeded 80 % at a wavelength of 400 nm. So, an ITO sol lm with good electrical and optical properties could be fabricated by using the pretreatment sol coating.

혼합 소화공정에서 내부반송과 다양한 전처리를 통한 하수 슬러지 처리

하정협 ( Jeong Hyub Ha ),최석순 ( Suk Soon Choi ),박종문 ( Jong Moon Park ) 한국공업화학회 2018 공업화학 Vol.29 No.5

본 연구에서는 유입 슬러지에 다양한 전처리 방법과 고액분리장치를 이용한 유출수의 잉여슬러지를 농축 후 내부반송을 적용하여, 중온혐기-고온호기 혼합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 소화효율과 메탄가스 생성량에 미치는 영향을 비교 검증하였다. 실험실 규모의 혼합 소화공정장치를 제작하여 서로 다른 유입 슬러지 전처리방법을 적용하여 5단계로 실험을 진행하였다. 1단계에서는 열-알칼리처리 전처리를 하여 슬러지를 공급하였고, 2, 3, 4단계에서는 유출수로부터 농축된 잉여슬러지의 내부반송과 각각 열-알칼리처리, 열처리, 알칼리 처리(7일)를 거친 유입 슬러지를 공급하였다. 마지막 5단계에서는 전처리를 하지 않은 슬러지를 공급하였다. 실험 결과, 1단계에서 4단계까지 진행되는 동안 Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) 제거율은 유입 슬러지 전처리와 내부반송을 적용하는 경우 크게 증가하였으며, 메탄 생성량 또한 2단계에서 슬러지 내부반송과 열-알칼리처리 전처리 적용의 경우 285 mL/L/day까지 크게 증가하였다. 한편, 5단계에서 전처리를 하지 않은 슬러지를 공급하였을 경우 VSS 제거율과 메탄 생성량이 크게 감소하였다. 결론적으로, 유입 슬러지의 열-알칼리처리 전처리와 유출수의 농축 잉여슬러지의 내부반송을 통해 복합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 제거 효율과 메탄생성량을 크게 증가시킬 수 있었다. In this study, various influent sludge pre-treatment methods and the internal recirculation of thickened sludge from effluents using a liquid/solid separation unit were adopted to investigate their effects on the sludge digestion and methane production in a combined mesophilic anaerobic and thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion process. A lab-scale combined sludge digestion process was operated during 5 phases using different feed sludge pre-treatment strategies. In phase 1, the feed sludge was pre-treated with a thermal-alkaline method. In contrast, in phases 2, 3 and 4, the internal recirculation of thickened sludge from the effluent and thermal-alkaline, thermal, and alkaline pre-treatment (7 days) were applied to the combined process. In phase 5, the raw sludge without any pre-treatment was used to the combined process. With the feed sludge pre-treatment and internal recirculation, the experimental results indicated that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) removal was drastically increased from phases 1 to 4. Also, the methane production rate with the thermal-alkaline pre-treatment and internal recirculation was significantly improved, showing an increment to 285 mL/L/day in phase 2. Meanwhile, the VSS removal and methane production in phase 5 were greatly decreased when the raw sludge without any pre-treatment was applied to the combined process. Considering all together, it was concluded that the combined process with the thickened sludge recirculation and thermal-alkaline pre-treatment can be successfully employed for the highly efficient sewage sludge reduction and methane gas production.

Development of Automated Liquid Radioactive Waste Pre-treatment Device at KAERI

Ki-Baek Shin,HyunMyoung Jung,YoonDo Oh,TaeSu Song,Dong-Su Kim,Tack-Jin Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

The nuclear facilities at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) have generated a variety of liquid radioactive waste and most of them have low-level radioactive or lower levels. Some of the liquid radioactive waste generated in KAERI is transported to Radioactive Waste Treatment Facility (RWTF) in 20 L container. Liquid radioactive waste transported in a 20 L container is stored in a Sewer Tank after passing through a solid-liquid separation filter. It is then transferred to a very low-level liquid radioactive waste Tank after removing impurities such as sludge through a pre-treatment device. The previous pre-treatment process involved an underwater pump and a cartridge filter device passively, but this presented challenges such as the inconvenience of having to install the underwater pump each time, radiation exposure for workers due to frequent replacement of the cartridge filter, and the generation of large amounts of radioactive waste from the filter. To address these challenges and improve efficiency and safety in radiation work, an automated liquid radioactive waste pre-treatment device was developed. The automated liquid radioactive waste pre-treatment device is a pressure filtration system that utilizes multiple overlapping filter plates and pump pressure to effectively remove impurities such as sludge from liquid radioactive waste. With just the push of a button, the device automatically supplies and processes the waste, reducing radiation hazards and ensuring worker safety. Its modular and mobile design allows for flexible utilization in various locations, enabling efficient pre-treatment of liquid radioactive waste. To evaluate the performance of the newly constructed automated liquid radioactive waste treatment device, samples were taken before and after treatment for 1 hour cycling and analyzed for turbidity. The results showed that the turbidity after treatment was more than about four times lower than before treatment, confirming the excellent performance of the device. Also, it is expected that the treatment efficiency will improve further as the treatment time and number of cycles increase.

반복 염색 시 케라틴 콜라겐 전처리와 헤어클리닉 후처리의 모발 성상 변화에 대한 연구

김종선 ( Jong-sun Kim ),박은준 ( Eun-jun Pack ) 한국미용학회 2019 한국미용학회지 Vol.25 No.3

The hair color maximizes the image of an individual by emphasizing the characteristics and personality of the individual. But the chemical treatment such as perm and dyeing damages the hair. In this study, keratin and collagen were pretreated before dyeing hair to reduce the hair damage when applying the chemical treatment applying the hair clinic as a post-treatment after dyeing, the hair was dyed from once to three times; and in order to check out the residual amount for the pre- and post-treatments, after conducing 30 Shampoos, the hair thickness, amino acid, and cuticles in the groups of pre- and post-treatments were histologically analyzed. In case of the pretreatment group, due to the addition of protein, the hair thickness became thicker and the total amount of amino acids increased. However, as the damage progressed through the repetitive dyeing, the difference became larger and the elution quality of the total amount of amino acid became eluted about 10 times more; and the difference in the number of the cuticle layer from the post-treatment group was identified. In the post-treatment group, the hair thickness and total amount of amino acids did not increase. However, as the damage progressed repeatedly, the total amount of amino acids in the pre-treatment group were eluted about 10 times less than that in the post-treatment. Therefore, pre- treatment helps to recover the inside of the hair, and post - treatment helps to prevent internal damage.

모발 염색 시 전·후처리 후 명도에 따른 모발 굵기 및 아미노산 변화

김종선 ( Jong-sun Kim ),김동표 ( Dong-pyo Kim ),박은준 ( Eun-jun Park ) 한국미용예술경영학회 2018 미용예술경영연구 Vol.12 No.1

모발 염색은 개인의 특성과 개성을 부각시켜 개인의 이미지를 극대화 시켜주지만 펌과 염색 등 화학시술은 결국 모발 손상을 초래하며, 모발의 손상을 예방하기 위해 사용되는 전·후처리 방법은 화학 시술 전 또는 시술 후에 사용되어 진다. 따라서 본 연구는 염색시 모발 손상의 저감화를 위해 염색 전처리로 케라틴과 콜라겐원액을 1분간 침적 후 5분간 건조 처리하였으며, 염색 후처리로 클리닉은 수분베이스인 A1, 고분자케라틴이 베이스인 PAPA, 유분베이스인 A2 각각 15분씩 자연방치 후 흐르는 물에 1분간 헹군 뒤, 실리콘베이스인 L/B를 5분 처치한 뒤 흐르는 물에 1분간 헹군 뒤 실험에 사용하였으며, 저명도와 고명도의 차이를 보기 위해 1Lever과 13Lever로 나눈 뒤 1회 염색 후 1회, 10회, 20회, 30회까지 세정하여 시료의 굵기와 변화를 알아보고, 30회 세정한 모발의 아미노산 잔량을 분석하였다. 실험을 분석한 결과 모발의 굵기는 전처리와 후처리에서 차이가 있었고, 전처리 시 모발의 굵기가 대조군보다 굵어졌으며, 반대로 후처리 시 모발의 굵기는 대조군보다 얇아졌다. 또한 저명도가 고명도에 따라 굵기가 더 굵게 확인되었다. 모발의 용출도는 전처리 시 모발의 용출도가 후처리보다 약 2~3배 크게 용출되었으며, 명도에 따라 고명도일수록 크게 용출되었다. 아미노산 잔량은 케라틴, 콜라겐 전처리군은 아미노산 조성률이 증가하였으나 용출도가 높은 반면 클리닉 후처리군은 아미노산 조성률은 감소하였으나 용출도가 적게 측정되었다. 또한 명도에 따라 명도가 높을수록 아미노산이 높게 용출되었다. 실험을 분석한 결과, 헤어살롱에서 내부 손상의 회복을 위해서는 전처리인 케라틴, 콜라겐을 처리하고 외부 손상의 회복을 위해서는 클리닉을 처방하는 것이 좋을 것이라 판단되며, 명도에 따라 용출량이 달라지므로, 이 자료는 실제 살롱에서 필요한 적절한 처치에 대한 실질적인 기초 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. This The hair color maximizes the image of an individual by emphasizing the characteristics and personality of the individual. But the chemical treatment such as perm and dyeing damages the hair. The pre-after treatment methods used to prevent hair damage are used before or after a chemical procedure. They treat the hair with keratin and collagen stock solution were preached for one minute and then dried for five minutes before dyeing and After treatment the dye, the clinic removed the water base of A1 and polymer keratin from the base for 15 minutes, then rinse it in the running water for 1 minute and then rinse it for 5 minutes. The thickness and amino acids of the sample is studied. The sample will also be observed by after analyzing the remains of amino acid in it. Experiment result, The hair treated with keratin and collagen before dyeing was thicker than the clinic treatment after dyeing. Also thickness varies depending on the high brightness. The reason is that the substance of pre-treatment chemicals is similar to that of hair but the ratio isn’t adequately matched and as a result the penetration space of the dyeing liquid becomes small. The amino acid remains of the first dyed hair increased more than control group after keratin and collagen treatment. The pre-treatment group of keratin and collagen increased its formation rate but the yield was high. But the clinic treatment group decreased its formation rate but the yield was low. This result shows that it is good to apply the keratin and collagen pre-treatment for the recovery of internal damage and apply clinic treatment for the recovery of external damage.

Effect of Particle Pre-Treatment on Properties of Jatropha Fruit Hulls Particleboard

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Surdiding Ruhendi ),( Dede Hermawan ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of particle pre-treatment on physical, mechanical, and durability of jatropha fruit hulls (JFH) particleboard. The pre-treatments included were immersing in cold water, hot water, and acetic acid solution. After each treatment, the particles were dried up to 3% moisture content. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to fabricate particleboards with board size, thickness and density target of 25 cm by 25 cm, 0.80 cm, and 0.70 g/cm³, respectively. Board pressed at 130℃ for 10 minutes, and 25 kg/cm² pressure. The evaluation of particleboard followed the JIS A 5908-2003. Whilist their resistance to subterranean termite test (mass loss, mortality, antifeedant value and feeding rate) refers to the Indonesian standard (SNI 01.7207-2006). The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards showed that all pre-treatments decreased the pH of particles. Overall, all particle immersing treatments resulted of better physical and mechanical properties of particleboard than those of untreated ones. The acetic acid treatment resulted the best physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Based on the mass loss of JFH particleboard, hot water and acetic acid treated particleboards were classified into weak resistance to subterranean attack. The other two treatments were classified into very weak resistance. Hot water treated particleboard provided the highest mortality and antifeedant as much as 87.40% and 34.20%, respectively. Based on antifeedant classification, hot water treated particleboards were classified into moderately strong resistance, while other treatments were categorized into weak resistance. The lowest feeding rate value (45.30 μg/termite/day) was attained by hot water treatment.

사과장아찌 제조를 위한 전처리공정 중 절임원에 따른 사과의 이화학적 특성변화

오철환 (사)한국조리학회 2017 한국조리학회지 Vol.23 No.8

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in physicochemical properties of apples pre-treated differently with salt and sugar for apple Jangachi. When salt was used, moisture content was decreased by 28.41% to 57.67% at 24 hours and maintained an average 56.92% after 24 hours. However, when sugar was used, moisture content decreased steadily to 41.14% (60h). The pH of the apple pre-treated with salt decreased from pH 4.42 to pH 3.63 at 12 hours. However, in the case of apples pre-treated with sugar, pH decreased from pH 4.52 to pH 4.19 after 48 hours, but was not statistically significant. Conversely, total acidity of apple pre-treated with salt increased from 11.46% to 0.35% during 72 hours. But total acidity of apple pre-treated with sugar decreased to 0.11% at 24 hours and maintained. Sugar content of apple pre-treated with salt increased to 33.1% at 12 hours and maintained. Conversely, in case of sugar pre-treatment, sugar content of apple pre-treated with sugar increased steadily to 45.12% at 72 hours. Salinity of apple pre-treated with salt increased sharply to 15.74% during 24 hours. Lightness (L*) of apple pre-treated sugar was not different from the control group. But apple pre-treated salt decreased slightly. Yellowness (b*) was higher than the control group regardless of pre-treatment group. Sensory evaluation revealed that sugar pre-treatment apples were highly evaluated for flavor, taste, chewiness and overall acceptance.

하수슬러지 가용화, 감량화를 위한 화학적 전처리 방법별 특성평가

김병군 ( Byung-goon Kim ),김홍석 ( Hong-suck Kim ),김지연 ( Ji-yeon Kim ),강호 ( Ho Kang ) 한국환경기술학회 2011 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.12 No.4

하수슬러지의 감량화, 가용화 및 탈질을 위한 외부탄소원으로의 효율을 평가하기 위해 다양한 전처리 방법을 적용해 보았다. 전처리 방법 중 알칼리-오존 병합 전처리가 가장 높은 SDNRs, RBDCOD 분율, 슬러지 감량화율을 나타내었다. 알칼리-오존 병합 전처리시 SCOD 농도는 115배까지 증가하였고, SDNRs은 6.0 mg NO₃-N/g MLVSSㆍhr 그리고 슬러지 감량화율은 0.52mgSS/mgSS를 나타내었다 결론적으로 슬러지 가용화 감량화 및 외부탄소원으로의 효용성을 높이기 위해서는 단독 전처리보다는 알칼리-오존 병합 전처리가 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. In order to evaluate the independent and incorporative use of pre-treatment on solubilization and reduction efficiency and applicability as an external carbon source for denitrification, various pre-treatment methods were studied. Among the various pre -treatments, alkali-ozone pre-treatment showed the highest SDNRs, RBDCOD fraction and sludge reducing rate in this study. As compare with control, the concentration of SCOD was increased by approximately 77, 98 and 115 times and the SDNRs by SCOD generated from alkali-ozone pre-treatment were 4.5, 5.4 and 6.0 mg NO₃-N/g MLVSSㆍhr and sludge reducing rate were 0.4 mgSS/mgSS, 0.49 mgSS/mgSS and 0.52 mgSS/mgSS respectively. Consequently, the incorporative use of pre-treatments was much more effective than other independent use of pre-treatment to solubilization, the use of external carbon source for denitrification and reduction.

다양한 전처리에 따른 중온협기-고온호기 복합슬러지 처리공정의 슬러지 처리효율 및 메탄 생성량 변화

하정협,박종문,박상규,조현욱,장현민,최석순 유기성자원학회 2013 유기물자원화 Vol.21 No.3

In this study, various influent sludge pre-treatment methods were adopted to investigate their effects on the sludge digestion and methane production in combined mesophilic anaerobic and thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion process. A lab-scale sewage sludge digestion process was operated during 4 phases using different feed sludge pre-treatment strategies. In phase 1, feed sludge was supplied without any pre-treatment. In contrast, in phases 2, 3 and 4, thermal, thermal-alkaline and long time alkaline treatment (7 days) were applied to influent sludge, respectively. With sludge pre-treatment, TCOD removal was drastically increased from 44% to 76% from phases 1 to 4, respectively. Also, pre-treatment of feed sludge significantly improved the methane production rate of MAD, showing an increment from 101 to 165-256mL/L/day. Meanwhile, TCOD removal and methane production at phase 4 were not increased, compared to those at phase 3. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that pre-treatment of feed sludge significantly increases the efficiency of sludge digestion and thermal-alkaline method was the most effective method among the pre-treatment methods examined. 본 연구에서는 유입 슬러지에 다양한 전처리 방법을 적용하여 전처리 방법이 중온혐기-고온호기 복합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 소화효율과 메탄가스 생성량에 미치는 영향을 비교 검증하였다. 실험실 규모의 슬러지 소화장치를 제작하여 서로 다른 유입 슬러지 전처리방법을 적용하여 4단계로 실험을 진행하였다. 1단계에서는 전처리를 하지 않은 슬러지를 공급하였고, 2, 3, 4단계에서는 각각 열처리, 열-알칼리처리, 장기 알칼리 처리(7일)를 거친 유입 슬러지를 공급하였다. 실험 결과, 1단계에서 4단계까지 진행되는 동안 총COD 제거율은 44%에서 76%까지 증가하였으며, 메탄 생성량 또한 101mL/L/day에서 165, 256mL/L/day까지 크게 증가하였다. 한편, 4단계에서는 7일간의 장기 알칼리 처리를 하였음에도 불구하고 3단계에 비해 총COD 제거율과 메탄 생성량이 증가하지 않았다. 결론적으로, 유입 슬러지의 전처리를 통해 복합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 제거 효율과 메탄생성량을 크게 증가시킬 수 있었으며, 여러 가지 전처리 방법 중 열-알칼리 처리법이 가장 효율적임을 실험결과를 통해 알 수 있었다.