이달의 X-선 : Polymethylmethacrylate를 이용한 경피적 척추성형술 후 흉부 X선에서 관찰된 다수의 양측성, 분지상 선상 음영

조준현 ( Jun Hyun Cho ),정종필 ( Jong Pil Jung ),음준범 ( Jun Bum Eum ),서광원 ( Kwang Won Seo ),제갈양진 ( Yang Jin Jegal ),최성훈 ( Seong Hoon Choi ),안종준 ( Jong Joon Ahn ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2006 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.61 No.2

경피적 척추성형술은 PMMA를 붕괴된 척추체에 경피적으로 주사하여 통증을 완화시키고 척추체를 구조적으로 보강하는 시술이다. 척추성형술은 아주 효과적인 치료방법이기는 하나 합병증이 전혀 없지는 않다. 척추성형술의 많은 합병증은 주로 PMMA 누출과 관련되어 있다. 대부분의 누출은 증상이 없고 또한 폐색전증은 매우 드물지만 시술도중 PMMA의 혈관내 이동을 조기에 발견하지 못할 때 발생할 수 있다. 저자들은 천식으로 인한 기침으로 내원한 환자의 흉부X선에서 우연히 PMMA에 의한 폐색전증을 진단하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Percutaneous vertebroplasty consists of the percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement into a collapsed vertebral body in order to obtain pain relief and mechanically strengthen the vertebral body. This procedure is now extensively used in treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. It is an efficient treatment, but it is not free of complications. Most complications after vertebroplasty are associated with PMMA leakage. Pulmonary embolism of PMMA is rare, but this can occur when there is a failure to recognize venous migration of cement early during the procedure. We encountered a case of a patient with asymptomatic pulmonary embolism because of PMMA after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Chest X-ray and CT scanning revealed numerous tubular branching opacities that corresponded to the pulmonary vessels at the segmental and subsegmental levels. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2006; 61: 184-188)

Polymethylmethacrylate 을 이용한 경피적 척추체성형술 후 발생한 폐색전증

하성곤,임동준,송우혁,박정율,김세훈,조태형,정용구,서중근 대한신경외과학회 2002 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.32 No.2

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Polymethylmethacrylate Film Showing Optical Reflectivity

Kim, Jihoon The Basic Science Institute Chosun University 2013 조선자연과학논문집 Vol.6 No.2

This paper describes a method for the preparation of porous polymethylmethacrylate showing optical reflectivity from the porous silicon template. A porous polymethylmethacrylate showing optical reflectivity was prepared by replicating porous silicon template which was obtained by applying a computer-generated periodic square current density and resulted in a mirror with high reflectivity in a specific narrow spectral region. A porous polymethylmethacrylate showing an excellent reflectivity was successfully obtained by dissolving the Porous silicon template from the porous polymethylmethacrylate composite film. A porous polymethylmethacrylate exhibited a sharp reflection resonance in the reflectivity spectrum. Surface image of the porous polymethylmethacrylate indicated that the surface of the porous polymethylmethacrylate film had a porous structure. These porous polymethylmethacrylate films in aqueous solutions were stable for several days without any degradation.

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Polymethylmethacrylate Film Showing Optical Reflectivity

김지훈 조선대학교 기초과학연구원 2013 조선자연과학논문집 Vol.6 No.2

This paper describes a method for the preparation of porous polymethylmethacrylate showing optical reflectivity from the porous silicon template. A porous polymethylmethacrylate showing optical reflectivity was prepared by replicating porous silicon template which was obtained by applying a computer-generated periodic square current density and resulted in a mirror with high reflectivity in a specific narrow spectral region. A porous polymethylmethacrylate showing an excellent reflectivity was successfully obtained by dissolving the Porous silicon template from the porous polymethylmethacrylate composite film. A porous polymethylmethacrylate exhibited a sharp reflection resonance in the reflectivity spectrum. Surface image of the porous polymethylmethacrylate indicated that the surface of the porous polymethylmethacrylate film had a porous structure. These porous polymethylmethacrylate films in aqueous solutions were stable for several days without any degradation.

Barrier Techniques for Spinal Cord Protection from Thermal Injury in Polymethylmethacrylate Reconstruction of Vertebral Body : Experimental and Theoretical Analyses

박춘근,지철,황장회,권성오,성재훈,최승진,이상원,박성찬,조경석,박춘근,강준기,Park, Choon Keun,Ji, Chul,Hwang, Jang Hoe,Kwun, Sung Oh,Sung, Jae Hoon,Choi, Seung Jin,Lee, Sang Won,Park, Sung Chan,Cho, Kyeung Suok,Park, Chun Kun,Yuan, Ha The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2001 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.30 No.3

Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)는 척추 전적출술후에 척추를 재건하기 위해 사용되지만 액체 형태의 PMMA가 응고하면서 발생되는 열은 척수 신경의 열 손상 가능성을 가지고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 이미 응고된 PMMA sheet가 척수 신경을 보호하는 방어 벽으로서의 열 차단 역할을 할 수 있는지 또한 열손상으로부터 신경을 보호하기 위해 필요한 방어벽의 최소한의 두께를 탐구하는 데 있다. 실험실에서 제 12번째 흉추체 전 적출후의 상태와 동일한 크기와 모양의 정육면체의 용기를 제작하였다. 60ml의 액체형 PMMA를 용기 안에 주입하여 응고하는 PMMA중심부와 세 가지 다른 두께의(제 1 군 : 0mm, 제 2 군 : 5mm, 제 3 군 : 8mm) 이미 응고된 PMMA sheet의 하부(척수의 전면을 의미)에서 온도를 측정하였다. 또한 이 결과에 대한 위의 세 가지 군에 대해 열역학적 분석도 시행하였다. 응고하는 PMMA 덩이의 중심부에서의 온도는 18회의 실험 동안 매우 일정하여($106.8{\pm}3.9^{\circ}C$)이 실험 모델의 재현성을 보여주고 있었다. 방어 벽이 없는 군(제 1 군)에서 척수 신경 전면의 최고 온도가 $60.3^{\circ}C$이었으나 5mm군 (제 2 군)과 8mm군(제 3 군)에서는 각각 $47.3^{\circ}C$와 $43.3^{\circ}C$로 이미 응고된 PMMA는 통계적으로 유의한(p<0.00005) 온도 차단 효과를 보였다. 최고 온도에 도달하기까지의 계산된 시간은 실제 실험치 보다 35%이내의 오차를 보였으나 최고 온도에 대한 열역학적인 계산치는 실제 실험에서 나타난 수치의 1%이내의 오차를 보였다. 이상의 열역학적인 자료를 토대로 볼 때, PMMA를 이용한 척추의 재건술에서 PMMA 방어벽은 척수의 열손상을 방지하는 효과가 있으며, 이 실험에서 가정한 척수의 열손상 역치인 $39^{\circ}C$이하로 척수 온도를 유지하기 위해 필요한 PMMA방어벽의 두께는 10mm정도로 계산되었다. PMMA 방어벽의 임상 적용에 대해서는 추가적인 임상 실험이 필요하다고 사료된다. Objective : Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) is often used to reconstruct the spine after total corpectomy, but the exothermic curing of liquid PMMA poses a risk of thermal injury to the spinal cord. The purposes of this study are to analyze the heat blocking effect of pre-polymerized PMMA sheet in the corpectomy model and to establish the minimal thickness of PMMA sheet to protect the spinal cord from the thermal injury during PMMA cementation of vertebral body. Materials & Methods : An experimental fixture was fabricated with dimensions similar to those of a T12 corpectomy defect. Sixty milliliters of liquid PMMA were poured into the fixture, and temperature recordings were obtained at the center of the curing PMMA mass and on the undersurface(representing the spinal cord surface) of a prepolymerized PMMA sheet of variable thickness(group 1 : 0mm, group 2 : 5mm, or group 3 : 8mm). Six replicates were tested for each barrier thickness group. Results : Consistent temperatures($106.8{\pm}3.9^{\circ}C$) at center of the curing PMMA mass in eighteen experiments confirmed the reproducibility of the experimental fixture. Peak temperatures on the spinal cord surface were $47.3^{\circ}C$ in group 2, and $43.3^{\circ}C$ in group 3, compared with $60.0^{\circ}C$ in group 1(p<0.00005). So pre-polymerized PMMA provided statistically significant protection from heat transfer. The difference of peak temperature between theoretical and experimental value was less than 1%, while the predicted time was within 35% of experimental values. The data from the theoretical model indicate that a 10mm barrier of PMMA should protect the spinal cord from temperatures greater than $39^{\circ}C$(the threshold for thermal injury in the spinal cord). Conclusion : These results suggest that pre-polymerized PMMA sheet of 10mm thickness may protect the spinal cord from the thermal injury during PMMA reconstruction of vertebral body.

Evaluation of the wear characteristics of three different materials used for provisional implant supported restorations

Aswana Jaiprakash,Jayakrishnakumar Sampathkumar,Chitrashankar Krishnan,Hariharan Ramasubramanian,Hariharan Ramakrishnan,Rahmath Shameem,Nagarasampatti Sivaprakasam Azhagarasan 대한치과이식임플란트학회 2021 The Korean Academy of Implant Dentistry Vol.40 No.3

Purpose: This study was conducted to comparatively evaluate the wear resistance of three different materials used for provisional implant supported restorations. Materials and Methods: Thirty natural mandibular first premolar teeth were considered as antagonist teeth specimens. Ten samples each of milled Polymethylmethacrylate (milled PMMA, GROUP I), milled Polyetheretherketone (milled PEEK, GROUP II) and indirect composite resin (SR ADORO, GROUP III) were designated as disc samples. The samples were subjected to wear test in a pin-on- disc machine. Surface roughness wear rate coefficient of friction and volume loss were measured after wear testing. The results were analyzed using paired ‘t test, Analysis of variance, and Post- hoc Tukey s HSD analysis. Scanning electron microscopic analysis was done for one representative tested sample from each test group. Results: Mean surface roughness (Ra) values before and after wear test for GROUPS I, II and III were 0.827 μm, 6.021 μm, 0.473 μm, and 1.194 μm, 0.455μm and 1.407 μm respectively. Mean wear rates (mg/min) of GROUPS I, II & III were 0.000 ,0.010 and 0.011 respectively. Mean coefficients of friction (μ) of Groups I, II & III were 0.979, 0.864 and 0.840 respectively. Mean volume loss (mm3) of GROUPS I, II & III were 6.709, 7.726 and 5.244 respectively. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed prominently roughened surface for GROUP I, moderately roughened surface for GROUP III and smoother surface for GROUP II. Milled Polymethylmethacrylate exhibited significantly higher surface roughness both before and after wear test as compared to both milled Polyetheretherketone and composite materials, which was corroborated by surface profilometry and Scanning electron microscopic analysis. Conclusions: Milled Polymethylmethacrylate showed significantly higher wear as compared to other two materials indicative of least wear resistance among the test materials. Milled Polyetheretherketone exhibited a marginally smoother surface compared to composite. Milled Polyetheretherketone and composite showed marginal differences in wear resistance which was statistically insignificant, indicative of similar wear resistance of these two test materials.

레이저 가공에 의한 소수성과 친수성의 PMMA 마이크로 유체 채널 제작

이진호,성정현,임기수 한국물리학회 2018 새물리 Vol.68 No.8

We report hydrophobic and hydrophilic Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) surfaces fabricated by using a femtosecond laser. The treated surfaces were characterized by using water contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hydrophobicity of the surface with periodic square arrays of rectangular pillars was assumed to be due to its Cassie−Baxter state. The hydrophilicity of the irradiated flat surface was due to a change in the surface chemical state, not to the Wenzel state. The irradiated surface showed a reduced ratio of the carbon to the oxygen density and an increased hydro-oxide ion band due to surface oxidization and bond-breaking. We fabricated Y-shaped microfluidic channels consisting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Flow rates were observed and analyzed for both channels with different injection rates. We also used a confocal fluorescence microscope to observe the flow with high resolution. 펨토초 레이저를 폴리메틸메타크릴레이트 (Polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA) 표면에 적절하게 조사하여 소수성과 친수성의 특성을 갖는 표면을 얻을 수 있었다. 레이저로 처리된 두가지 표면은 물 접촉각 측정과 푸리에 변환 적외분광법(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)과 X-선 광전자 분광법(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)을 이용하여 분석하였다. PMMA표면에 형성된 규칙적으로 배열된 사각 기둥이 소수성을 나타낸 것은 Cassie-Baxter 모델로 설명할 수 있었다. 레이저가 조사된 편평한 표면의 친수성은 Wenzel 모델이 아니라 표면의 화학적 상태 변화에 기인하였다. 조사된 표면에서 결합본드가 끊어지고 산화되어 탄소와 산소의 비가 감소하였고 산화수소 이온 밴드 농도가 증가하였다. 이러한 소수성과 친수성의 두 채널로 이루어진 Y자 형태의 마이크로 유체 체널을 제작하였다. 채널로의 물의 주입 압력을 변화시키면서 유속을 측정하였으며, 고분해능 영상을 얻기 위해서 공초점 형광현미경을 추가로 사용하였다.

Cutaneous sarcoidosis caused by polymethylmethacrylate microspheres

( Sung Min Park ),( Jeong Min Kim ),( Gun Wook Kim ),( Je Ho Mun ),( Margaret Song ),( Hoon Soo Kim ),( Byung Soo Kim ),( Moon Bum Kim ),( Hyun Chang Ko ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.67 No.1

Various fillers are currently used for correction of cosmetic defects or soft tissue augmentation. The fillercomposed of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres suspended in a degradable bovine collagen solution, is used as a microimplant for the treatment of wrinkles because of its long-lasting effect. Herein, we report a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis after filler injections. A 51-year-old man presented with a 10-month history of erythematous to violaceous indurated plaques on the forehead, nose and chin. He had received Artecoll® injections at these sites 2 years ago. Histopathologic findings were non-caseating granulomas surrounded by a paucity of lymphocytes. Numerous empty vacuolar structures with various sizes were observed in granulomas. Reticulum fiber stain revealed a network of fibers surrounding and permeating the granulomas. Laboratory investigations, including complete blood count, liver, renal function test, urinalysis, and angiotensin converting enzyme were unremarkable. No evidences of systemic involvement were identified on ophthalmologic examination and imaging studies. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown cause. It has been hypothesized to be an abnormal immune reaction to various antigens, resulting in inflammatory response showing granuloma formation. This case represents that the PMMA microspheres could act as a stimulus for the development of the cutaneous sarcodosis in susceptible patients.

개시제와 활성제의 혼합 비율과 triethylene glycol dimethacrylate가 칼슘 알루미네이트 - polymethylmethacrylate 복합 골시멘트의 경화거동, 기계적 성질 및 생체적합성에 미치는 영향

오승한 대한치과재료학회 2008 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.35 No.3

본 연구는 개시제와 활성제의 첨가량 변화 및 가교제 변화를 통하여 낮은 발열온도 (47℃ 미만), 빠른 경화시간 (15 분 미만), 그리고 우수한 기계적 강도 (압축강도 70 MPa 이상)를 가지는 칼슘 알루미네 이트 - polymethylmethacrylate 화학중합형 골시멘트를 개발하는 것이다. 개시제 : 활성제의 분자량 비율이 증가함에 따라 경화시간은 단축되었으나, 발열반응이 증가되어 비율이 0.9 이상되는 실험조건에서는 골시멘트로 사용하기 부적합하였다. 또한, 가교제인 triethylene glycol dimethacrylate의 함량이 증가함에 따라 세포독성없이 골시멘트의 강도가 증가되었다. 모든 실험을 종합한 결과, 개시제 : 활성제의 비율이 0.9 이고 triethylene glycol dimethacrylate의 함량이 9 v/v% 인 실험조건에서 11 분의 경화시간, 47℃ 미만의 발열반응, 그리고 130.18 ± 1.28 MPa (Crosshead speed : 1.0 /min) 의 압축강도를 나타내었다.

Polymethylmethacrylate Microspheres(PMMA-NewPlastic®)로 치료한 칼자국상 2예

박정훈,오두진,강승훈,황선욱,조시형,박성욱 대한피부과학회 2006 대한피부과학회지 Vol.44 No.4