후진타오(胡錦濤)체제하의 중국 석유외교정책의 실제와 영향에 관한 연구

박기철 중국학연구회 2010 中國學硏究 Vol.- No.51

Since 1978, China has carried out reform and open door policy, it’s economy has dramatic development, but on the other hand, China have to import more petroleum from abroad. Now China already has become the second petroleum expense Country of the world except US. International Energy Agency forecast that 80% petroleum consumption of China have to be imported in 2030. So, 21th Under Hujintao’s China decide to make petroleum Diplomacy. China, because it realize petroleum expense and import unceasing increase, not only build up for the domestic oil production pressure, also a series of problems related with the petroleum security have become more and more serious. China in order to dodge the shortage of petroleum, maintain economy can continue to grow rapidly and stably, it enforce the multilateral petroleum diplomacy. First of all, this paper make an analysis reasons of decision making for China’s petroleum diplomacy, there are two reasons, the one that petroleum become a global strategy factor in the world political economy system, the other is China need more and more petroleum. The Second, analyzing China’s petroleum diplomacy’s characters and the basis. Now many China’s state enterprise under governmet’s protective policy have try to obtain enough petrolem from world wide, including Africa, Latin America, Russia and so on. Finally, China’s offensive petroleum diplomacy led many countries concern and energy threat. So, I suggest China’s petroleum diplomacy have to be more prudent and comply to international political economy’s rule.

Decontamination of petroleum-contaminated soil via pyrolysis under carbon dioxide atmosphere

Kim, Youkwan,Oh, Jeong-Ik,Lee, Sang Soo,Lee, Kyun Ho,Lee, Jechan,Kwon, Eilhann E. Elsevier 2019 Journal of cleaner production Vol.236 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Accidental leakage and/or spillage of crude oil contaminates soil occurring during petroleum extraction, which can have harmful effects both on the environment and human beings. Therefore, petroleum-contaminated soil needs to be effectively decontaminated. As a study of thermal remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, a real soil sample contaminated with petroleum was pyrolyzed at different pyrolysis conditions. In particular, carbon dioxide (CO<SUB>2</SUB>) was used as the pyrolysis medium for effective thermal remediation of the petroleum-contaminated soil. At temperatures above 620 °C, pyrolytic gas evolution patterns obtained in CO<SUB>2</SUB> condition were distinguishable from those obtained in N<SUB>2</SUB> condition; the generation of carbon monoxide (CO) was observed. The formation of CO at temperatures higher than 620 °C might be a clue about the role of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in pyrolysis of the petroleum-contaminated soil in that CO<SUB>2</SUB> helps form CO via reactions between CO<SUB>2</SUB> and volatile species evolved from the petroleum hydrocarbons deposited on the soil during the pyrolysis. For further investigating the effect of CO<SUB>2</SUB> on the pyrolysis, two-stage pyrolysis of the petroleum-contaminated soil was conducted. The CO evolution also occurred in the CO<SUB>2</SUB> condition during the two-stage pyrolysis at >210 °C. The different compositions of pyrolytic oil obtained from the pyrolysis in N<SUB>2</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> were identified in that the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was restricted by the consuming the source of carbon. The pyrolysis operated under CO<SUB>2</SUB> atmosphere would be an effective decontamination method to treat petroleum-contaminated soil.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Enhanced production of CO via using CO<SUB>2</SUB> in pyrolysis of petroleum-contaminated soil. </LI> <LI> Enhanced thermal cracking of volatile species caused by CO<SUB>2</SUB> in the pyrolysis. </LI> <LI> Two-stage pyrolyzer to provide a precise observation in effect of CO<SUB>2</SUB> on the pyrolysis. </LI> <LI> Pyrolysis in CO<SUB>2</SUB> would be an effective remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. </LI> </UL> </P>

석유계 피치가 첨가된 고온 탄소복합재용 페놀수지의 열 유변학적 거동 연구

양재연 ( Jae-yeon Yang ),국윤수 ( Yun-su Kuk ),서민강 ( Min-kang Seo ),김병석 ( Byoung-suhk Kim ) 한국복합재료학회 2020 Composites research Vol.33 No.6

본 연구에서는 각각에 다른 연화점을 갖는 석유계 피치의 열 유변학적 특성을 연구하였으며, 이를 함침용 페놀수지에 석유계 피치를 첨가하여 B-stage 형태의 페놀수지/석유계 피치 혼합물을 제조하였다. 그 결과, 연화점이 다른 석유계 피치는 QI의 함량이 증가할수록 피치의 유동성이 감소하였고, 고체의 점탄성 특성을 나타내었다. 또한, 다른 연화점을 갖는 석유계 피치를 페놀수지에 첨가함으로써, 페놀수지의 경화거동과 열 유변학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였을 때, 다른 연화점의 석유계 피치를 첨가함에 따라 페놀수지의 경화속도 및 경화거동을 조절할 수 있었으며, 이 중 P-Pitch 2가 첨가된 페놀수지 혼합물의 경우 동일한 경화 온도조건에서 다른 혼합물에 비해 유동성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. In this study, the thermo-rheological behaivors of petroleum pitches with different softening points were studied, and a B-stage phenolic resins/petroleum pitches blends were prepared by adding petroleum pitches to the phenolic resins. As a result, the petroleum pitch with different softening points decreased the fluidity of the petroleum pitch as the Quinoline insoluble (QI) content increased and showed the viscous properties of the solid. In addition, the effect of adding petroleum pitches having different softening points on the thermo-rheological properties of phenolic resins was investigated. When petroleum pitch with a high softening point was added, the fluidity of the phenolic resin was reduced, and the hardening behavior was fast. It was possible to control the curing rate and curing behavior of the phenolic resin by adding petroleum pitches of different softening points. Among them, the phenolic resin mixture to which P-Pitch 2 was added has a higher fluidity than other blends under the same curing temperature condition.

쿠웨이트 원유오염 토양 내 잔류 난분해성 유기물 분해능 지닌 토착 미생물 배양체 획득을 위한 선택적 계대배양 실험 연구

하진호,김성훈,임현수,정우식,김다정,이금영,박준홍,Ha, Jinho,Kim, Seonghoon,Lim, Hyunsoo,Jung, Woosik,Kim, Dajung,Lee, Keumyoung,Park, Joonhong 한국지하수토양환경학회 2021 지하수토양환경 Vol.26 No.4

In this work, an indigenous microbial consortium was obtained by selectively cultivating microbes using a long-aged petroleum-contaminated soil (Kuwait) containing recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbons. The obtained microbial consortium was able to grow on and degrade the remaining petroleum hydrocarbons which could not have been utilized by the indigenous microbes in the original Kuwait soil. The following microbial community analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the enhanced degradation of the remaining recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbons by the novel microbial consortium may have been attributed to the selected bacterial populations belonging to Bacillus, Burkholderia, Sphingobacterium, Lachnospiraceae, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Neisseria.

유류오염 토양 내 석유계 탄화수소 화합물의 분해에 대한 퇴비의 시용 효과

김성은 ( Sung Un Kim ),김용균 ( Yong Gyun Kim ),이상몽 ( Sang Mong Lee ),박현철 ( Hyean Cheal Park ),김근기 ( Keun Ki Kim ),손홍주 ( Hong Joo Son ),노용동 ( Yong Dong Noh ),홍창오 ( Chang Oh Hong ) 한국환경농학회 2015 한국환경농학회지 Vol.34 No.4

BACKGROUND: Petroleum-contaminated soil from leaking above- and underground storage tanks and spillage during transport of petroleum products is widespread environmental problem in recent years. Application of compost may be the most promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly technology for soil bioremediation because of its advantages over physical and chemical technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of compost application on degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.METHOD AND RESULTS: An arable soil was artificially contaminated by diesel, and compost was applied at the different rate of 0, 10, 30, and 50 Mg/ha. Concentration of TPH in the soil decreased as application rate of compost increased. Degradation efficiency was highest at compost 30 Mg/ha; however, it slightly decreased with compost 50 Mg/ha. Kinetic modeling was performed to estimate the rates of chemical reaction. The correlation coefficient (R2) values for the linear plots using the second-order model were higher than those using the first-oder model. Compost 30 and 50 Mg/ha had the fastest TPH degradation rate in the second-order model. Change of microbial population in soil with compost application was similar to that of TPH.Microbial population in the soil increased as application rate of compost increased. Increasing microbial population in the contaminated soil corresponded to decreased in TPH concentration.CONCLUSION: Conclusively, compost application for soil bioremediation could be an effective response to petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. The increase in microbial population with compost suggested that compost application at an optimum rate might enhance degradation of TPH in soil.

노출기준 적용을 위한 세탁소용 석유계 솔벤트 특성규명

정지연,이광용,이나루,전홍진,김성진,이인섭,김광종 한국산업위생학회 2003 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Although in the U.S perchloroethylene is the most commonly used in commercial dry cleaning shops, petroleum based dry cleaning solvent is the most frequently used in Korea. The solvent is a mixture of hydrocarbons, straight or branched chain aprraffins, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Exposure assessment at the cleaning shop was mainly focused on highly toxic substances, especially benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and 2-butoxyethanol in the solvents. However the contents of the toxic substances in the solvents are very small. Not only the exposure assessment for highly toxic substances is important, but also exposure for the petroleum based solvent itself is more important in dry cleaning shop. The specific aim of the present study was to identify the physical and the chemical properties of petroleum based dry cleaning solvents and to investigate the possivility of using occupational exposure standard of stoddard solvent for overall expostreassessment of petroleum based solvent. Four different petroleum based solvent(solvent A~solvent D). commonly used in Korda were analyzed and investigated for identifying the phtsical and chemical properties of those solvents. Molecula species of those solvents were C8~C12, and predominant molecular species were C10~C11 for solvent A, solvent C, solvent D. C9~C10 for solvent B. The proportion of paraffin, aromatic, naphthenic,and olefin compounds in dry cleaning solvents was 45.5~54.5%, 16.0~21.4%, 7.9%~15.8%, and 0.8%~1.0%, respectively. The range of boiling point, specific grabity, flash point found in material safety and data sheet made by the solvent manufacturing company was 150 ~210˚C. 0.76~0.79, and 30~44˚C., respectively. We conclude that petroleum based solvents used in dry cleaning shop is almost similar to stoddard solvent defined by ACGIH and NIOSH, and the occupational exposure standard of stoddrd solvent could be used in total exposure assessment of those solvents.

토양 경작법을 이용한 유류오염토양 정화사업 타당성 연구

조은혜,류혜림,신도연,김영진,최용주,남경필,Jho, Eun Hea,Ryu, Hyerim,Shin, Doyun,Kim, Young-Jin,Choi, Yong Ju,Nam, Kyoungphile 한국지하수토양환경학회 2013 지하수토양환경 Vol.18 No.2

The landfarming treatment for the remediation of the petroleum contaminated soil at the returned U.S. Military bases was investigated in this study. Specifically, the bioaugmentation performance using various commercially available petroleum-degrading bacteria was evaluated and the directions for enhancing the performance of the landfarming treatment were suggested. The environmental factors of the soils at the returned U.S. Military bases chosen for remediation indicate that the landfarming treatment can be used as the remediation technique; however, the addition of nitrogen or phosphorus is required. The lab-scale landfarming treatment tests using the model soil and the site soil showed that the degradation efficiency was greater with the model soil than the site soil and that the treatment performance was not affected by the number of bacteria present in the soil in the range of $10^6-10^{12}$ CFU/g. These results suggest that the successful landfarming treatment depends on the petroleum degradability of bacteria used and the environmental conditions during the treatment rather than the number of petroleum-degrading bacteria used.

Contribution of petroleum-derived organic carbon to sedimentary organic carbon pool in the eastern Yellow Sea (the northwestern Pacific)

Kim, Jung-Hyun,Lee, Dong-Hun,Yoon, Suk-Hee,Jeong, Kap-Sik,Choi, Bohyung,Shin, Kyung-Hoon Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.168 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We investigated molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ<SUP>13</SUP>C) of sedimentary <I>n</I>-alkanes (C<SUB>15</SUB> C<SUB>35</SUB>) in the riverbank and marine surface sediments to trace natural and anthropogenic organic carbon (OC) sources in the eastern Yellow Sea which is a river dominated marginal sea. Molecular distributions of <I>n</I>-alkanes are overall dominated by odd-carbon-numbered high molecular weight <I>n</I>-C<SUB>27</SUB>, <I>n</I>-C<SUB>29</SUB>, and <I>n</I>-C<SUB>31</SUB>. The δ<SUP>13</SUP>C signatures of <I>n</I>-C<SUB>27</SUB>, <I>n</I>-C<SUB>29</SUB>, and <I>n</I>-C<SUB>31</SUB> indicate a large contribution of C<SUB>3</SUB> gymnosperms as the main source of <I>n</I>-alkanes, with the values of −29.5 ± 1.3‰, −30.3 ± 2.0‰, and −30.0 ± 1.7‰, respectively. However, the contribution of thermally matured petroleum-derived OC to the sedimentary OC pool is also evident, especially in the southern part of the study area as shown by the low carbon preference index (CPI<SUB>25-33</SUB>, <1) and natural <I>n</I>-alkanes ratio (NAR, <−0.6) values. Notably, the even-carbon-numbered long-chain <I>n</I>-C<SUB>28</SUB> and <I>n</I>-C<SUB>30</SUB> in this area have higher δ<SUP>13</SUP>C values (−26.2 ± 1.5‰ and −26.5 ± 1.9‰, respectively) than the odd-carbon-numbered long-chain <I>n</I>-C<SUB>29</SUB> and <I>n</I>-C<SUB>31</SUB> (−28.4 ± 2.7‰ and −28.4 ± 2.4‰, respectively), confirming two different sources of long-chain <I>n</I>-alkanes. Hence, our results highlight a possible influence of petroleum-induced OC on benthic food webs in this ecosystem. However, the relative proportions of the natural and petroleum-derived OC sources are not calculated due to the lack of biogeochemical end-member data in the study area. Hence, more works are needed to constrain the end-member values of the organic material supplied from the rivers to the eastern Yellow Sea and thus to better understand the source and depositional process of sedimentary OC in the eastern Yellow Sea.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The contribution of C<SUB>3</SUB> gymnosperms is the main source of <I>n</I>-alkanes in the eastern Yellow Sea. </LI> <LI> The contribution of petroleum-derived OC to the sedimentary OC pool is evident in the southern part of the study area. </LI> <LI> Our results indicate a possible influence of petroleum-induced OC on benthic food webs in this ecosystem. </LI> </UL> </P>

석유계 UVCB 물질의 산업안전보건법 규제 적용을 위한 일부 휘발성 유기화합물 분석

한정희,박나영,이나루 한국산업보건학회 2022 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Objectives: To ensure that employers handling petroleum compounds understand whether petroleum-based UVCB (unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials) substances contain hazardous substances and comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Act, petroleum-based UVCB substances were analyzed and the results from samples were compared with MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) contents. Methods: Twenty-one petroleum samples were analyzed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), targeting ten volatile organic compounds regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Results: The target chemicals were detected in 13 out of 21 samples. All 13 samples were in the naphtha (low boiling point naphthas (gasolines)) group. There were also naphtha group samples containing 2% benzene. Some naphtha samples used as solvents contained about 1% benzene. Conclusions: This study shows that naphtha group petroleum substances contain hazardous chemicals in many cases. In particular, if benzene, n-hexane, and toluene with low occupational exposure limits are contained above the limit concentration. Such information should be delivered in the article on MSDS legal regulations.

원유수입과 환율변동성

모수원,김창범 한국환경경제학회 한국자원경제학회 2002 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.11 No.3

This paper presents an empirical analysis of exchange rate volatility, petroleum's import price and industrial production on petroleum imports. The GARCH framework is used to measure the exchange rate volatility. One of the most appealing features of the GARCH model is that it captures the volatility clustering phenomenon. We found one long-run relationship between petroleum imports, import price, industrial production, and exchange rate volatility using Johansen' s multivariate cointegration methodology. Since there exists a cointegrating vector, therefore, we employ an error correction model to examine the short-run dynamic linkage, finding that the exchange rate volatility performs a key role in the short-run. This paper also apply impulse-response functions to provide the dynamic responses of energy consumption to the exchange rate volatility. The results show that the response of energy consumption to exchange rate volatility declines at the first month and dies out very quickly.