The Research of Defense against Invading Insect Pest and Control using LED Light Source in a Sunlight-combined Type Plant Factory

( Hyunhwan Kim ),( Jeongwook Heo ),( Gongin Lee ),( Jaesu Lee ),( Youngsin Hong ),( Chungyoul Jung ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Plant factories need to develop preventive and control technology of pest infestation as the rapid damage of crops and the occurrence of secondary diseases are major concerns when insect pests are infested with temperature and humidity suitable for growing pests, while creating and maintaining the optimum environment for crop growth. Although a self-contained insect repellent has been developed for the physical control of insect pests, it has not been put into practical use due to the high installation cost compared to the control effect. Therefore, it is necessary to insect pest infestation and physical control technology suitable for the natural light plant and greenhouse environment. In this study, a pest fluorescent response test was carried out for pest catching and development. For the pest color test, a test apparatus was construct on the test of the agricultural engineering department in Jeonju and tested at intervals of 1 m. The test equipment was 50 x 50 x 50 cm and made of plywood. The inside of the box and the grid pattern were painted with the same color fluorescent material. Fluorescent colors were green, yellow, blue, orange, and red. The test was conducted twice a day at 8:00 am and 5:00 pm. Sugar, rice wine, apple peel and grapes were put into each test device for pest induction. The insect trapping system (SKY-M LED, IRREGREEN Co., Ltd.) was used, and 20W of black light fluorescent lamp was used. Ultrasonic pest control (Ultrasound Ultrasonic Pest Control, Tae Yang Ind. Co.) was used for the pest cotrol. The test period was 35 days from October 19th to November 22, 2017. The pests collected as a result of the test are moth moth, tobacco moth, room moth, thistle moth, other moths, bumblebees, cymbals, pteridophyte, mycetophyll, housefly, etc. 51.53% of mycetophylls, 22.86% of houseflies and 8.92% of caldrus. The moths were 2.03% of the room moths, 1.34% of the moth moths and 0.43% of the tobacco moths. Pests appeared more often in the morning than in the afternoon. In other words, there were many catches at night, and there were various kinds. Blue and red fluorescence showed the highest insect pests, and orange was the lowst insect pests. It was not known whether the insect infusion would be reduced when running the insect repellent only on a test device with UV, etc. However, overall insect repellent activities reduced insect infestation. It was necessary to determine the color of the insect screen along with the physical insect screening at the natural light plant through the insect infestation and eradication system. It has to confirm the necessity of continuously research on the insect pest control at the plant factory.

中國古代 농작물의 害蟲觀과 蝗蟲 防除기술의 變遷

崔德卿 한국역사민속학회 2012 역사민속학 Vol.39 No.-

본고는 최근 농약과 화학비료 등에 의해 생태계가 교란되고 있는 상황 속에서 과거에는 곡물의 해충을 어떤 방식으로 방제했는가를 살핌으로써 향후 자연과 인간이 이 땅에서 상호 공생할 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 연구하게 된 것이다. 『陳旉農書』에서는 唐宋시기를 전후하여 해충에 대한 인식변화가 있었음을 말해 준다. 고대에는 神에게 의탁하여 害蟲의 문제를 해결하고자 하였으나 唐代에 이르면 황충 자체에 충격을 주는 방식으로 인식이 바뀌었다. 그 후 메뚜기를 잡는 것을 현상 공모하거나 宋代에는 메뚜기 잡는 法을 제정하기도 하고, 金나라 章宗왕 때에 메뚜기 잡는 그림을 널리 유포하기도 하였다. 明淸시대가 되면 사후 대책이 아니라 황충의 발생시기와 발생지점을 추적하여 근본 치료를 할 수 있는 방법으로 변화되었다. 그리고 이러한 직접적인 방제방법과는 달리 고대사회에는 해충으로부터 미리 농작물을 건강하게 지켜낼 수 있을 것인가에 주목하였다. 각종 토지이용법과 시비법 및 제초방법 등의 개발이 그것이다. 게다가 생태계의 먹이사슬을 이용하여 해충을 박멸하는 방식도 권장하였다. 최근 생물학적 방제를 가미한 종합적인 해충 방제법에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구가 그러한 연구에 일정한 보탬이 되기를 바란다. This paper tries to explore the ways for future mutual symbiosis between nature and human beings, by examining how people controlled the grain pest in the past, in the recent situation of disrupted ecosystem brought by agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers. "The book of praying and repaying" in Chenfunongshu, published in the Song Dynasty, attributed the constant famine and the displaced subjects due to the disasters of drought and pest to negligence in praying and repaying to God, in worship services. This explains the change in perception of pest before and after the period of Tang and Song Dynasties. The countermeasures after the pest breaks out varied according to the eras. The ancient era saw locusts as insects of God and stressed that the monarch should solve the problem with his humane affection, trying to solve the problem of pest depending on God. Coming to the Tang Dynasty, however, the perception of pest had been drastically changed, and the countermeasure was changed into that of inflicting damage to locusts themselves. People caught and buried locusts, or burned them to death, which reflects their change of perception from that of seeing locusts as divine insects brought by the heaven. Afterwards, the Houjin Dynasty made the subjects join in locust hunting, the Song Dynasty established a law for locust hunting, and the Jin Dynasty distributed the illustration of locust hunting all over the kingdom, which explains the development into the countermeasure of locust hunting. The Ming and Qing Dynasties see an appearance of a comprehensive control measure against locusts as a collection of observations and experiences so far, and Nongzhengquanshu in the Ming Dynasty, written by Xuguangqi, suggested an effective prevention measure against the damage by locusts, which was to eradicate locusts before they grow into adults. Referring to Wuzazu’s observation that locusts come from fish eggs, Xuguangqi saw, from the fact that shrimps and locusts resembled one another in form and quality, that they come from shrimp eggs. It is noteworthy that they paid attention to the identification of the cause which could track down the time and place of the outbreak of locusts and take radical measures, which are no follow-up countermeasures at all. Those locust eradication measures include burning paddy levees, changing the soil in which the eggs might be laid, finding and eliminating the locust eggs. Other than these direct control measures, the ancient society also took note of how to keep the crops from pest in advance. It is exemplified by the development of various land usages, fertilizer application methods, and weeding methods. In premodern societies, furthermore, it was recommended, though in a limited scale, to make use of the higher and lower food chains in ecosystem like birds, green frogs and others, which had been discovered by a long experience, in eradicating pests. Recently, the researches on an integrated control which includes the biological controls like those advanced in the past history of China, and all other effective control methods are being carried out for the healthy agricultural products protected from the damage from agricultural chemicals and human health. This study hopes to be beneficial to these efforts of scientific ecology.

中國古代 농작물의 害蟲觀과 蝗蟲 防除기술의 變遷

최덕경 한국역사민속학회 2012 역사민속학 Vol.0 No.39

This paper tries to explore the ways for future mutual symbiosis between nature and human beings, by examining how people controlled the grain pest in the past, in the recent situation of disrupted ecosystem brought by agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers. “The book of praying and repaying” in Chenfunongshu, published in the Song Dynasty,attributed the constant famine and the displaced subjects due to the disasters of drought and pest to negligence in praying and repaying to God, in worship services. This explains the change in perception of pest before and after the period of Tang and Song Dynasties. The countermeasures after the pest breaks out varied according to the eras. The ancient era saw locusts as insects of God and stressed that the monarch should solve the problem with his humane affection, trying to solve the problem of pest depending on God. Coming to the Tang Dynasty, however, the perception of pest had been drastically changed, and the countermeasure was changed into that of inflicting damage to locusts themselves. People caught and buried locusts, or burned them to death,which reflects their change of perception from that of seeing locusts as divine insects brought by the heaven. Afterwards, the Houjin Dynasty made the subjects join in locust hunting, the Song Dynasty established a law for locust hunting, and the Jin Dynasty distributed the illustration of locust hunting all over the kingdom, which explains the development into the countermeasure of locust hunting. The Ming and Qing Dynasties see an appearance of a comprehensive control measure against locusts as a collection of observations and experiences so far, and Nongzhengquanshu in the Ming Dynasty, written by Xuguangqi, suggested an effective prevention measure against the damage by locusts, which was to eradicate locusts before they grow into adults. Referring to Wuzazu’s observation that locusts come from fish eggs, Xuguangqi saw, from the fact that shrimps and locusts resembled one another in form and quality,that they come from shrimp eggs. It is noteworthy that they paid attention to the identification of the cause which could track down the time and place of the outbreak of locusts and take radical measures, which are no follow-up countermeasures at all. Those locust eradication measures include burning paddy levees, changing the soil in which the eggs might be laid, finding and eliminating the locust eggs. Other than these direct control measures, the ancient society also took note of how to keep the crops from pest in advance. It is exemplified by the development of various land usages, fertilizer application methods, and weeding methods. In premodern societies, furthermore, it was recommended, though in a limited scale, to make use of the higher and lower food chains in ecosystem like birds, green frogs and others, which had been discovered by a long experience, in eradicating pests. Recently, the researches on an integrated control which includes the biological controls like those advanced in the past history of China, and all other effective control methods are being carried out for the healthy agricultural products protected from the damage from agricultural chemicals and human health. This study hopes to be beneficial to these efforts of scientific ecology. 본고는 최근 농약과 화학비료 등에 의해 생태계가 교란되고 있는 상황 속에서 과거에는 곡물의 해충을 어떤 방식으로 방제했는가를 살핌으로써 향후 자연과 인간이 이 땅에서 상호 공생할 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 연구하게 된 것이다. 『陳旉農書』에서는 唐宋시기를 전후하여 해충에 대한 인식변화가 있었음을 말해 준다. 고대에는 神에게 의탁하여 害蟲의 문제를 해결하고자 하였으나 唐代에 이르면 황충 자체에 충격을 주는 방식으로 인식이 바뀌었다. 그 후 메뚜기를 잡는 것을 현상 공모하거나 宋代에는 메뚜기 잡는 法을 제정하기도 하고, 金나라 章宗왕 때에 메뚜기 잡는 그림을 널리 유포하기도 하였다. 明淸시대가 되면 사후 대책이 아니라 황충의 발생시기와 발생지점을 추적하여 근본 치료를 할 수 있는 방법으로 변화되었다. 그리고 이러한 직접적인 방제방법과는 달리 고대사회에는 해충으로부터 미리 농작물을 건강하게 지켜낼 수 있을 것인가에 주목하였다. 각종 토지이용법과 시비법 및 제초방법 등의 개발이 그것이다. 게다가 생태계의 먹이사슬을 이용하여 해충을 박멸하는 방식도 권장하였다. 최근 생물학적 방제를 가미한 종합적인 해충 방제법에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구가 그러한 연구에 일정한 보탬이 되기를 바란다.

A Study on the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Chestnut Insect Pests Control

Chong-kyu Lee 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2018 농업생명과학연구 Vol.52 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the damage rate of insect pests on chestnut orchards. and to investigate the effects of varying methods of insect pests control. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant(p<0.05) difference among early-ripenign, middleripening, and late-ripening cultivars. The damage rate of Dichocrocis punctiferalis was highest in early-ripening cultivars(24.22%), followed by middle-ripening(22.71%) and late-ripening(20.25%). The damage rate of Curculio sikkimensis was highest in late-ripening cultivars(24.52%), followed by middle-ripening(22.61%) and early-ripening(19.96%). There was a statistically significant(p<0.05) difference in damage rates after insect pests control. Two methods of insect pests control, using either helicopter or an unmanned drone, were used. The results revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between D. punctiferalis and C. sikkimensis. Changes in the damage rates of D. punctiferalis after drone control were 8.97%~9.62%, and that after helicopter control was 14.82~15.94%, which was 20.25%~24.22% significant difference(p<0.05) from control site. Changes in damage rates of C. sikkimensis after drone spraying was 6.77~7.72%, and that after helicopter spraying was 12.62~14.94%, which was 19.96~24.52% significant difference(p<0.05) from control sites. Control effects of D. punctiferalis by drone spraying was 59.06% and helicopter spraying was 30.82%. Control effects of C. sikkimensis by drone spraying was 66.97% and helicopter spraying was 40.78%.

Insect pest management in forests

Yeong-Jin Chung 한국응용곤충학회 2011 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.05

Numerous insects live in forests as a component of forest ecosystem. Forest insect pests are defined certain insects when they adversely affect ecological, economic, and social values that we associate with forest. Kinds of forest insect pests are continually changed as a result of change of forest ecosystem and the introduction of foreign alien insect pests. Forest pest management is the maintenance of destructive insects at tolerable levels by the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, or regulatory tactics and strategies that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable. However, the system of forest pest management is slighly different according to the nation and case of insect pests. Currently, the most important insect pests of Korea are Monochamus beetles and Platypus koroensis, which are insect vectors of pine wilt disease and oak wilt disease, respectively. Major forest insect pests are Thecodiplosis japonensis, a gall maker of pine needle and sapsucking insects such as black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, Corythucha ciliata, Lycorma delicatula. Defoliating insects, such as Dendrolimus spectabilis, Hyphantria cunea, Agelastica coerulea, Acantholyda parki, and phloem boring insects, such as Tomicus piniperda and Ips bark beetles are also regarded as major forest insect pests. Management of forest insect pests are different from kinds of insect species. Control methods currently used are as follows; (a) Chemical control : ground and aerial spray of low-toxicity insecticide, trunk injection of systemic insecticide, fumigation, etc. (b) Biological control : release of parasitic wasps, use of Beauveria bassiana. etc. (c) Physical or mechamical control : burn, crush, etc. (d) Silvicultural practice : salvage cutting, clear cutting and reforestation, breeding of resistant trees, etc.

Biological Control of Pests of Non-Mulberry Silkworms and Its Host Plants in India

Singh, R.N.,Maheshwari, M. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2002 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.4 No.2

The protection of silkworm and its host plants from various kinds of pests parasite and predator is a chronic problem in sericulture. Silkworms and its primary food plants are heavily damaged by large number of pest. The major pests of primary tasar food plants (Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia tomentosa) are the gall insect (Trioza fletcheri minor). Various species of aphids (Eutrichosiphum sp.) have been recorded to damage oak tasar food plants whereas muga silkworm host plants (Machilus bombycina and Litsaea polyantha) are generally attacked by stem bores (Zeuzera multistrigata). Castor (Ricinus communis) is one of the primary host plant of eri silkworm and extensive damage is caused by the castor white fly (Trialeurodes ricini). Insects pests are major enemies of silkworms. Parasites (Blepharipa zebina, Exorista bombycis, Apateles glomeratus), predators (Canthecona furcellata, Sycanus collaris, Hierodulla bipapilla), wasps (Vespa orientalix) and ants (Oecophylla smargdina) continues to cause damage to silk industry. It is estimated that the losses due to parasites and predators are to an extent of 15-20 percent and varies from crop to crop. The complexities in the behaviour and life cycle of pest population existing in semi ecosystem warrant a special attention for their effective management specially in changing scenario for our modern sericulture. Though use of synthetic insecticides has provided us with effective control of almost all major pests and predators, yet their undesirable side effects limit their continued use. Biological control is one of the most important method which can be used to control the pests, parasites and predators population in sericulture. Various potential parasitoids, which can be utilized as an agent of biological control in sericulture have been screened. The natural enemies of the uzi fly (E. bombycis and B. zebina ) are already present in the nature. Nesolynx thymus, Trichria sp., Splangia endius, Dirhinus sp., Trichopria sp., Trichomalopsis apanteloctena and Pediobius sp. are the major parasitoids effective against uzi fly pupa. The scelionid Psix striaticeps and Trissolcus sp. are the Potential egg Parasitoids against stink bug (Canthecona furcellata). Various other native natural potential parasitoids have been screened and suitable strategies have been developed to check the population of pest insect in sericulture.

열대거세미나방에 대한 옥수수의 요방제 수준 및 약제 살포방법에 따른 방제 효과 비교

이유경,김현주,최낙중,서보윤,최준열 한국농림기상학회 2023 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.25 No.3

기후온난화가 지속되면서 국내에도 열대거세미나방의 침입 시기가 빨라지고 유입량도 증가하여 작물에 대한 피해도 크게 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 열대거세미나방에 의한 작물의 피해를 최소화하고자 옥수수 포장에 요방제 수준을 통한 방제시기를 설정하고 사료용 옥수수 포장에서 약제 살포 방법에 따른 방제 효과를 조사하였다. 옥수수 출사기에 피해율 4% 조건에서도 피해과율은 70%로 높은 피해 양상을 나타내었다. 열대거세미나방 2령 유충의 경제적 피해수준은 주당 0.7마리로 나타났으며, 요방제 수준은 0.6마리로 나타났다. 옥수수 도매 단가를 적용하여 소득을 산출한 결과, 피해율 4% 조건에서도 895,221원/10a 손실액이 났으며, 피해율이 높아질수록 소득 감소는 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이를 방제하기 위하여 열대거세미나방에 등록된 단제 10종에 대해 살충효과를 검정한 결과, 4종 약제(에마멕틴벤조에이트, 클로란트라닐리프롤, 인독사카브, 스피네토람)에 대해 93.3% 이상의 높은 살충 활성을 나타내었으며, 약효 지속성 검정을 통해 3종 약제(클로란트라닐리프롤, 인독사카브, 스피네토람)에서 높은 잔류 효과로 열대거세미나방의 방제에 효과적인 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 열대거세미나방에 높은 활성을 나타내는 인독사카브 액상수화제, 클로란트라닐리프롤 입상수화제를 대상으로 사료용 옥수수의 출사 전에 관행방제와 항공방제를 각각 7일 간격으로 2회 실시하였다. 그 결과, 1차 방제를 통해 항공방제보다 관행방제에서 인독사카브 액상수화제 46.3%p, 클로란트라닐리프롤 입상수화제 21.7%p의 높은 방제가를 나타내었다. 2차 방제에서도 항공방제보다 관행방제에서 인독사카브 액상수화제 26.7%p, 클로란트라닐리프롤 입상수화제 40.4%p의 높은 방제가가 조사되었다. 이에 따라 인력방제 대체 수단을 많이 사용하는 최근 상황에서 방제 효과를 제고할 수 있는 방안마련이 필요한 것으로 사료된다. As global warming continues, the time of invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda has been advanced and the inflow rate has been increasing, leading to great increases in damage to crops. In this study, in order to minimize crop damage caused by S. frugiperda, the control period was set for corn fields through control thresholds, and the control effects according to the chemical spraying methods were investigated in forage corn filed. Even under the condition of 4% injury level during the corn silking stage, the damage rate of ear was 70%, showing an aspect of extensive damage. The economic injury level of S. frugiperda second instar larvae was shown to be 0.7 larvae per stalk, and the control threshold level was shown to be 0.6 larvae. The income was calculated by applying the corn wholesale unit price, and according to the result, even under the condition of injury level of 4%, there was a loss of KRW 895,221/10a, and the higher the injury level, the greater the decrease in income. To control S. frugiperda, the insecticidal effects of 10 single formulations registered for S. frugiperda were tested, and according to the results, four types (emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, and spinetoram) showed high insecticidal activity not lower than 93.3%, and three types (chloran- traniliprole, spinetoram, and indoxacarb) were considered to be effective in controlling S. frugiperda as they showed high residual effects through insecticidal effect persistence tests. Therefore, conventional control and aerial control were conducted twice at 7-day intervals with indoxacarb SC and chlorantraniliprol WP, which show high activity against S. frugiperda, respectively, prior to the silking of forage corn. As a result, conventional control showed higher control values, 46.3%p in the case of indoxacarb SC and 21.7%p in the case of chlorantraniliprol WP, than aerial control through the primary control. In the secondary control too, higher control values of 26.7%p in the case of indoxacarb SC and 40.4%p in the case of chlorantraniliprol WP were found in conventional control than in aerial control. Therefore, it is considered necessary to prepare measures to improve the control effects in the recent situation where alternative methods for manpower control are widely used.

전남지역 쌈채류 무농약ㆍ유기재배농가의 잡초, 병해충관리 실태분석

임경호,김선국,최경주,김도익,김선곤,이용환 한국유기농업학회 2007 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.15 No.1

For developing standard method for diease, pest and weed control in environmental friendly ‘Ssam’ vegetable cultivation, this study was carried out to investigating agriculture material use in organic agriculture and no pesticide cultivation for lettuce, kale, leafy perilla and korean cabbage. The 28.6% of investigated farmer carried out seed sterilization by seed selection with salt solution and soaking in chitosan that not validated. For raising seedling periods, the 55.6% of farmer did not use environmental-friendly agriculture material for, diease control and the 50% of farmer used one time for. pest control. Therefore, the control of disease and pest could be achieved with one or two times use of environmental-friendly agriculture material. Seed sterilization was carried out by soil solar sterilization, one time per year in 71.4% of farmer. Weed was controled by black PE film for weed germination of furrow in many farmer, by man-power weeding for weed of ridge in 85% of farmer and by machine weeding and mulching in some farmer. During cultivation period, the major pest were Aphis gossypii in lettuce, Plutella xylostella in kale, Plutella xylostella and Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) in korean cabbage and Pyrausta panopealis (Walke) in leafy perilla. The many farmers used environmental-friendly agriculture material for control of pest over 10 times for spring season, and more used sold materials in market than home-made materials. In result, it needs to develop standardized method and validate cultivation methods for control of disease and pest, and seed sterilization treatment environmentalfriendly ‘Ssam’ vegetable.

Ultralow oxygen treatment for control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on harvested table grapes

Yong-Biao Liu 한국응용곤충학회 2012 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.15 No.2

Exported organic table grapes from the U.S. are currently fumigated with methyl bromide to control quarantined pests such as western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). An alternative treatment which is compatiblewith organic products is needed. In this study, controlled atmospherewith ultralowoxygen (ULO) treatment was studied to control thrips on harvested table grapes. ULO treatments with b0.01 ppm oxygen at 3.3 °C for 1, 2, and 3 days were tested for thrips control. The 3-day ULO treatment achieved complete control of thrips. The treatment was also applied to Thompson seedless and Flame seedless grape varieties and grape quality was evaluated two weeks after the treatment. The ULO treatment had no negative impact on the visual quality of grapes. There were no significant differences in overall grape quality or premiumquality berries between the ULO treatment and the control. The results indicated that the ULO treatment was effective and safe to control western flower thrips on table grapes and had a potential for commercial use.

한국형 사과 병해충종합관리(IPM) 체계 수립을 위한 기초연구의 전개: 이순원 박사의 연구 사례

안정준,오현석,최경산,최경희,도윤수,이선영,이동혁 한국응용곤충학회 2021 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.60 No.1

1950년대에 종합적 유해생물관리(IPM)의 개념이 발달하기 시작하여 1960년대에는 경제학적 개념이 해충방제에 포함되기 시작하였다. 1970년대부터 미국과 유럽을 중심으로 종합방제와 관련된 연구가 진행되었다. 우리나라 병해충 종합방제에 관한 연구는 1970년대 감귤해충에 대한 종합방제연구와 통일계 품종의 보급에 따른 수도해충종합방제연구에서 시작되었다. 우리나라 사과 병해충종합관리 연구는 1980년대 화학 농약을 이용한 방제 및 약제 저항성 연구, 해충 및 천적생태에 대한 연구, 성페로몬에 대한 연구를 시작으로 진행되었다. 1990년대부터는 농가보급을 위한 IPM 연구사업과 현장실증사업이 병행되었다. 2000년대에는 교미교란제를 중심으로 한 해충예찰과 발생모형 개발, 해충에 대한 DB 프로그램 및 정보공유를 위한 네트워크가 구축되었다. 2010년대는 무인예찰 및 자동화기술 개발을 통해 IPM 기술이 확장되고 있다. The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) first developed in the 1950s, and the concept of economic control via pest management was established in the 1960s. Research on IPM began in the United States and Europe, and IPM studies in Korea started with citrus insects and paddy field pests following the distribution of high-yield varieties of rice. Apple IPM in Korea began with research on pest control using chemical pesticides and pesticides resistant to insect pests, studies on the ecology of insect pests and their natural enemies, and the exploitation of sex pheromones on insect pests. Since the 1990s, IPM research and field projects have been carried out simultaneously for farming households. In the 2000s, the development of pest monitoring and forecasting models centered on mating disturbances, database programs for pests, and networks for sharing information. IPM technology has expanded via the development of unmanned forecasting systems and automation technologies in the 2010s.