Pediatric perioperative fluid management

이형묵,김진태 대한마취통증의학회 2023 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.76 No.6

The purpose of perioperative fluid management in children is to maintain adequate volume status, electrolyte level, and endocrine system homeostasis during the perioperative period. Although hypotonic solutions containing glucose have traditionally been used as pediatric maintenance fluids, recent studies have shown that isotonic balanced crystalloid solutions lower the risk of hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis perioperatively. Isotonic balanced solutions have been found to exhibit safer and more physiologically appropriate characteristics for perioperative fluid maintenance and replacement. Additionally, adding 1–2.5% glucose to the maintenance fluid can help prevent children from developing hypoglycemia as well as lipid mobilization, ketosis, and hyperglycemia. The fasting time should be as short as possible without compromising safety; recent guidelines have recommended that the duration of clear fluid fasting be reduced to 1 h. The ongoing loss of fluid and blood as well as the free water retention induced by antidiuretic hormone secretion are unique characteristics of postoperative fluid management that must be considered. Reducing the infusion rate of the isotonic balanced solution may be necessary to avoid dilutional hyponatremia during the postoperative period. In summary, perioperative fluid management in pediatric patients requires careful attention because of the limited reserve capacity in this population. Isotonic balanced solutions appear to be the safest and most beneficial choice for most pediatric patients, considering their physiology and safety concerns.

절제 가능한 위암에서의 수술 전후 치료법

박숙련,강윤구 대한의사협회 2015 대한의사협회지 Vol.58 No.3

Although surgical resection remains the only curative treatment for gastric cancer, locoregional and distant recurrence are still common after surgical resection with curative intent underscoring the importance of a multimodal approach. In recent decades, there have been notable improvements in multidisciplinary treatments for gastric cancer that influence clinical decision and treatment algorithms; these include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Notably, multimodal and multidisciplinary approaches to gastric cancer have developed in various ways according to geographical regions in the context of variations in disease incidence, etiology/epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment outcome. Differences in surgical techniques, curative resection rate, survival outcomes after curative resection, and relapse patterns between the East and West lead to different perioperative multidisciplinary strategies. In Western countries, low rates of curative resection and high rates of locoregional recurrence following suboptimal surgery, in addition to systemic spread after surgery, provide a rationale for perioperative chemotherapy (preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy) and postoperative chemoradiation. In contrast, Eastern countries have focused on reducing systemic failures by emphasizing postoperative chemotherapy after curative resection. To further improve perioperative treatment in localized gastric cancer, more sophisticated risk stratification and novel therapeutic strategies such as molecularly targeted agents need to be investigated, based on an understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease.

Comparison of International Guidelines on the Accompanying Therapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Reasons for the Differences

Katrin Bauer,Marcel Schroeder,Franz Porzsolt,Henne-Bruns 대한위암학회 2015 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study was to determine if international guidelines differ in their recommendations concerning additive therapy for advanced, but potentially curable, gastric cancer. A systematic search of the English and German literature was conducted in the databases Medline, Cochrane Database, Embase, and PubMed. The search terms used were ‘guidelines gastric cancer,’ ‘guidelines stomach cancer,’ and ‘Leitlinien Magenkarzinom.’ Six different guidelines published after January 1, 2010, in which the tumors were classified according to the seventh edition of the TNM system (2010), were identified. Although the examined guidelines were based on the same study results, their recommendations concerning accompanying therapy for gastric cancer differ considerably. While perioperative chemotherapy is recommended in Germany, Great Britain, and large parts of Europe, postoperative adjuvant radiochemotherapy or perioperative chemotherapy is recommended in the USA and Canada. In Japan, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended.The results of identical studies were interpreted differently in different countries. Since considerable effort is required for each country to separately test relevant studies for their validity and suitability, an international cooperation could simplify the creation of a common basis for guidelines and contribute to improved comparability of international guidelines.

Comparison of International Guidelines on the Accompanying Therapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Reasons for the Differences

Bauer, Katrin,Schroeder, Marcel,Porzsolt, Franz,Henne-Bruns, Doris The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2015 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study was to determine if international guidelines differ in their recommendations concerning additive therapy for advanced, but potentially curable, gastric cancer. A systematic search of the English and German literature was conducted in the databases Medline, Cochrane Database, Embase, and PubMed. The search terms used were 'guidelines gastric cancer,' 'guidelines stomach cancer,' and 'Leitlinien Magenkarzinom.' Six different guidelines published after January 1, 2010, in which the tumors were classified according to the seventh edition of the TNM system (2010), were identified. Although the examined guidelines were based on the same study results, their recommendations concerning accompanying therapy for gastric cancer differ considerably. While perioperative chemotherapy is recommended in Germany, Great Britain, and large parts of Europe, postoperative adjuvant radiochemotherapy or perioperative chemotherapy is recommended in the USA and Canada. In Japan, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended. The results of identical studies were interpreted differently in different countries. Since considerable effort is required for each country to separately test relevant studies for their validity and suitability, an international cooperation could simplify the creation of a common basis for guidelines and contribute to improved comparability of international guidelines.

마취 전 복용에 주의해야 할 약물이나 음식

황원정 대한의사협회 2014 대한의사협회지 Vol.57 No.10

Decisions about stopping or continuing medications perioperatively should be based on withdrawal potential, thepotential for disease progression if therapy is interrupted, and the potential for drug interactions with anesthesia. Ingeneral, most medications are tolerated well through surgery and do not interfere with anesthetic administration. Therefore, most drugs should be continued through the morning of surgery. However, some medications are knownto influence surgical risk or surgical decisions (e.g., antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, some hormonal therapies,and herbal remedies), so it is important to obtain a complete medication list from the patient and to advise adjustingdoses or discontinuing certain potentially complicating medications in advance of surgery. This article reviews generalrecommendations for perioperative management of a number of common medication classes.

수술 전후 항혈소판제제의 관리

오석규 ( Seok Kyu Oh ) 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회지 Vol.85 No.1

Drug-eluting stent (DES) implatation was the major method of coronary revascularization and marked reduction in target-lesion revascularization. Stent thrombosis (ST) is a severe complication that is associated with a high incidence of acute myocardial infarction and death. To prevent ST, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel is recommended for at least 12 months. The premature discontinuation of DAPT is the single most significant predictor of perioperative ST. The risk of surgical bleeding is increased approximately 20% by aspirin or clopidogrel alone, and 50% by DAPT. But the increased risk of perioperative bleeding is not necessarily associated with increased mortality or surgical outcome. Usually, the risk of a cardiovascular event when stopping antiplatelet agents preoperatively is higher than the risk of surgical bleeding when continuing these drugs, except during high risk surgery in a closed space. We remember that DES are never low risk situation for ST and aspirin must never be stopped in all patients with DES. (Korean J Med 2013;85:22-28)

수술 전후 영양지원

오승종 ( Seung Jong Oh ) 한국정맥경장영양학회 2021 한국정맥경장영양학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Malnutrition in surgical patients is a prevalent problem. As the geriatric population gradually increases, surgeons need to be more careful in preventing the risk of iatrogenic malnutrition. Delayed wound healing, exposure to infection, pressure sores, gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth, and immunosuppression in malnourished patients can be prevented or diminished with active nutritional support. Preoperative nutritional assessment and support, as well as adequate postoperative nutrition, will improve surgical outcomes, which in turn will lead to fewer postoperative complications, shorter hospital stays, and lower medical costs. The success of surgery depends not only on technical surgical skills but also on metabolic interventions that take into account the patient’s ability to deliver the metabolic load and provide adequate nutritional support.