연구논문 : 고추씨를 첨가한 청경채 백김치의 저장 중 품질 특성

정현숙 ( Hyun Sook Jung ) 한국식품조리과학회(구 한국조리과학회) 2014 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.30 No.5

To develop a variety of salted vegetables, this study investigated the quality properties and sensory characteristics of pak-choi Baikkimchi with 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7% (w/w) red pepper seed during 50 days at 10℃. The pH of pak-choi Baikkimchi decreased little for the first days but decreased significantly after day 20. The larger amount of the red pepper seed kept pH the less affected. The total acidity of pak-choi Baikkimchi increased within 20 days. Lactic acid bacteria count, pak-choi Baikkimchi with 0% red pepper seed decreased after 30 days` increase, while pak-choi Baikkimchi with 3% and 5% red pepper seed decreased significantly after 20 days` increase. Hunter`s color L value increased during storage but a and b value decreased. Pak-choi Baikkimchi with 0%, 5% and 7% red pepper seed on day 10, pak-choi Baikkimchi with 1% 3% red pepper seed on day 20. Flavor preference was higher on day 20 of storage. In taste analysis, pak-choi Baikkimchi with 3% and 7% red pepper seed higher preference on day 10 and with 5% on day 30. Appearance preference was higher for pak-choi Baikkimchi with 0% and 3% red pepper seed on day 10 and with the others on day 20. Texture preference decreased as the storage time. Overall preference of pak-choi Baikkimchi with 0%, 1% and 7% were higher on day 10, pak-choi Baikkimchi with 3% and 5% red pepper seed were higher on day 20. In conclusion, the quality properties and sensory characteristics of pak-choi Baikkimchi were optimal on day 20 of storage and 3% red pepper seed.

종이포트 육묘시 기비로 혼합된 질소 시비수준이 배추와 청경채 생장에 미치는 영향

김현철,박명선,장윤아,안세웅,최종명 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2019 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.28 No.4

종이포트 육묘를 위해 조제한 피트모스(>2.84mm 체를 통과한 비율이 80-90%)와 펄라이트(1~3mm 등급) 혼합 상토(7:3, v/v)의 적정 질소 기비 수준을 구명하기 위하 여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 기비로 혼합한 질소 농도를 0, 150, 250, 500 및 750mg·L-1으로 조절하였고, 질소를 제외한 필수원소는 모든 처리에서 동일하게 농도를 조 절하였다. 혼합상토를 40-cell 트레이에 충진한 뒤 배추 ‘춘명봄배추’와 청경채 ‘하녹청경채’를 파종하였고 파종 후 각각 21일 및 20일 육묘하였다. 파종 후 매주 상토 를 수집하여 토양 pH, EC 및 무기원소 농도를 분석하 였고, 재배 후 지상부 생장 조사와 식물체 무기원소 함 량 분석을 하였다. 생장 기간 동안 상토의 pH는 완만하 게 상승하였고, EC는 파종 3주 후 급격히 낮아졌다. 수 확 시기에 배추를 육묘한 상토의 pH는 5.3~5.9의 범위 로, 청경채를 육묘한 상토는 4.93~5.39의 범위로 측정되 었고, 청경채를 육묘한 상토의 pH가 더 낮았다. 작물의 지상부 생장은 배추와 청경채 모두 질소 250mg·L-1 처 리구에서 우수했으며 질소 무처리구에서 생장이 가장 저 조 하였다. 식물체내의 무기원소 함량 분석결과 질소 시 비수준이 높을수록 식물체내 질소 함량이 증가하고, P, Ca 및 Mg 함량이 낮아졌다. 질소 시비 수준에 따른 지 상부 건물중 변화에서 배추는 y=-0.0036x2+0.0021x +0.0635(R2=0.9826), 청경채는 y=-0.16x2+0.0009x+0.032 (R2=0.991)의 회귀관계가 성립하였다. 생장이 가장 우수 하였던 처리구의 건물중인 배추 0.40g 및 청경채 0.16g 의 90%를 우량묘 생산을 위한 최저한계로 간주할 때 각각 0.36g 및 0.144g의 건물중을 생산해야 한다. 또한 90%에 해당하는 건물중을 회귀식에 대입하여 계산하면 기비로 첨가할 질소 농도를 배추 육묘시 196∼250mg·L-1 으로, 청경채 육묘시 187~250mg·L-1으로 조절해야 한다 고 판단하였다. The optimum N concentrations incorporated as pre-planting nutrient charge fertilizer were determined for seedling raising using cylindrical paper pots. A root medium was formulated by blending of peat moss (particles smaller than 2.84 mm were 80-90%) and perlite (1 to 3 mm) with the ratio of 7:3 (v/v). The treatment N concentrations incorporated during the root medium formulation were adjusted to 0, 150, 250, 500, and 750 mg·L-1 and the concentrations of essential nutrients except N were equal in all treatments. After making of paper pots and putting into the 40-cell tray, the seeds of Chinese cabbage (‘Chunmyeong Bom Baechu’) and pak-choi (‘Hanog cheonggyeongchae’) were sown. During the raising of seedlings, weekly analysis of medium pH, EC and concentrations of inorganic elements were conducted. After 21 and 20 days after seed sowing of Chinese cabbage and pak-choi, the growth of the above-ground parts were measured and contents of inorganic elements in the plant tissues were analyzed. During the growing period, pH of the root media rose gradually and the EC decreased rapidly at week 3. The pH of root media at harvest was in the range of 5.3 to 5.9 in Chinese cabbage and 4.93 to 5.39 in pak-choi. Growth of the aboveground parts in terms of fresh and dry weight in both the plants were the highest in the 250 mg·L-1 N treatment and the lowest in the control treatment. The elevation of pre-planting N concentrations in root medium resulted in the increase of tissue N content and decrease of P, Ca, and Mg contents. The regression equation derived from the influence of varied pre-planting N concentrations on dry weight of above-ground tissue were y = -0.0036x2 + 0.0021x + 0.0635 (R2 = 0.9826) in Chinese cabbage and y = -0.16x2 + 0.0009x + 0.032 (R2 = 0.991) in pak-choi. When the low critical concentration of pre-plant N is taken at the point where dry weight of above-ground tissue is 10% less than maximum (0.40 g in Chinese cabbage and 0.16 g in pak-choi), those point are 0.36 g and 0.144 g per plant in Chinese cabbage and pak-choi, respectively. The lower critical N concentrations of root media calculated from the regression equations are 196 mg·L-1 for Chinese cabbage and 187 mg·L-1 for pak-choi. These results indicate that optimum pre-plant N concentrations for seedling raising using paper pots are in the range of 196 to 250 mg·L-1 for Chinese cabbage and 187 to 250 mg·L-1 for pak-choi.

Establishment of an Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of haploid inducer genes in Pak-choi plants (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis)

김영천,Thu May Phyo,Rahman Falguni Maliha,윤영재,Jang Jin Hoon,이옥란,이정환 한국식물생명공학회 2024 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.18 No.2

Pak-choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) is a popular vegetative crop in southern China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Owing to the threat of climate change, rapid breeding strategies for vegetable cultivars that are tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses are required. Thus, the rapid fixation of useful agronomic traits using doubled haploid technology is urgent. The haploid- inducer gene is key to doubled haploidization. Two known CENH3 and pPLAIIγ genes, in which altered or partially deleted forms lead to haploid induction, were selected, and direct editing of Pak-choi CENH3 and pPLAIIγ genes (BcCENH3 and BcpPLAIIγ) was conducted using an Agrobacterium-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, BcCENH3 and BcpPLAIIγ genes were characterized by analyzing the spatial expression patterns and subcellular localization. The CENH3 expression levels in carpels and pPLAIIγ in various parts of Pak-choi flowers were higher than those of other parts. BcCENH3 and BcpPLAIIγ proteins targeted in the nucleus and plasma membrane, respectively. Whole plants were successfully regenerated from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) regions of Pak-choi seedlings using the optimized procedure and culture conditions. The regeneration results of SAM explants after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of constructs expressing CRISPR/Cas9 and BcCENH3 or BcpPLAIIγ sgRNAs confirmed four independent BcCENH3-targeted transgenic lines with 2.1%, 1.8%, 1.8%, and 1.7% INDEL frequencies, and three independent BcpPLAIIγ-targeted transgenic lines with 24.5%, 33.7%, and 33.0% INDEL frequencies. Thus, our results suggested the possibility of developing transgenic Pak-choi lines by applying the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to BcCENH3 and BcpPLAIIγ as two haploid-inducer genes.

이산화염소수와 Ultraviolet-C 병합 처리에 따른 레드 치커리와 청경채의 저장 중 품질에 미치는 영향

김현진(Hyun Jin Kim),송현정(Hyeon Jeong Song),송경빈(Kyung Bin Song) 한국식품영양과학회 2011 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.40 No.2

신선 채소 중 레드 치커리와 청경채의 미생물학적 안전성 확보를 위해 50 ppm 이산화염소수와 10 kJ/㎡ UV-C 조사병합 처리에 따른 저장 중 미생물 수 및 품질 변화에 미치는 영향을 처리 후 4±1oC에서 7일 동안 저장하면서 실험하였다. 레드 치커리와 청경채의 총 호기성 세균 수는 대조구와 비교 시, 이산화염소수와 UV-C 병합 처리구에서 2.64, 2.55 log CFU/g 감소시켰으며, 효모 및 곰팡이는 2.41, 2.00 log CFU/g 감소시켰다. 또한, 레드 치커리와 청경채의 저장 7일후, 이산화염소수와 UV-C 병합 처리구의 총 호기성 세균수는 3.71, 3.93 log CFU/g으로 대조구와 비교할 때, 2.60, 2.69 log CFU/g의 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타냈다. 병합처리는 대조구와 비교하여 레드 치커리와 청경채의 저장 중 Hunter 색도 값에 부정적인 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 관능검사에 있어서도 병합 처리구가 대조구보다 저장 중 관능적 품질 유지에도 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과, 50 ppm 이산화염소수와 10 kJ/㎡ UV-C 조사의 병합 처리가 레드 치커리와 청경채의 저장 중에 오염될 수 있는 위해미생물의 감소와 외관적 품질유지에 효과적인 처리 기술이라고 판단된다. The combined effects of 10 kJ/㎡ ultraviolet-C (UV-C) with 50 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) on the qualities of red chicory and pak choi were examined. After the treatment, the samples were stored at 4±1℃ for 7 days. The combined treatment of ClO₂/UV-C reduced the initial populations of total aerobic bacteria in the red chicory and pak choi by 2.64 and 2.55 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to those of the control. Also, the populations of yeast and molds in the red chicory and pak choi by combined treatment were reduced by 2.41 and 2.00 log CFU/g, respectively. In addition, after 7 days of storage the total aerobic bacteria populations in the red chicory and pak choi were reduced to 3.71 and 3.93 log CFU/g, compared to 6.31 and 6.62 log CFU/g for the control, resulting in a significant decrease. Hunter L, a, and b values of red chicory and pak choi were not significantly different among the treatments. Non-thermal treatment caused a negligible change in sensory evaluation. These results suggest that the combined treatment of 50 ppm ClO₂ with 10 kJ/㎡ UV-C can be useful for maintaining the qualities of red chicory and pak choi.

Identification and functional characterization of TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factor genes in Pak-choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis)

정화현,김영천,이정환 한국식물생명공학회 2022 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.16 No.3

TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/ CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) are a group of plant-specific genes that encode transcription factors and play essential roles in plant growth and development. Of these genes, Arabidopsis TCP5 (AtTCP5), TCP13 (AtTCP13), and TCP17 (AtTCP17) regulate flowering time, one of the important factors of plant development. Controlling flowering time of Pak-choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) is a method of improving plant growth conditions, as vegetative tissues such as leaves are not produced after floral transition. To investigate functional conserva- tion in three Pak-choi TCP genes homologous to AtTCP5, AtTCP13, and AtTCP17 in the regulation of flowering time, we isolated BcTCP5, BcTCP13, and BcTCP17 from a Pak-choi cultivar. The deduced amino acid sequences of the selected TCP genes were 65–82% identical to the three aforementioned AtTCP proteins. The expression levels of BcTCP5, BcTCP13, and BcTCP17 were spatially different and were unaffected by vernalization treatment. The three BcTCP proteins also localized in the nucleus, and interacted with Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS D (AtFD) and PHTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (AtPIF4). Overexpression of BcTCP17 in Arabidopsis plants led to an early flowering phenotype by up-regulating endogenous Arabidopsis FOWERING LOCUS T (AtFT) and APETALA1 (AtAP1) expression, suggesting that BcTCP17 regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis. Our results indicated that the three BcTCPs isolated from Pak-choi plants are the equivalents of corresponding AtTCPs, and that BcTCP17 may be a candidate to be used in the regulation of flowering time in Pak-choi plants utilizing the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system.

Genetic diversity and marker‐trait associations in a collection of Pak‐choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis Makino) Accessions

Shuancang Yu,Xiaoyi Wang,Xiuyun Zhao,Deshuang Zhang,Yangjun Yu,Jiabing Xu,Fenglan Zhang 한국유전학회 2010 Genes & Genomics Vol.32 No.5

Pak‐choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis Makino) is one of the most important vegetable, especially in southern China. Morphological traits of Pak‐choi vary widely, and the genetic basis of these variations is largely undescribed. In this study,we evaluated eighty Pak‐choi accessions for genetic diversity based on 29 morphological descriptors and 20 microsatellite (SSR) loci. Our data reveal a high level of diversity in this set of Pak‐choi accessions. Euclidean distance was used for cluster analysis. The UPGMA dendrogram grouped the Pakchoi accessions into five major clusters based on morphological characteristics. As expected, similar morphological characteristics grouped together in cluster branches. Further,population structure was explored to identify subpopulations based on allele frequency. Five groups were identified, and showed considerable correlation with the morphological clusters. Associations between SSR markers and agronomic traits were further investigated using a non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis K‐test and six additional parametric models. Significant associations were found between 18 SSR loci and 28 morphological traits. This study provides evidence that marker‐trait associations can be validated in segregating populations and exploited through marker‐assisted selection.

발아조건과 배지종류 및 양액 농도에 따른 식물공장 재배 청경채와 상추의 묘 생육특성

최효길(Hyo-Gil Choi),권준국(Joon-Kook Kwon),박경섭(Kyoung-Sub Park),강윤임(Yun-Im Kang),조명환(Myeong-Whan Cho),노일래(Il-Rae Rho),강남준(Nam-Jun Kang) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2011 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.20 No.4

본 연구는 식물공장에서 청경채와 상추의 발아조건과 육묘배지 및 육묘 시 양액농도가 묘의 생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 청경채와 상추의 발아율은 광의 유무와 온도처리(15, 20, 25℃) 간에 유의적 차이가 없었으나, 육묘배지 간에는 우레탄스펀지의 경우 파종 전ㆍ후 수분관리 유ㆍ무에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 즉, 우레탄스펀지 배지에서 파종전ㆍ후 수분관리를 하지 않았을 경우 암면에 비해 발아율이 현저히 낮았으나, 수분관리를 해주었을 때에는 암면보다 발아율이 높았으며, 묘의 생육도 암면과 차이가 없었다. 그리고 청경채의 생체중은 EC 1.0dSㆍm?¹에서 1.5dSㆍm?¹에서보다 1.8배 무거웠고, 0.5dSㆍm?¹에서보다는 6배 무거웠다. 상추의 생체중 또한 EC 1.0dSㆍm?¹이 1.5dSㆍm?¹와 0.5dSㆍm?¹에 비해 1.7배와 3.5배 각각 무거웠다. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of germination condition, nursery media and nutrient concentration in plant factory on the growth characteristics of pak-choi and lettuce seedlings. The results showed that temperature (15, 20, 25℃) and light conditions (lighting and no lighting) had no significant effect on germination rate of pak-choi and lettuce, whereas the interaction of growing media (rockwool and urethane sponge) and moisture management before and after sowing had significant effect on germination percentage. In case of no moisture management before and after sowing, germination percentage was much higher in rockwool medium than urethane sponge medium. But germination percentage of urethane sponge was higher than that of rockwool with applying moisture before and after sowing. At the nutrient concentration of EC 1.0 dSㆍm?¹ the fresh weight of pak-choi was heavier than in EC 1.5 and 0.5 dSㆍm?¹ by 1.8 and 6.0 times, respectively. At the nutrient concentration of EC 1.0 dSㆍm?¹ the fresh weight of lettuce was also heavier than in EC 1.5 and 0.5 dSㆍm?¹ by 1.7 and 3.5 times, respectively.

Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi ( <i>Brassica Rapa</i> , Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate

Kim, Moo Jung,Chiu, Yu-Chun,Kim, Na Kyung,Park, Hye Min,Lee, Choong Hwan,Juvik, John A.,Ku, Kang-Mo MDPI 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.5

<P>Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis products and primary metabolites were analyzed in five pak choi cultivars to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on metabolite flux from primary metabolites to glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Among detected glucosinolates (total 14 glucosinolates; 9 aliphatic, 4 indole and 1 aromatic glucosinolates), indole glucosinolate concentrations (153–229%) and their hydrolysis products increased with MeJA treatment. Changes in the total isothiocyanates by MeJA were associated with epithiospecifier protein activity estimated as nitrile formation. Goitrin, a goitrogenic compound, significantly decreased by MeJA treatment in all cultivars. Changes in glucosinolates, especially aliphatic, significantly differed among cultivars. Primary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and sugars also changed with MeJA treatment in a cultivar-specific manner. A decreased sugar level suggests that they might be a carbon source for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in MeJA-treated pak choi. The result of the present study suggests that MeJA can be an effective agent to elevate indole glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products and to reduce a goitrogenic compound in pak choi. The total glucosinolate concentration was the highest in “Chinese cabbage” in the control group (32.5 µmol/g DW), but indole glucosinolates increased the greatest in “Asian” when treated with MeJA.</P>

양수분 흡수율과 양이온 비율에 의한 배추과 엽채류 수경 배양액 개발

최기영(Ki Young Choi),양은영(Eun-Young Yang),박동금(Dong-Kum Park),김영철(Young Chul Kim),서태철(Tae Cheol Seo),윤형권(Hyung Kweon Yun),서효덕(Hyo Duk Seo) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2005 시설원예‧식물공장 Vol.14 No.4

본 실험은 작물의 양수분 흡수율에 근거하여 배추과엽채류 수경재배에 적합한 배양액을 개발하고자 수행 되었다. 원예연구소 배양액(NSH액) 1배액을 기준으로 1/2배액, 1배액, 3/2배액으로 25일간 담액 수경재배 했을 때 청경채와 겨자채는 3/2배액, 케일은 1배액에서 생육이 좋았다. 작물의 양수분 흡수율을 산정하여 얻은 평균 양이온 비는 K 49.5%, Ca 35.8%, Mg 14.7% 였으며, 배추과 작물에 적합한 배양액 N 14, P 3, K 6.8, Ca 4.8, Mg 2 meㆍL?¹을 개발하였다. 개발 배양액을 평가하기 위해 2003년 9월부터 2004년 10월까지 공시 작물을 4회 재배하였다. 개발 배양액에서 작물을 재배했을 때 빠른 상대생장률과 함께 생육이 1.1~2.5배, 비타민 C 함량은 1.06~1.52배 증가하였다. 개발 배양액에 적합한 작물로는 겨자채 ‘Asia curled’, ‘Asia redcurled’ 및 ‘Pamagreen’, 케일 ‘TBC’, ‘Portugal’ 및 ‘Manchu collard', 잎브로콜리 ‘New green’, 청경채, 방울다다기양배추 ‘Green king’와 ‘Red king’, 홍채태, 쌈추 등으로 생육과 항산화 성분인 비타민 C 함량 증가를 통해 기능성 엽채류 생산이 가능하였다. This study was conducted to develop the suitable nutrient solutions for variable Cruciferae leafy vegetables. 1/2, 1 and 3/2 strength of nutrient solution recommended by National Horticultural Research Institute were supplied to plants in deep flow technique systems during 25 days. The growth of pak-choi and leaf mustard 'Asia curled' was highest in the 3/2 strength, and kale 'TBC' in the 1 strength. Mean cation ratio of nutrient solution for pak-choi, leaf mustard and kale was K 49.5%, Ca 35.8% and Mg 14.7%, which was obtained by calculating the uptake rates of water and nutrients. Suitable composition of the nutrient solution for Cruciferae leafy vegetables was N 14, P 3, K 6.8, Ca 4.8, Mg 2 meㆍL?¹. To examine the suitability of nutrient solution developed for Cruciferae vegetables (NSC), plants were grown 4 times from Sep. 2003 to Oct. 2004. When plants were grown in NSC, relative growth rate increased 1.1 to 2.5 times and vitamin C content 1.06 to 1.52 times. The proper plants to apply NSC for functional leaf vegetable production were leaf mustard 'Asia recurled', 'Redcurled' and 'Pamagreen', kale 'TBC', 'Portugal' and 'Manchu collard', leaf broccoli 'New green', pak-choi, baby cabbage 'Red king' and 'Green king', flowering red chinese cabbage and Korean cabbage.

수경재배시 양액 조성 처리가 몇가지 엽채류의 내적 품질에 미치는 영향

강호민(Ho-Min Kang),김일섭(Il Seop Kim) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2005 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.14 No.2

본 실험은 양액조성 및 단비 처리에 의한 엽채류의 질산염과 비타민 C와 같은 내적품질 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 2주일간 정상적인 배양액에서 재배한 후 다시 2주일간 서로 다론 조건의 양액에서 재배한 청경채, 청치마상추, 로메인상추는 단비처리구를 제외하고는 생육에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 내적 품질로 질산염은 야마자키 상추 1배 양액 처리구에서 가장 높았으며 다음으로 +NH₄ 처리구 순서였고 -NO₃와 단비 처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 비타민 C 함량은 대체로 질산염과 반대의 결과를 나타내어 청치마, 로메인상추에서는 단비처리구에서 청경채는 -NO₃처리구에서 가장 높았다. 이들 질산염과 비타민 C 함량간의 상관계수는 청경채는 -0.614, 로메인상추는 -0.651이었으며 특히 청치마상추는 -0.804를 나타내었다. This study was conducted to find out the change of internal quality, such as vitamin C and nitrate contents in some leaf vegetables grown hydropoincally in different nutrient conditions. Pak-choi (Brassica camperistis L. spp. chinesis Jusl.), chungchima (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa cv. Chungchima) and romaine (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam.) lettuces were cultivated for 2 weeks in 4 different nutrient solutions, such as tap water; no-nutrient, added NH₄, discarded NO₃, and supplied Yamazaki' solution for lettuce as a control. The growth of leaf vegetables was not different among nutrient solution treatments except tap water. The nitrate content showed the highest in control, and followed by +NH₄ treatment, -NO₃ and tap water treatment, regardless of kind of vegetables. The vitamin C content in 3 different vegetables showed the opposite result against nitrate content so that the treatment that showing the highest vitamin C content was tap water in romaine and chungchima lettuces, and -NO₃ treatment in pak-choi. The vitamin C and the nitrate content showed high correlations; r=-0.6l4<SUP>*</SUP> in pak-choi, -0.651<SUP>*</SUP> in romaine lettuce, and -0.804<SUP>**</SUP> in chungchima lettuce.