NaOCl의 적용 후 치수강 상아질에 대한 결합강도의 변화와 Sodium Ascorbate에 의한 환원 효과

권수미,김태균,유미경,이광원 대한치과보존학회 2009 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.34 No.6

본 연구에서는 치수강이 개방된 근관와동에 5.25% NaOCl용액을 각각 다른 시간 동안 적용시킨 뒤 접착레진에 의한 미세인장결합강도의 변화를 측정하였으며, 10% sodium ascorbate를 NaOCl 용액에 일정시간 노출시킨 상아질에 다시 10분 동안 적용하여 결합강도에 미치는 효과를 연구하고자 하였다. 연구결과 본 실험에서 상부 치수강 상아질과 하부 치수강 상아질에 대한 결합강도는 모든 실험군내에서 유의한 차이 (p > 0.05)를 보이지 않았다. 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 적용하지 않고 치수강 상아질에 접착시킨 대조군에 비해 20분간 적용시킨 실험군에서는 결합강도의 감소가 초래되었으나 통계적인 유의성 (p > 0.05)은 없었다. 그러나 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 40분과 80분 동안 치수강 상아질에 적용시킨 실험군에서는 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮은(p < 0.05) 결합강도의 변화를 나타내었다. 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 40분동안 그리고 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 처리한 실험군에서는 유의한 결합강도의 회복을 나타내었다. 그러나 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 80분 동안 그리고 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용한 실험군에서는 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p < 0.05)를 보임으로써 여전히 결합강도가 회복되지 못하고 있음을 나타내었다. 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 5분간 적용한 뒤 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용한 실험군에서는 오히려 대조군에 비해 높은 결합강도(p < 0.05)를 보여줌으로써 높은 회복효과를 나타내었다. Clinical suggestion for the limitation of application time of NaOCl solution is needed to avoid large reductions in resin-dentin bond strength. The aim of this study was to measure the change of -tensile bond strength after the various application time of 5.25% NaOCl solution to pulp chamber dentin in endodontic access cavity, and to evaluate the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate application for 10 min on bond strength after the treatment of 5.25% NaOCl solution. In this experiment, there were no statistical differences(p > 0.05) in bond strengths between upper chamber dentin and lower chamber dentin. NaOCl-treated group for 20 min did not show any significant decrease(p > 0.05) in bond strength than non-treated control group. In contrast to that, bond strengths of NaOCl-treated groups for 40 & 80 min were significantly lower(p < 0.05) than that of non-treated control group. 10% sodium ascorbate retreated group for 10 min after 5.25% NaOCl application for 40 min to chamber dentin showed the recovery of bond strength significantly. However, the bond strength of sodium ascorbate retreated group after 5.25% NaOCl application for 80 min was still significantly lower(p < 0.05) compared to the non-treated control group, which means the reductions in resin-dentin bond strength were not fully reversed. On the contrary, sodium ascorbate retreated group after 5.25% NaOCl application for 5 min showed significantly higher(p < 0.05) bond strength compared to the control group, which demonstrates its superior recovery effect. In SEM exminations of specimens retreated with 10% sodium ascorbate after NaOCl application for 40 & 80 min showed that resin tags were formed clearly and densely, but weakly in density and homogeneity of individual resin tag compared to the control specimen.

NaOCL로 처리된 치수강 상아질에서 sodium ascorbate가 미세인장결합강도에 미치는 영향

전수연,이광원,유미경 大韓齒科保存學會 2008 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.33 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 NaOCl로 처리된 치수강 상아질에 total-etching adhesive system(single bond, 3M-ESPE, St Paul MN USA)을 적용할 때 미세인장결합강도에서 sodium ascorbate가 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 발치된 건전한 인간 대구치의 치수강 내면을 다음과 같이 처리하였다. 1군, 0.9% NaCl로 세척; 2군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척; 3군 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 1분간 적용; 4군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 1분간 적용하고 다시 10ml 물로 수세 : 5군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 5분간 적용; 6군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 5분간 적용하고 다시 10ml 물로 수세 ; 7군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용; 8군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용하고 다시 10ml 물로 수세. 처리된 시편들은 total-etching adhe-sive system(Single bond)으로 처리한 후 composite resin(Z250)으로 충전하고, 미세인장강도를 측정하기 전 24시간 동안 보관하였다. 분석 결과 NaOCl 처리 군(2군)은 다른 실험군들에 비해 유의성 있게 낮은 결합 강도를 보였다. NaCl 처리 군(1군)과 sodium ascorbate처리 군(3-8군)은 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다. 이번 연구 결과는 NaOCl로 처리한 치수강 상아질의 Single bond에 대한 미세인장결합강도는 감소되며 , 10% sodium ascorbate를 추가적으로 처리하였을 때 감소된 결합력이 회복됨을 보여주었다. Sodium ascorbate의 다양한 처리시간은 결합력에 영향을 미치지 않았다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of sodium ascorbate on microtensile bond strengths of total-etching adhesive system to pulp chamber dentin treated with NaOCl. Pulp chambers of extracted human non-caries permanent molars were treated as follows: group 1, with 0.9% NaCl; group 2, with 5.25% NaOCl; group 3, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 1min; group 4, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 1 min and 10ml of water; group 5, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 5 min; group 6, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 5 min and 10ml of water; group 7, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 min; group 8, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 min and 10ml of water. Treated specimens were dried, bonded with a total-etching adhe-give system (Single bond), restored with a composite resin(Z250) and kept for 24h at 100% humidity to measure the microtensile bond strength. NaOCl-treated group (group 2) demonstrated significantly lower strength than the other groups. No significant difference in microtensile bond strengths was found between NaCl-treated group (group 1) and sodium ascorbate-treated groups (group 3-8). The results of this study indicated that dentin treated with NaOCl reduced the microtensile bond strength of Single bond. Application of 10% sodium ascorbate restored the bond strength of Single bond on NaOCI-treated dentin. Application time of sodium ascorbate did not have a significant effect.

The synergistic effects of combined NaOCl, gamma irradiation and vitamin B₁ on populations of Aeromonas hydrophila in squid

Park, S.Y.,Kim, B.Y.,Song, H.H.,Ha, S.D. Butterworths ; Taylor Francis ; Elsevier Science 2012 Food control Vol.27 No.1

The present study investigated the synergistic disinfection effects of combined NaOCl/gamma irradiation and NaOCl/vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB> treatment against Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966 in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and squid. The synergistic effects were not dependent on the concentration of NaOCl or the dose of gamma irradiation, but were dependent on the vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB> concentration. Synergistic values for NaOCl/gamma irradiation treatment in TSB and squid were -0.37 to 2.09 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/mL and 0.00-2.92 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g, respectively. The largest synergistic values, 2.09 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/mL in TSB and 2.92 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g in squid, were as a result of treatment with a combination of 40 ppm NaOCl and 1.0 kGy gamma irradiation and 80 ppm NaOCl and 2.0 kGy gamma irradiation, respectively. Synergistic values for NaOCl/vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB> treatment in TSB and squid were 0.59-2.98 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/mL and 0.06-1.35 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g, respectively. The largest synergistic values, 2.98 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/mL in TSB and 1.35 log<SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g in squid, were as a result of treatment with a combination of 300 ppm NaOCl and 1000 ppm vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB> and 1000 ppm NaOCl and 1000 ppm vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB>, respectively. The results in the broth study suggest that the combination of 40 ppm NaOCl and 1.0 kGy gamma irradiation and 300 ppm NaOCl and 1000 ppm vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB> could be regarded as a potential optimum hurdle approach for application to real target foods and(or) food surfaces for the control of A. hydrophila. Moreover, the results in the food study indicate that the combination treatment of 80 ppm NaOCl and 2.0 kGy gamma irradiation and 100 ppm NaOCl and 1000 ppm vitamin B<SUB>1</SUB> could possibly be used in seafood production, processing, and distribution processes to enhance seafood safety.

Combined effect of sodium hypochlorite and gamma-irradiation for the control of <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> in fresh oyster and clam

Park, Shin Young,Chung, Myung-Sub,Ha, Sang-Do Elsevier 2018 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -ZURICH- Vol.91 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigated the synergistic bactericidal effects of treatment with a combination of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and gamma irradiation against <I>Vibrio vulnificus</I> on shucked oysters and clams. The <I>V. vulnificus</I> population decreased to 1.1–4.8 and 1.2–4.8 log<SUB>10</SUB> colony forming units/g in oysters and clams, respectively, after treatment with a combination of NaOCl (20–80 ppm) and gamma irradiation (0.1–2.0 kGy). <I>V. vulnificus</I> was not detected on oysters or clams after exposure to 60–80 ppm NaOCl and then 2.0 kGy gamma irradiation, where a >2-log synergistic reduction in bacterial population was observed. Based on the Weibull model, 5D-values for 5-log reductions were calculated for treatment with 60 ppm NaOCl with 1.1 kGy irradiation and 80 ppm NaOCl with 0.9–1.0 kGy gamma irradiation. These results indicate treating <I>V. vulnificus</I> populations 5 logs in size with a combination of 60 or 80 ppm NaOCl and 0.9–1.1 kGy gamma irradiation could be a strategy used in post-harvest processing of seafood and distribution to enhance the microbial safety of molluscan shellfish.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>V. vulnificus</I> decreased to 1.1–4.8 log in oysters by 20–80 ppm NaOCl +0.1–2.0 kGy γ-irradiation. </LI> <LI> <I>V. vulnificus</I> decreased to 1.2–4.8 log in clams by 20–80 ppm NaOCl +0.1–2.0 kGy γ-irradiation. </LI> <LI> <I>V. vulnificus</I> was not detected in the samples by combined 60–80 ppm NaOCl and 2.0 kGy γ-irradiation. </LI> <LI> 5D-values were calculated for 60 ppm NaOCl/1.1 kGy and 80 ppm NaOCl/0.9–1.0 kGy. </LI> <LI> Combined 60 or 80 ppm NaOCl and 0.9–1.1 kGy γ could be a strategy to enhance the microbial safety. </LI> </UL> </P>

차아염소산나트륨 (NaOCl, Sodium hypochlorite) 에 노출된 굴 (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793) 의 면역 반응 조사

김승현(Seunghyeon Kim),박경일(Kyungil Park) 한국패류학회 2018 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.34 No.3

차아염소산나트륨은 소독제나 방오제로서 가정이나 산업체를 막론하고 널리 사용되는 약품이며, 특히 발전소 등의 냉각수관의 방오제로 널리 사용된다. 그러나 이 약품은 높은 독성으로 인하여 해양으로의 유출시 생태계에 대한 부정적 영향이 우려된다. 따라서 본 연구는 차아염소산나트륨에 노출된 굴의 면역반응을 조사함으로써 해양생태계에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 규명하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 차아염소산나트륨을 0,0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 ppm으로 희석하고 여기에 노출된 굴 유생의 생존율, in vitro 조건에서 굴 혈구의 면역반응, 굴성체의 급성/아만성 면역반응 등을 조사하였다. in vitro 조건은 차아염소산나트륨에 노출 후 시간 경과에 따른 면역반응의 변화와, 차아염소산나트륨이 해수에 의해 분해되는 시간의 경과에 따른 면역반응으로 나누어 조사하였다. 조사결과, 24시간 동안 측정된 굴 유생의 사망율은 1 ppm이상의 농도에서 대조구에 비해 현저히 증가하였으며, 노출 5시간 경과 시 최대 사망률을 나타냈다. in vitro 실험에서는 NaOCl에 노출 시 면역반응이 무처리구에 비해 증가하나, 노출 후 24시간 경과 시 대부분 무처리구와 유사해졌으며, NaOCl을 해수에 희석한 경우에도 동일한 결과가 나타났다. 굴 성체를 NaOCl이 첨가된 해수에서 사육할 경우 nitric oxide (NO) 량은 1 ppm이상에서 4일 이상 노출될 경우 증가하였으나 다른 면역반응은 증가하지 않았다. 한편, 굴 성체의 폐사는 5 ppm에서 사육한 경우에만 나타났으며 15일간 누적폐사율은 25%였다. 따라서 이상의 실험을 종합해 볼 때 NaOCl이 해수 중에 노출 시 굴의 유생이나 성체의 사망율이나 면역반응에 영향을 미치는 농도는 1 ppm 이상인 것으로 판단되었다. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a disinfectant, which is widely used in homes and industries, such as power plants, particularly as an antifouling chemical for cooling water. However, owing to the high toxicity of this chemical, it might have a negative effect on the ecosystem, if leaked into the ocean. In the present study, we investigated the immune response of oysters exposed to NaOCl for determining the possible effects on the marine ecosystem. The survival rate and immune responses of the trochophore larvae in NaOCl diluted to 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1, 5 ppm, and seawater (control), were investigated at different time intervals under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In the in vitro experiments, the changes in immune responses over time after exposure of hemocytes to NaOCl (in vitro-1) and immune responses of hemocytes over time after NaOCl is diluted with sea water (in vitro-2) were studied. We found that the mortality rate of the larvae was the highest at a concentration of more than 1 ppm after 5 h of exposure. Immune responses of the hemocytes exposed to NaOCl increased 12 h after exposure but reached the same level as that of the control after 24 h of exposure in both in vitro-1 and 2. For, in vivo experiment, the level of NO increased if the adult oysters were raised at NaOCl concentrations of 1 ppm or more, for more than 4 d. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the concentration affecting the mortality of larvae or adult, and immune response of adult oysters might be more than 1 ppm.

Effects of Electro-Generated NaOCl on the Destruction of Cyanide and Precipitation of Copper from WPCB Leach Solution

( Mooki Bae ),( Hyunju Lee ),( Youngmin Oh ),( Soo-kyung Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

The removal of cyanide and copper from the WPCBs leach solution using electro-generated NaOCl is investigated. WPCB leach solution was provided through cyanide-based leaching to enhance the selective leaching of gold under minimizing the coleaching of base metals. The efficiency of the destruction of cyanide and precipitation of copper was found to be higher with electro-generated NaOCl (after 5 generation cycles) than that of reagent-grade NaOCl (grade reagent; chlorine concentration, 4.7 g/L). A detailed study of the influential parameters revealed the optimal conditions to be electro-generation of NaOCl, 5 cycles; volume ratio of N/L (NaOCl/leach solution), 1/1; pH, above 9; temperature, 50 ℃; and time, 2 h. Through alkaline chlorination used electro-generated NaOCl, approximately 99% free cyanide and 98% copper were removed by the destruction and precipitation respectively. However, 82% copper could be removed by using reagent-grade NaOCl while most of the cyanide destructed. The precipitated copper powder using electro-generated NaOCl followed the autocatalytic model with the activation energy value of 13.4 kJ/mol. Copper precipitated with reagent-grade NaOCl could also follow the autocatalytic model with the higher value of activation energy (30.9 kJ/mol). The results revealed that the electro-generated NaOCl can eliminate the cyanide and copper with remaining only gold in the final solution.

Effects of NaOCl on Neuronal Excitability and Intracellular Calcium Concentration in Rat Spinal Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Hae In Lee,A-Reum Park,Sang Woo Chun The Korean Academy of Oral Biology 2013 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.38 No.1

Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as modulators of neuronal activity, and are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaOCl, a ROS donor, on neuronal excitability and the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. In current clamp conditions, the application of NaOCl caused a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN), a ROS scavenger. The NaOCl-induced depolarization was not blocked however by pretreatment with dithiothreitol, a sulfhydrylreducing agent. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to confirm whether NaOCl increases the intracellular ROS level. ROS-induced fluorescence intensity was found to be increased during perfusion of NaOCl after the loading of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA). NaOCl-induced depolarization was not blocked by pretreatment with external Ca2+ free solution or by the addition of nifedifine. However, when slices were pretreated with the Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, NaOCl failed to induce membrane depolarization. In a calcium imaging technique using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescence dye fura-2, the [Ca2+]i was found to be increased by NaOCl. These results indicate that NaOCl activates the excitability of SG neurons via the modulation of the intracellular calcium concentration, and suggest that ROS induces nociception through a central sensitization.

Tissue-specific Changes in OGG1 and SOD mRNA Expression Caused by NaOCl Exposure in Black Seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

박호라,김용,여원준,김지혜,한경남 한국해양과학기술원 2017 Ocean science journal Vol.52 No.3

The DNA-damage defense mechanism was studied in black seabreams after oxidative stress caused by exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Liver, muscle, and brain tissues were obtained after different NaOCl-exposure times (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 mg/L), after which oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNA-expression levels were analyzed. At all NaOCl concentrations tested, liver OGG1 expression increased to a maximum in a time-dependent manner after NaOCl exposure and then decreased. In muscles, OGG1 expression increased over time following exposure to a low concentration of NaOCl (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/L), whereas it showed a mixed pattern (both increases and decreases observed) in the high-concentration groups (2 and 3 mg/L). SOD mRNA expression increased over time, both in the liver and muscles. In the brain, both OGG1 and SOD mRNA expression levels were highest after exposure to the lowest NaOCl concentration (0.5 mg/L), whereas basal levels were maintained over time at higher concentrations. These results indicate that OGG1 and SOD provide resistance to oxidative stress in black seabreams. In addition, continuous exposure to oxidative stress can suppress enzyme expression, suggesting a risk for long-term exposure to NaOCl.

전기분해에 의해 제조된 NaOCl을 이용한 염색폐수의 처리 특성(II)

윤용수,하범용,Yoon, Yong-Soo,Ha, Beom-Yong 한국섬유공학회 2006 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.43 No.4

This study was performed to determine the feasibility of electrolytically produced NaOCl solution for the treatment of dyeing wastewater discharged from textile industry. Industrial dyeing wastewater was pre-treated by PAC coagulant and the optimal pH and dosage for coagulation were 6.5 and 0.05 v/v%, respectively In this pre-treatment process $COD_{Mn}$, color and suspended solids removal efficiency were 66%, 91% and 85%, respectively. After pre-treatment by coagulation, NaOCl solution made by electrolysis was used for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The optimal mixing ratio with NaOCl solution and dyeing wastewater was determined to be 1:5 at pH 5.0 and in these conditions, color and removal efficiency were 99% and 88%, respectively. From these results, we can expect that NaOCl solution produced by electrolysis with salt of a lower price can be used for the treatment of industrial dyeing wastewater conveniently and effectively, and can overcome disadvantage of a commercial NaOCl solution with a bad storage and delivery properties to decreas oxidation ability.

The effect of cleaning methods on bond strength of zirconia after saliva contamination

심영보,최안나,손성애,정경화,권용훈,박정길 대한치과재료학회 2017 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.44 No.1

This study evaluated the effects of various cleaning methods on the shear bond strength of zirconia ceramics after saliva contamination. Eighty zirconia disk specimens were divided into 8 groups. All groups were treated with one coat of MDP primer. All specimens (except the negative control) were contaminated with human saliva on the zirconia surface. The positive control went through the bonding procedure immediately after contamination without any cleaning procedure. With the exception of control groups, the remaining six groups were rinsed with water and either applied with MDP recoating (WATER+MDP) or without MDP recoating (WATER). While some were cleaned with a Ivoclean with MDP recoating (IVOCLEAN+MDP) or not applied with MDP recoating(IVOCLEAN), others were cleaned with a 1% NaOCl solution with MDP recoating (NaOCl+MDP) or without MDP recoating (NaOCl). The shear bond strength of all specimens were measured after being stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. The data was analyzed statistically by an analysis of ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test and Student’s t-test was used to compare the shear bond strength according to the re-coating of MDP after the cleaning procedure. The positive control group showed the lowest shear bond strength value, and the WATER group and NaOCl group showed no significant difference when compared to the positive control group. The IVOCLEAN group showed significantly higher shear bond strength when compared to Water group and NaOCl group but not with the group of negative control. After rinsing with water or the NaOCl solution, the comparison of the single coating of MDP and re-coating of MDP showed different shear bond strengths but there was no significant difference to the negative control. After rinsing with Ivoclean, there was no significant difference to the negative control regardless of the recoating of MDP. In conclusion, the shear bond strength was affected by the cleansing procedure and Ivoclean was found to be effective regardless of the re-coating of MDP. When water or the NaOCl solution is used to remove surface contaminants, the re-coating of MDP provides a positive effect on cementation.