뇌성마비 아동의 운동학습 효과 체계적 고찰

김정현,Kim, Jung-Hyun 대한물리치료과학회 2021 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Background: Children with cerebral palsy have difficulty acquiring motor skills through motor learning due to lack of motor planning of the central nervous system and musculoskeletal dysfunction. Motor learning is the acquisition or modification of movements with the aim of developing skilled movements and behaviors. Cerebral palsy improve motor function through motor learning, and effective motor learning mainly depends on practice parameters such as learning feedback. Therefore, we investigate the effect of motor learning in children with cerebral palsy and try to present the possibility of clinical application. Design: A systemic review. Methods: Research papers were published from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2020 and were searched using PubMed and Medline. The search terms are 'task specific training' OR 'motor learning' OR 'feedback(Mesh term)' OR 'goal activity' AND 'cerebral palsy(Mesh term)'. A total of eight papers were analyzed in this study. The paper presented the quality level based on the research evidence, and also presented PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scores to evaluate the quality of design studies in randomized clinical trials. Results: The results showed that motor learning coaching in children with cerebral palsy improved motor function in post and follow up tests. Also, self-control feedback of motor learning is more effective than external control feedback. 100% external control feedback of motor learning is effective in the acquisition phase and 50% external feedback of motor learning is effective in the retain phase. Conclusion: These results suggest that it will be an important data for establishing evidence on the effect of motor learning arbitration methods in children with cerebral palsy to develop clinical applicability and protocols.

연속 반응 시간 과제 수행의 행위 관찰과 운동 상상이 거울신경활성에 미치는 영향

이상열 ( Sang Yeol Lee ),이명희 ( Myung Hee Lee ),배성수 ( Sung Soo Bae ),이강성 ( Kang Seong Lee ),공원태 ( Won Tae Gong ) 대한물리의학회 2010 대한물리의학회지 Vol.5 No.3

Purpose:The object of this study was to examine the effect of motor learning on brain activation depending on the method of motor learning. Methods:The brain activation was measured in 9 men by fMRI. The subjects were divided into the following groups depending on the method of motor learning: actually practice (AP, n=3) group, action observation (AO, n=3) group and motor imagery (MI, n=3) group. In order to examine the effect of motor learning depending on the method of motor learning, the brain activation data were measured during learning. For the investigation of brain activation, fMRI was conducted. Results:The results of brain activation measured before and during learning were as follows; (1) During learning, the AP group showed the activation in the following areas: primary motor area located in precentral gyrus, somatosensory area located in postcentral gyrus, supplemental motor area and prefrontal association area located in precentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus, speech area located in superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, Broca`s area located in inferior parietal lobe and somatosensory association area of precuneus; (2) During learning, the AO groups showed the activation in the following areas: primary motor area located in precentral gyrus, prefrontal association area located in middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus, speech area and supplemental motor area located in superior temporal gyrusand middle temporal gyrus, Broca`s area located in inferior parietal lobe, somatosensory area and primary motor area located in precentral gyrus of right cerebrum and left cerebrum, and somatosensory association area located in precuneus; and (3) During learning, the MI group showed activation in the following areas: speech area located in superior temporal gyrus, supplemental area, and somatosensory association area located in precuneus. Conclusion:Given the results above, in this study, the action observation was suggested as an alternative to motor learning through actual practice in serial reaction time task of motor learning. It showed the similar results to the actual practice in brain activation which were obtained using activation of mirror neuron. This result suggests that the brain activation occurred by the activation of mirror neuron, which was observed during action observation. The mirror neurons are located in primary motor area, somatosensory area, premotor area, supplemental motor area and somatosensory association area. In sum, when we plan a training program through physiotherapy to increase the effect during reeducation of movement, the action observation as well as best resting is necessary in increasing the effect of motor learning with the patients who cannot be engaged in actual practice.

뇌과학적 관점에서 바라본 운동기술 학습의 의미 및 체육 수업방안 탐색

이규일(GyuIlLee),이병준(ByungJoonLee) 한국체육학회 2013 한국체육학회지 Vol.52 No.2

최근 운동기술 학습이 재개념화되고 있다. 진화심리학은 운동기술 학습이 뇌의 진화에 기여하고, 신경과학은 운동기술 학습이 뇌의 기능적 메커니즘 향상에 기여하고 있음을 보고하고 있다. 즉 운동기술 학습이 뇌에 기여하는 친-뇌적 활동이라는 것이다. 이에 따라, 체육교육 분야에서도 교육적 맥락에서 운동기술 학습의 새로운 의미 및 교육적 방안에 대해 논의할 필요가 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 신경과학 관점에서 수행된 운동기술 학습 관련 연구들을 교육적 관점에서 조명해 보고, 이를 통해 운동기술 학습의 새로운 가능성 및 교육적 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 2장에서는 운동기술 수행 혹은 학습의 뇌 구조에 대해 살펴보았으며, 3장에서는 운동기술 기억의 메커니즘으로 부호화, 공고화, 인출을 살펴보았다. 4장에서는 운동기술 학습의 효율성에 기여하는 전략으로써, 연습 구조, 언어 방해 효과, 휴식 효과에 대해 알아보았으며, 5장에서는 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하여, 운동기술 학습의 교육적 의미와 방법적 대안을 제시하였다. Lately, motor skill learning has been re-conceptualized. Evolutionary psychologist reported that the learning contribute on evolution of human brain, also neuroscientist found that the learning develped a funtional mechanism of brain. That is, motor skill learning had properties on brain-friendly. Therefore, in the domain of physical education had to discuss new meanings and educational ways of motor skill learning with an educational perspective. In this study, we reviewed researches about motor skill learning conducted with a neuroscientific perspective, proposed new educational possibilities and ways of motor skill learning. The result was as followings. In 2 chapter, we presented brain structure of motor skill performance or learning, in 3 chapter, a mechanism of motor skill memory(encoding, consolidation, retrieval). And, in 4 chapter, we examined closely the learning strategies to contribute on efficiency of motor skill learning as practical structure, verbal-overshadowing effect, and resting effect. Lastly, we suggested educational meanings and teaching strategies of motor skill learning.

인문,사회과학편 : 국내 운동제어 및 학습 연구의 동향

송용관(YongGwanSong),정기홍(KiHongJoung) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.5

본 연구는 1990년부터 2006년까지 한국체육학회지와 한국스포츠심리학회지에 게재된 운동제어 및 학습 논문들을 대상으로 연구경향을 분석하고 향후 연구방향을 제시하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 237편의 학술논문을 선정하여 내용분석을 실시한 결과, 운동학습(92편, 38.8%)보다는 운동제어 연구(145편, 61.2%)가 상대적으로 많이 수행됐다. 연구대상 특성에서 남성을 대상으로 한 연구(131편, 58.7%)가 많았으며, 주로 10대(70편, 31.4%)와 20대(132편, 59.2%)에 편중됐고, 60대 이상(2편, 0.9%)과 10대 이하(6편, 2.7%)를 대상으로 한 연구는 상대적으로 적었다. 연구방법은 준실험연구(140편, 59.1%)가 가장 많았으며, 연구에 사용된 실험도구는 반응시간 측정(41편, 18.4%), 수평운동측정기(24편, 10.8%), 동작분석기(21편, 9.4%) 순으로 많이 사용되었다. 연구내용에 있어서는 운동제어의 협응(40편, 16.9%)과 운동학습의 지도와 보강피드백(53편, 22.4%)에 많은 관심을 두었다. 연구의 분석결과를 토대로 향후 운동제어 및 학습 연구의 질적 향상을 위해 연구대상, 연구방법, 연구주제 및 내용의 다양성을 논의했다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the research trends shown in the articles on motor control and motor learning, which were published in The Korean Journal of Physical Education and The Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, and to suggest future research directions. For this study, 237 papers regarding motor control and motor learning were selected for contents analysis According to the analysis, studies on Motor control have been conducted twice as much as(145 articles, 61.2%) those on motor learning(92 articles, 38.8%). In terms of research subjects, studies only dealing with male subjects outnumbered those with female, and most studies were conducted on those who were either in their 10 or 20 The number of studies on those who were either over 60 or under 10 was relatively small compared to other age groups. Quasi-experimental researches were used most frequently due to the nature of the academic area, The experimental tools used most in the research was Reaction time measurement followed by Horizontal arm bar and Motion analyzer. As for the research contents, much attention was paid to the coordination of motor control and augmented feedback of motor learning. Based on the research result, the variety of research subjects, methods, trends and contents were discussed for the improvement of the research on motor control and motor learning.

운동심상과 활동관찰을 결합한 관찰학습이 심상능력과 운동기술 학습에 미치는 효과

임창하,최상협,송용관 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2019 체육과학연구 Vol.30 No.3

[Purpose] In general, motor imagery and action observation have been distinguished from each other. Recently, several studies demonstrated that combined approach to motor imagery and action observation can be more effective in motor learning. The present study examined the effects of observation learning combined motor imagery and action observation during acquisition basketball shooting skills. [Methods] We divided with control group, action observation group and observation learning group combined mental image and action observation in the three middle school. Action observation group provided the action observation program, and observation learning group was performed observation learning combined mental image and action observation training. All groups were perform basic basketball skills. Experimental intervention was performed for 10 weeks, and data analysis was performed 3 groups × 2 time repeated ANOVA. [Results] The results indicated that all group were improve after intervention, and subjects who participated in combined mental image and action observation was significant in the interaction effect on the front shoot. Moreover, the interaction effect on the motor imagery ability was significant. [Conclusions] These findings suggest that the use of observation learning combined mental image and action observation strategy potentially optimizes motor skills performance and motor image ability by incorporating motor imagery, especially when observing movements with intent to imitate. [목적] 이 연구는 운동심상과 활동관찰을 결합한 관찰학습이 농구수업 참여자들의 농구 슈팅 기술 및 심상능력 향상에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 검증하는데 있다. [방법] 서울 소재 3개 중학교를 대상으로 통제집단, 활동관찰 집단과 운동심상과 활동관찰을 결합한 혼합집단으로 구분하고 실험을 진행하였다. 활동관찰 집단에게는 농구기술 학습과 관련된 영상을 제공하여 신체적 연습을 병행하게 하였으며, 혼합집단에게는 농구기술과 관련된 운동심상 내용을 제공하여 활동관찰과 함께 신체적 연습을 병행하게 하였다. 이에 반해, 통제집단은 신체적 연습만 수행하도록 하였다. 실험중재는 10주간 진행되었으며, 실험중재 전 사전과 중재 후 사후에 측정된 결과를 바탕으로 3집단×2시기 반복측정 분산분석을 수행하였다. [결과] 연구결과, 혼합집단은 정면 슈팅 기술에서 상호작용 효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 운동심상 능력에 있어서는 모든 하위변인들에서 상호작용 효과가 유의한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 이러한 변화는 활동관찰과 운동심상을 결합한 혼합집단에게서 큰 것으로 확인되었다. [결론] 이 연구를 통해 운동기술의 습득과정에서 운동학습의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 운동심상과 활동관찰을 결합한 연습구조가 연습의 효용성 측면에서 중요하다는 것을 보여준다.

운동학습의 운동처리과정과 운동학습 전략에 대한 이해

윤정은(Yun, Jung-Eun) 한국체육과학회 2022 한국체육과학회지 Vol.31 No.5

The human has the capacity to learn motor skill through practice and experience. The acquisition and long-term memory of motor skills play a fundamental role in our daily lives. Skills such as writing, riding a bicycle or playing tennis are all acquired through repetitive practice. Motor learning refers to the brain information process by which movements are executed more quickly and accurately with practice. In particular, the cerebral cortex plays an important role in motor skill learning. So, this article reviewed the basic principles underlying the neural basis of motor skill learning and a role of cerebral cortical in the motor learning process. In addition, the review focuses on factors that have been shown to enhance the learning of motor skills. Thus, this article contribute to the understanding of information process in cerebral cortex and motor learning strategy in motor skill and can be used guidelines for choosing effective motor learning method for individuals.

The Avian Basal Ganglia Are a Source of Rapid Behavioral Variation That Enables Vocal Motor Exploration

Kojima, Satoshi,Kao, Mimi H.,Doupe, Allison J.,Brainard, Michael S. Society for Neuroscience 2018 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.38 No.45

<P>The basal ganglia (BG) participate in aspects of reinforcement learning that require evaluation and selection of motor programs associated with improved performance. However, whether the BG additionally contribute to behavioral variation (“motor exploration”) that forms the substrate for such learning remains unclear. In songbirds, a tractable system for studying BG-dependent skill learning, a role for the BG in generating exploratory variability, has been challenged by the finding that lesions of Area X, the song-specific component of the BG, have no lasting effects on several forms of vocal variability that have been studied. Here we demonstrate that lesions of Area X in adult male zebra finches (<I>Taeniopygia gutatta</I>) permanently eliminate rapid within-syllable variation in fundamental frequency (FF), which can act as motor exploration to enable reinforcement-driven song learning. In addition, we found that this within-syllable variation is elevated in juveniles and in adults singing alone, conditions that have been linked to enhanced song plasticity and elevated neural variability in Area X. Consistent with a model that variability is relayed from Area X, via its cortical target, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN), to influence song motor circuitry, we found that lesions of LMAN also eliminate within-syllable variability. Moreover, we found that electrical perturbation of LMAN can drive fluctuations in FF that mimic naturally occurring within-syllable variability. Together, these results demonstrate that the BG are a central source of rapid behavioral variation that can serve as motor exploration for vocal learning.</P><P><B>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</B> Many complex motor skills, such as speech, are not innately programmed but are learned gradually through trial and error. Learning involves generating exploratory variability in action (“motor exploration”) and evaluating subsequent performance to acquire motor programs that lead to improved performance. Although it is well established that the basal ganglia (BG) process signals relating to action evaluation and selection, whether and how the BG promote exploratory motor variability remain unclear. We investigated this question in songbirds, which learn to produce complex vocalizations through trial and error. In contrast with previous studies that did not find effects of BG lesions on vocal motor variability, we demonstrate that the BG are an essential source of rapid behavioral variation linked to vocal learning.</P>

반복적 경두부 자기자극이 운동학습과 뇌 운동영역 활성화에 미치는 영향 : 예비연구

박지원,김종만,김연희 한국전문물리치료학회 2003 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.10 No.3

유사,명시적 학습 형태에 따른 럭비 캐치 기술의 학습효과

정하니 ( Ha Ni Jeong ),최재섭 ( Jae Sub Choi ),홍석범 ( Seog Beom Hong ),육동원 ( Dong Won Yook ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2014 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Purpose: It has been debated that which method of implicit or explicit learning on motor skills is more effective in the field of motor learning. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of analogy learning as a means of implicit learning in rugby ball catch. Methods: The task was to catch a rugby ball falling without spin from a building about 8m tall. In this study, male middle school students(N=30) who have never played the sport before were randomly assigned into the analogy learning group, explicit learning group and control group. The analogy learning group was told to catch a baby doll, not a ball, falling from a building and read a news article describing that a person caught a baby falling from a building. They did not learn or receive any information regarding the rugby catching skill, but the participants of the analogy group had to cautiously catch the doll. On the other hand, the explicit learning group was provided with instructions and information regarding the skill and physical movement, and the participants in this group were asked to catch a rugby ball falling from the building. The control group was given no focus instructions. All participants practiced the task (8 times x 5 blocks) and performed a delayed retention test, delayed transfer test, and crossing task transfer test after two weeks. Results: Compared with the effects of explicit instructions and no instructions, the implicit instructions indicated that the analogy learning group enhanced learning on the delayed transfer test. The result means that it might be more beneficial than a direct explicit instruction focusing on physical movements of task itself. Conclusion: Thus, this study provided the evidence of the learning benefits of an implicit instruction for the rugby catching task. In addition, this study suggests coaches, instructors, and teachers apply a new method when teaching a novice as verbal instructions or directly teaching how to do it are not always necessary.

경두개 직류전기자극을 이용한 운동 학습 증진

고성화,신용일 대한뇌신경재활학회 2015 뇌신경재활 Vol.8 No.2

Motor learning is a relatively permanent change of improving motor skills, resulting from repetitive training and an important process of motor recovery in neurorehabilitation. There are various methods of physical therapies, medications, stem cell therapy, invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques for recovery of motor function after stroke. In this review, we describe motor learning and transcranial direct current stimulation among noninvasive neuromodulation techniques to enhance the motor learning.