Effect of Geometric Properties on Dynamic Behavior of Historic Masonry Minaret

Ramazan Livaoglu,Mehmet Hüdai Bastürk,Adem Dogangün,Cavit Serhatoglu 대한토목학회 2016 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.20 No.6

Historical minarets are quite sensitive structures against horizontal loads as they are tall, slender and masonry constructions. Due to their special characters, significant damages are occurred in critical part by devastating earthquakes. These damages lead to more comprehensive studying about minarets. In this study; the effect of geometrical features was investigated for dynamic behavior of seven historical masonry minarets in Bursa. However, dynamic character identification of historical masonry minarets are so difficult. Therefore, ambient vibration test were performed with aim of defining modal parameters of the minarets. Since the structural behavior of historical minarets were also represented with mathematical models, three dimensional (solid) models were implemented by using the finite element software Abaqus Cae. Model updating was performed in order to match the natural frequencies arising from the experimental investigation with those from numerical results. According to the results obtained from both forms, effect of geometric features on the dynamic behavior of minarets was evaluated. The relationships are between the first mode period of the minarets and the structural properties such as height, cross section, boundary condition. Then, the analytical formula was derived from the relationships for rapid estimation of the fundamental period of the typical Ottoman minarets. Finally, it was found that the period of the minarets from the formula close enough to modal test and modal analysis results.

이슬람 건축의 미나레트의 특성에 관한 연구

심복기(Sim Bok-Gi) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.6

In islamic architecture, minaret persisted developing with islamic architecture history. Minaret being subordinate architecture element of mosque, do the most independent architecture element selfishness degree. Minaret existed from early Islamic architecture shows much change aspects by region, age etc. In functional aspect, change according to age and region and develop. Various form according to age and region of minaret shows. Minaret of Islam early is influenced by existing architecture pattern or region's architecture form. Early function is simple by thing to gather prayer. According to Islam imperial prosperity, minaret's form and function became various and symbolic constituent appears. Symbolic element makes minaret can develop on independent architecture constituent. Practical use extent widened as become independent architecture design element that is not simple minaret coming at present age. Islamic architecture's oneness is no change almost in mosque architecture's case, but minaret is utilized on new architecture constituent in present age comparatively freely because of in this restriction.

Dynamic analysis of a historical monument: retrofit using shape memory alloy wires

Hamdaoui, Karim,Benadla, Zahira Techno-Press 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.13 No.3

The effectiveness of using the advanced seismic protection technology based on shape memory alloy (SMA) dampers to preserve a historical minaret is investigated. The proposed studied case, the minaret of Mansourah, is a seven century old minaret located in Tlemcen, Algeria. Its original height was of 47m, while nowadays, the monument is half destructed and its current height reaches the 40m. The proposed seismic retrofit is based on the technique that utilizes SMA wires as dampers for the upper flexible part of the minaret. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is numerically evaluated via non-linear finite element analysis using the structural software ANSYS. The effectiveness of the proposed device in mitigating the seismic hazard is demonstrated by the effective reduction in its dynamic response.

Dynamic analysis of a historical monument: retrofit using shape memory alloy wires

Karim Hamdaoui,Zahira Benadla 국제구조공학회 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.13 No.3

The effectiveness of using the advanced seismic protection technology based on shape memoryalloy (SMA) dampers to preserve a historical minaret is investigated. The proposed studied case, the minaretof Mansourah, is a seven century old minaret located in Tlemcen, Algeria. Its original height was of 47m,while nowadays, the monument is half destructed and its current height reaches the 40m. The proposedseismic retrofit is based on the technique that utilizes SMA wires as dampers for the upper flexible part ofthe minaret. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is numerically evaluated via non-linear finiteelement analysis using the structural software ANSYS. The effectiveness of the proposed device inmitigating the seismic hazard is demonstrated by the effective reduction in its dynamic response.

이슬람 성원의 미나렛이 지닌 종교적 의미: 유럽인의 미나렛에 대한 인식과 논쟁을 중심으로

안신 ( Shin Ahn ) 한국이슬람학회 2010 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.20 No.2

This paper deals with the origin of minaret and its transformation in modern society. Mosque gives us the epitome of Muslim faith. Minaret, mihrab, and minbar are all related to the Muslim life of prayer. The literal meaning of minaret is the place in which Muslims submit themselves to Allah, the cell where monks reside, and the thing which give light to the world. Though Syrian church influenced the formation of minaret, Ziggurat and Roman architectures also effected its development. In the 9th century, Islam introduced the style of tower to Christian basilica in Rome. Muslim communities in Western Europe face the problem of religious identity and construction of mosque and minaret among non-Muslims. In the case of Birmingham, we find the complicated process of dialogue and negotiation between city council officers, builders, and Muslim committees. The meaning of minaret has changed as from the target of hatred to the symbol of multi-culture. In the case of Swiss, right-wing party reduced the symbol of religion to political system. This civil initiation won the minaret ban in the national referendum, using Islamphobia based on prejudice and distortion of Islam. In conclusion, we need to challenge ourselves to rethink our prejudice by understanding Islam from Muslim viewpoint and explaining the diversity of Muslim cultures in their contexts. Paju Masjid`s minarets in Korea and Burj Khalifa in Dubai remind us of the power and faith of Islam in modern society.

Damages of minarets during Erciş and Edremit Earthquakes, 2011 in Turkey

Bayraktar, Alemdar,Altunisik, Ahmet Can,Muvafik, Murat Techno-Press 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.3

This paper illustrates the damages of reinforced concrete and masonry minarets during October 23 (Erci?) and November 9 (Edremit), 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey. Erci? and Edremit are townships located 90km and 18km from Van city center in Turkey, respectively. Ground accelerations and response spectrums for these earthquakes are given in this paper. A total of 63 reinforced concrete and masonry minarets are heavily damaged or collapsed in the city center and villages nearby after both earthquakes. Because of the fact that there is no Turkish standard and specification directly related to design of minarets, nearly all of the constructions are carried out by workers using only their own technical knowledge. So, all of the non-engineering reinforced concrete and masonry minarets completely collapsed or damaged heavily. From the study, it is seen that the damages are due to several reasons such as site effect, location, and length of the fault, reduction in cross section and formation of the discontinuity, use of plain reinforcement steel, use of concrete with insufficient strength, existence of short lap splices and incorrect end hook angle, larger mass and stiffness concentrations on some region, longitudinal reinforcements discontinuity, cracks at the cylindrical body, and damage of spire and end ornament. In addition to these reasons, the two earthquakes hit the minarets within seventeen days, causing progressive damage. So, the existing design and construction practices should be improved to provide sufficient earthquake performance. Also, it is recommended that there should be a safe distance between the minaret and surrounding structures to reduce the loose of life after earthquake.

Damages of minarets during Erciş and Edremit Earthquakes, 2011 in Turkey

Ahmet Can Altunişik,Alemdar Bayraktar,Murat Muvafik 국제구조공학회 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.3

This paper illustrates the damages of reinforced concrete and masonry minarets during October 23 (Erciş) and November 9 (Edremit), 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey. Erciş and Edremit are townships located 90km and 18km from Van city center in Turkey, respectively. Ground accelerations and response spectrums for these earthquakes are given in this paper. A total of 63 reinforced concrete and masonry minarets are heavily damaged or collapsed in the city center and villages nearby after both earthquakes. Because of the fact that there is no Turkish standard and specification directly related to design of minarets, nearly all of the constructions are carried out by workers using only their own technical knowledge. So, all of the non-engineering reinforced concrete and masonry minarets completely collapsed or damaged heavily. From the study, it is seen that the damages are due to several reasons such as site effect, location, and length of the fault, reduction in cross section and formation of the discontinuity, use of plain reinforcement steel, use of concrete with insufficient strength, existence of short lap splices and incorrect end hook angle, larger mass and stiffness concentrations on some region, longitudinal reinforcements discontinuity, cracks at the cylindrical body, and damage of spire and end ornament. In addition to these reasons, the two earthquakes hit the minarets within seventeen days, causing progressive damage. So, the existing design and construction practices should be improved to provide sufficient earthquake performance. Also, it is recommended that there should be a safe distance between the minaret and surrounding structures to reduce the loose of life after earthquake

Response evaluation of historical crooked minaret under wind and earthquake loadings

Ali Ural,Adem Doğangün,Şakir Meraki 한국풍공학회 2013 한국풍공학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Turkey has been hosted various civilizations throughout centuries and it has become one of the oldest settlements all over the world due to the geographical location. Therefore, it has accommodated innumerable historical structures remain from the past civilizations. Protection and conservation of these historical constructions should be the major points for continuity of history. Crooked minaret is one of between these historical invaluable structures. It is located at the city of Aksaray and it dates back approximately 800 years. The minaret has lost its vertical position in time and bends on the North-West direction. In this study, general information is given about minarets and some restoration recommendations are given for crooked minaret based on performed some finite element structural analyses. These analyses are considered into three cases; 1-Dead loading, 2- Wind loading, and 3-Earthquake loadings. Results from the analyses are discussed detailed and some useful recommendations are given in the end of the study.

Response evaluation of historical crooked minaret under wind and earthquake loadings

Ural, Ali,Dogangun, Adem,Meraki, Sakir Techno-Press 2013 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.17 No.3

Turkey has been hosted various civilizations throughout centuries and it has become one of the oldest settlements all over the world due to the geographical location. Therefore, it has accommodated innumerable historical structures remain from the past civilizations. Protection and conservation of these historical constructions should be the major points for continuity of history. Crooked minaret is one of between these historical invaluable structures. It is located at the city of Aksaray and it dates back approximately 800 years. The minaret has lost its vertical position in time and bends on the North-West direction. In this study, general information is given about minarets and some restoration recommendations are given for crooked minaret based on performed some finite element structural analyses. These analyses are considered into three cases; 1-Dead loading, 2-Wind loading, and 3-Earthquake loadings. Results from the analyses are discussed detailed and some useful recommendations are given in the end of the study.

THE TURFAN MINARET INSCRIPTION: A SYMBOL OF CULTURAL CONFLUENCE ON THE SILK ROAD

VOSOOGHI, MOHAMMADBAGHER,KARIMIAN, HASSAN Academia Via Serica 2017 Acta Via Serica Vol.2 No.1

The corridors to the north and south of the $Takl{\bar{a}}m{\bar{a}}k{\bar{a}}n$ (塔克拉瑪干 Ta-ke-la-ma-gan) Desert are the most important regions for cultural confluence on the Silk Road, where caravans made it to the Chinese capital or the Korean Peninsula by the northern road, through the city of Turfan, or the southern path of Khutan. Being an important part of the Silk Road in the course of history, this region was heavily influenced by the cultures of various nations and ethnic communities whose merchants utilized the road to advance their business. The region's language, writing system and literary structure were also affected, so much so that in the course of its tumultuous history, many words, phrases and terms belonging to neighboring cultures found their way into the region, leaving their mark on its linguistic structure. Of the cultural exchanges that took place between the peoples of the region, conspicuous traces can be seen in the architecture, music, literature, texts, and inscriptions. Located in the Turfan region, the minaret of Su Gong (蘇公 Su Gong ) is host to an inscription which bears many signs of such exchanges. As so far no independent research has been conducted to identify the cultural, literary and structural features conveyed in this inscription, the present paper is an attempt to study the inscription in terms of the script, language and syntax in order to unravel the effects of cultures prevalent on the Silk Road on this particular inscription. This study mainly aims to investigate the linguistic structure of the inscription and the impact of the Persian language on Silk Road culture. In fact, we approach the inscription as a symbol of cultural exchange on the Silk Road and will focus on the tradition of Persian inscription-making which affected the Turfan inscription.