Spirulina maxima 의 초음파 및 열수 추출 공정에 따른 항염증 효과 비교 탐색

신재빈(Jae Bin Sin),최운용(Woon Yong Choi),강도형(Do Hyung Kang),이현용(Hyeon Yong Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.12

본 실험은 초음파 전처리를 통한 Spirulina maxima 추출물이 기존의 열수 추출 공정과 비교하여 항산화, 항염증 효과가 증진되는지에 대한 연구를 하였다. 낮은 세포 독성을 통해 안정성을 확보하였으며, 항염증성 효과를 증진시키기 위한 항산화 효능에서는 DPPH의 경우 약 50% 정도 이상의 효능을 보였다. Flavonoid 함량에서는 열수 추출물보다 초음파 공정을 거친 추출물은 10% 정도의 함량 증가를 보였으며, total phenol에서도 함량의 증가를 확인하였다. 또한 이 결과로 일반 천연물보다 항산화능이 좋을 뿐 아니라 독성도 낮은 결과를 얻어 S. maxima의 뛰어난 효능을 입증하였다. 항염증 효과의 경우 NO, TNF-α 및 IL-6 생성량을 확인한 결과 3가지 생성량 모두 열수 추출물보다 초음파 공정을 통하여 항염증 효능의 증대를 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 초음파 공정을 이용해 낮은 온도에서 활성물질들의 파괴가 없을뿐더러 초음파의 높은 에너지로 인하여 더 많은 활성물질들을 추출하여 효능들의 증대로 보이며, 초음파 공정 전처리를 통하여 S. maxima의 두꺼운 세포벽을 효과적으로 파쇄하여 생리활성 물질의 추출이 효과적으로 진행되어 항산화능이 증가하게 되고, 항산화능의 증가로 항염증 효능에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 이 실험 결과들을 바탕으로 S. maxima의 활성 증진 및 기능성 식품으로의 개발에 적용될 것이라고 사료된다. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina maxima treated with ultrasonication and water extraction process. S. maxima extracted via ultrasonication showed low cytotoxicity (16.90%) in a normal human cell line, CCD-986sk. Especially, S. maxima ultrasonication extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities (46.82%) compared to water extract (31.30%) at 100℃. In addition, ultrasonication extract showed a high amount of flavonoids (21.60 ㎎/g) and total phenols (8.36 ㎍/mL). Nitric oxide production by 1.0 ㎎/mL of S. maxima ultrasonication extract strongly inhibited (1.3770 ㎛ 1.0 ㎎/mL of S. maxima ultrasonication extract, which shows strong antioxidant activities. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the ultrasonication process increase anti-inflammatory activity of S. maxima extract.

Comparision of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of enzyme assisted hydrolysate from Ecklonia maxima blades and stipe

Lee, Hyo-Geun,Je, Jun-Geon,Hwang, Jin,Jayawardena, Thilina U.,Nagahawatta, D.P.,Lu, Yu An,Kim, Hyun-Soo,Kang, Min-Cheol,Lee, Dae-Sung,Jeon, You-Jin The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2021 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.24 No.5

Marine brown seaweeds are a source of functional ingredients with various biological properties. They have been used in the food and functional food industries. Brown seaweeds are divided into three parts of blades, stipe, and root. Normally seaweed blades were used as raw materials for biological research. However, there are limited uses on stipes of Ecklonia maxima (E. maxima) depending on the physicochemical, nutritional, and biological properties. Besides, the comparative studies of two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe didn't discover previously. This study aimed to compare the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe in vitro studies to increase the utilization of the two structures of E. maxima. The enzyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, celluclast-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima blades (EMBC) and viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima stipe (EMSV) expressed significant protection on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, EMBC and EMSV treatment remarkably reduced nitric oxide production by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Especially EMBC showed strong inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to EMSV. Taken together research findings suggest that EMBC and EMSV possessed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may be utilized as functional ingredients in the food and functional food sectors.

흰깔대기버섯의 배양적 특성 및 인공재배에 관한 연구

김민경,김동욱,강희완,서건식,Kim, M.K.,Kim, D.U.,Kang, H.W.,Seo, G.S. 국립한국농수산대학교 교육개발센터 2018 현장농업연구지 = Journal of practical agricultural resear Vol.20 No.1

A edible mushroom, Clitocybe maxima (Lentinus giganteusis) commercially cultivated in China and Taiwan. However, the researches of cultivation and cultural characteristics were not reported in Korea. In this study, we conducted on cultural characteristics and artificial cultivation of C. maxima. Six isolates were collected from China(3 isolates, commercial strain), Taiwan(1 isolate, commercial strain) and Korea(2 isolates, wild type). C. maxima and L. giganteus collected in China and Taiwan, respectively, are the same in China and are estimated to be of the same species as cultured characteristics. The mycelial growth of the collected strains was not significantly different in agar medium but it showed the best growth in YPMG in liquid culture. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth and induction of fruit body were 25℃ and 30℃, respectively. In order to artificial cultivation of C. maxima, cultural characteristics and artificial cultivation were carried out using agricultural by-products and forestry by-products materials. Mycelial growth was suitable in rice straw, cottonwood sawdust, corncob and rice seed medium, and it was selected as a cultivation medium. The suitable medium for artificial cultivation of C. maxima was selected to mixed medium 2(compounding ratio(v/v): 55% of hardwood sawdust, 5% of cottonseed pellets, 10% of cottonseed, 15% of beet pulp, 15% of swollen rice husks). It took about 30 days to be able to harvest, it was faster than oyster mushrooms. The cultivation period was about 30days. A isolate, CMA-002 was not initiation to fruit body primordiuma on the used cultivation substrate. Other 5 isolates were initiate and development to fruit body on the substrate used in this study. The strain CMA-003 was initiated to be fruiting body by 8~10 days after induction of fruiting body in all of the substrates. Isolate CMA-003 was generate to a bundle fruit body. Other isolates, however, were form fruit body individually. The CMA-003 strain was likely highly recommendable strains for farming. The optimum conditions for the induction and growth of C. maxima fruit body were 25~30℃, 8 hr illumination per day with white fluorescent lamp, 90~95% relative humidity, and 1,500 ppm of CO₂ concentration in a cultivation room.

컬러 결점을 줄이기 위한 수정된 segment maxima 기반의 색역 추정

하호건(Ho-Gun Ha),장인수(In-Su Jang),이태형(Tae-Hyoung Lee),하영호(Yeong-Ho Ha) 大韓電子工學會 2011 電子工學會論文誌-SP (Signal processing) Vol.48 No.3

본 논문에서는 수정된 segment maxima을 기반으로 한 색역 추정 방법을 제안한다. Segment maxima은 CIELab 공간을 일정한 간격으로 분할하고, 각 분할된 영역의 최외각 측정 데이터를 계산하여 색역을 추정하는 기법이다. 그러나 이 방법은 색공간의 분할 개수에 따라서 지역적인 색역 왜곡이 나타나 색역 사상시에 컬러 결점(color artifact)을 발생시킨다. 색공간 분할 개수가 적으면 높은 채도 부근에서 추정된 색역 정보가 분실되어 컬러 컨투어(color contour) 현상이 발생한다. 이와 반대로 색공간 분할 개수가 많으면 CIELab 밝기 축 부근에서 색역이 오목하게 되는 왜곡이 발생한다. 이러한 지역적인 색역 왜곡은 색역 사상시 결과 영상에 컬러 결점이 유발한다. 제안한 논문에서는 실험을 통하여 측정한 데이터 수에 따른 적절한 색공간 분할 개수를 설정하여 높은 채도 부근에 색역 축소를 줄이며, 오목하게 나타나는 지역적인 색역 왜곡을 다양한 색역 분할에 따른 색역 경계 서술자(gamut boundary descriptor) 비교를 통해 이를 수정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 실험을 통해 제안한 방법이 기존의 segment maxima보다 정확한 장치의 색역을 추정할 수가 있었고, 결과 영상에서도 컬러 컨투어나 반점과 같은 컬러 결점이 줄어듬을 확인 할 수 있었다. In this paper, we proposed a method for estimating an accurate gamut based on segment maxima method. According to the number of segments in the segment maxima, a local concavity is generated in the vicinity of lightness axis or a gamut is reduced in high chroma region. It induces artifacts or deterioration of the image quality. To remove these artifacts, the number of segment is determined according to the number of samples. and a local concavity is modified by extending a detected concave point to the line connecting two adjacent boundary points. Experimental results show that the contours in a uniform color region and speckle artifacts from the conventional segment maxima algorithm are removed.

Effect of the Number of Maxima and Stimulation Rate on Phoneme Perception Patterns Using Cochlear Implant Simulation

Sungmin Lee,Lisa Lucks Mendel 한국언어재활사협회 2016 Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders Vol.1 No.1

Purpose: Maximizing speech perception for cochlear implant (CI) users can be achieved by adjusting mapping parameters. The object of this study was to investigate optimal sets of parameters of stimulation rate and the number of maxima in the CI system. Methods: Listeners’ consonant and vowel perception was measured for different combinations of the number of maxima and stimulation rate using cochlear implant simulated stimuli. Twelve sets of speech stimuli were systematically created by changing the number of maxima and stimulus rate and were presented to 18 listeners with normal hearing. Results: The group mean percent correct scores indicated only two pairs of parameter combinations showed significantly different results. A rate of 1,800 pps and 6 maxima resulted in significantly better consonant performance compared to a rate of 500 pps and 20 maxima. In addition, the 900 pps/8 maxima condition was significantly better compared to 500 pps/20 maxima for the vowel test. Analysis of listeners’ confusion patterns revealed they were more likely to make perception errors for the consonants /ð/, /l/, and /r/ and for the vowels /∧/, /e/, /æ/, and /ɛ/. Information transmission analysis indicated that, among other features, the voicing feature was transmitted best for consonant recognition and the backness feature was the most transmitted for vowel recognition. Conclusions: The results of this study using vocoded speech with listeners with normal hearing contribute to a better understanding of CI users’ confusion patterns and possible ways to optimize cochlear implant signal processing strategies.

저온 초음파 추출에 의한 Spirulina maxima 면역활성 증진

오성호(Sung Ho Oh),한재건(Jae Gun Han),하지혜(Ji Hye Ha),김영(Young Kim),정명훈(Myoung Hoon Jeong),김승섭(Seong Sub Kim),정향숙(Hyang Suk Jeong),최근표(Geun Pyo Choi),박욱연(Uk Yeon Park),강도형(Do Hyung Kang),이현용(Hyeon Yong Lee) 한국식품과학회 2009 한국식품과학회지 Vol.41 No.3

본 실험은 해수에서 배양된 Spirulina maxima를 100℃와 초음파 병행 60℃ 물 추출물, 80℃ EtOH 추출물을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. AOAC법에 의한 일반 조성 및 무기질, 아미노산 조성 분석결과 조 단백질과 무기질 중 나트륨이 각각 56, 60%의 비교적 높은 비율을 차지했으며, 다양한 균주의 필수 아미노산을 포함하고 있었다. 그중 피부와 관련된 leucine의 함량이 9.83%로 상대적으로 풍부하여 S. maxima 피부면역 활성 증진에 효율적인 소재의 가능성을 확인했다. 본 연구에서는 피부 면역과 인체 면역과의 밀접한 상관성이 있으므로 본 연구에서는 T 세포와 B 세포의 생육증진 및 cytokine의 분비량 측정과 NK 세포의 활성 및 항염증 효과인 hyaluronidase 저해 활성 효과를 측정하였다. 먼저 정상세포(HEK293)에 대한 세포독성 결과 인체에 큰 독성을 나타내지 않는 것으로 나타난 S. maxima를 추출조건에 따른 면역증진 효과를 비교한 결과 60℃ 초음파 병행 물 추출물이 면역 B세포와 T세포에서 각각 11.3×10sub{4} cells/mL, 12.8×10sub{4} cells/mL으로 6일째 가장 높은 생육도를 보였다, 이러한 면역 세포들이 분비하는 cytokine(IL-6, TNF-α)의 분비량은 가장 높은 생육도를 보인 60℃ 초음파 병행 물 추출물을 첨가한 B세포, T세포의 경우 IL-6와 TNF-α는 유의적으로 증가된 분비량을 보이며, 면역 및 기능성 소재로서의 활성이 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. B세포에 각 시료를 첨가하여 배양 후 그 배양액을 NK 세포에 첨가하였을 때, 6일 동안 생육도를 관찰하였는데 시료에 대한 생육도가 증가하며, 6일째 12.40×10sub{4} cells/mL를 나타내어 11.49×10sub{4} cells/mL를 나타낸 대조군에 비해 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, 이로써 활성물질을 포함하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 항염증 효과의 hyaluronidase 저해 활성 효과에서 60℃ 초음파 병행 물 추출물이 1.0mg/mL 농도일 때 62.4%의 저해 활성을 보여 100℃ 이상의 고온 추출에서 야기되는 단백질이나 미립자 활성 물질의 파괴가 최소화되고 저온 초음파 추출 시 유용성분들의 용출량 증가와 새로운 물질들의 생산 혹은 활성변형에 의한 추출을 통해 인체면역과 피부면역 활성 증진에 활용이 가능한 효율적인 소재화가 가능한 것을 확인했다. 이로써, 본 연구 논문은 S. maxima의 물질 분리보다 피부면역관련 활성을 통한 소재로서의 탐색이 주목적이므로 향후 이 추출물의 분리, 동정을 통해 피부 면역 활성도에 따라 물질의 구조 분석에 관한 연구를 보이고자 한다. The marine microalga Spirulina maxima was extracted using water or ethanol at 100 or 80℃ and by ultrasonification in water at 60℃. The ultrasonification technique generated the highest yield (19.8%). To be therapeutically useful, the extraction should yield a product with low cytotoxicity and high immunity against skin infections. The cytotoxicity of all extracts (1.0 mg/mL) was below 25%. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the extract generated by ultrasonification was 5%. Extracts prepared in the described manners could inhibit hyaluronidase activity by up to 40% compared to the control. Increased growth of human B, T and NK cells and an increase in cytokine secretion were observed, confirming the interrelationship between both human immune and skin immune activity. The extract prepared by ultrasonification increased the growth of human B, T and NK cells up to 10.3×10sub{4} cells/mL, 11.3×10sub{4} cells/mL and 19.1×10sub{4} cells/mL, respectively. The extract prepared by ultrasonification also greatly increased the secretion of both IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, it was estimated that protein, Na and leucine occupy a high ratio. Accordingly, this study has confirmed that extracts prepared as described have the potential to effectively increase skin immunity.

볼프(Wolff)의 국제법 이론에 대한 서론적 고찰

이근관(Lee Keun Gwan) 국제법평론회 2017 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.46

Among international law scholars, there has been relative absence of interest in the theory of international law by Christian Wolff(1679-1754). During the period of ‘classical’ international law when the concept of state sovereignty reigned supreme, his support for the concept of ‘civitas maxima’ was dismissed as overly idealistic and lacking in positivity. In this article, a preliminary investigation has been conducted into Wolff’s theory of international law, focusing on his concepts of ‘civitas maxima’ and voluntary international law (jus gentium voluntarium). In so doing, the author tries to revisit these concepts from a novel and constructive perspective. For instance, the affinity between the notion of ‘civitas maxima’ and the emerging concept of global community is highlighted. The notion of voluntary international law can also be positively evaluated since it enables one to discover sources of international law by normative intuition. The author goes on to conduct a critique on Wolff’s methodology that places an excessive reliance on natural law, while disregarding state practice. This critique leads to a critical comparison between Wolff and Vattel, who is generally regarded as a faithful disciple of Wolff. Through this comparative analysis, the author argues that despite a high degree of structural and substantive similarities, there are significant differences between the two authors. For instance, their conceptions of voluntary international law differ from each other substantially. In particular, Vattel, while emphasizing the elements of state practice in ascertaining the rules of international law, made a great contribution to the birth of modern or ‘classical’ international law that was founded on the principles of state sovereignty and independence, thus distancing himself from the universalizing tendency of ‘civitas maxima’ strongly contended for by Wolff.

<i>Spirulina maxima</i> Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting GSK-3β Phosphorylation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-β 1–42 in Mice

Koh, Eun-Jeong,Kim, Kui-Jin,Song, Ji-Hyeon,Choi, Jia,Lee, Hyeon Yong,Kang, Do-Hyung,Heo, Ho Jin,Lee, Boo-Yong MDPI 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.11

<P><I>Spirulina maxima</I>, a microalga containing high levels of protein and many polyphenols, including chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. However, the mechanisms where by <I>Spirulina maxima</I> ameliorates cognitive disorders induced by amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>) are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanol extract of <I>Spirulina maxima</I> (SM70EE) ameliorated cognitive impairments induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB> in mice. SM70EE increased the step-through latency time in the passive avoidance test and decreased the escape latency time in the Morris water maze test in Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>-injected mice. SM70EE reduced hippocampal Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB> levels and inhibited amyloid precursor protein processing-associated factors in Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>-injected mice. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase activity was suppressed by SM70EE in Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>-injected mice. Hippocampal glutathione levels were examined to determine the effects of SM70EE on oxidative stress in Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>-injected mice. SM70EE increased the levels of glutathione and its associated factors that were reduced in Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>-injected mice. SM70EE also promoted activation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase signaling pathway and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation. These findings suggested that SM70EE ameliorated Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB>-induced cognitive impairments by inhibiting the increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β caused by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ<SUB>1–42</SUB> in mice.</P>

<i>Spirulina maxima</i> extract prevents cell death through BDNF activation against amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ_1-42) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Koh, Eun-Jeong,Kim, Kui-Jin,Choi, Jia,Kang, Do-Hyung,Lee, Boo-Yong Elsevier 2018 Neuroscience Letters Vol.673 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Spirulina maxima</I> is a blue-green micro alga that contains abundant amounts of proteins (60–70%), vitamins, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). It has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, and prevent diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it is unclear whether <I>Spirulina maxima</I> 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE), chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced cell death. SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC suppressed the Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced increase in poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage and reduced Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced decreases in glutathione and its associated factors. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, was increased by SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC in Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-treated cells. SM70EE treatment decreased oxidative stress and cell death in response to Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB> treatment, while simultaneously suppressing PARP cleavage and increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and its associated factors. Moreover, SM70EE lowered the levels of APP and BACE1, two major factors involved in APP processing, and increased BDNF expression during Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. We suggest that SM70EE prevents cell death caused by Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB> −induced neurotoxicity via the activation of BDNF signaling.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> SM70EE, C-PC, and chlorophyll a reduce Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced neuronal cell death and PARP cleavage in PC12 cells. </LI> <LI> SM70EE, C-PC, and chlorophyll a attenuate oxidative stress by increasing anti-oxidant enzymes after in Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. </LI> <LI> SM70EE, C-PC, and chlorophyll a up-regulate BDNF in Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. </LI> <LI> SM70EE, C-PC, and chlorophyll a inhibit APP processing in Aβ<SUB>1-42</SUB>-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. </LI> </UL> </P>

Harvest of spirulina maxima by using a polymer derived from natural products as gelatin and Cationic guar gum

노원,강창민,이상준,최진수,황민진,김정민 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.0

Spirulina maxima는 오래 전부터 사용이 되어온 조류이고 따뜻한 알칼리성 화산호수에서 많이 발견되고 있다. 높은 단백질을 함유하고 뿐만 아니라 Carotenoids,Vitamins and Mineral을 함유하여 인간과 동물의 식품 첨가제로서 사용되고 있다. 이와 같은 많은 이용에도 불구하고 미세조류의 수확에 있어서 많은 에너지(비용)을 지불하고 있으며 이는 상업화에 있어서 불리하게 작용하고 있다. 또한, spirulina를 생산하는데 있어서 수확공정에서 무기응집제가 사용되어 최종 생산물의 독성문제를 야기시킨다는 보고가 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 천연물유래 소재를 이용하여 미세조류를 응집하고 생산된 바이오매스 및 부산물에 대한 invitro 독성 평가를 수행하였다. 그리고 천연물 유래 소재의 미세조류 수확 효율을 비교하였다.