프로야구선수의 가치평가 요인 탐색: 한국프로야구리그와 메이저리그의 연봉 관련 요인 비교

황수웅,박일혁 한국체육측정평가학회 2018 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of the annual salary of baseball players in KBO league and MLB. Based on this investigation, this study diagnoses the current KBO league market and provides a guideline for developing annual salary indicators appropriate for the KBO league. In order to explore changes of the annual salary determinants in the KBO league, we first compared two groups of seasons: 2012-2016 and 2004-2006. The same analysis was also conducted on MLB players to figure out the difference between the KBO league and MLB. We analyzed records of MLB players in 2014-2016 seasons and compare the annual salary determinants of two baseball leagues. In this process, the principal component analysis is performed to reduce the dimension of the sabermetrics indices, which indicate performance of a player in various aspects. The obtained principal component vectors are used as independent variables of the multiple regression analysis, which provides the determinants of the annual salary. The results of the study are as follows. First, we have found the annual salary determinants of KBO players, which show differences between 2012-2016 seasons and 2004-2006 seasons. In 2012-2016 seasons, the important factors for batter’s salary are performance, the FA and the number of selections in All-Star Game. On the other hand, in 2004-2006 seasons, the important factors are the FA and the number of selections in All-Star Game while performance of a player doesn’t contribute to the annual salary very much. In addition, the result for KBO pitchers also shows differences between 2012-2016 seasons and 2004-2006 seasons. In 2012-2016 seasons, the most important factor for pitcher's salary is the one reflecting winning record while, in 2004-2006 seasons, the most important factor is pitching performance. Second, we have found the annual salary determinants of MLB players, which show differences from KBO players. For MLB players in 2014-2016 seasons, batter’s salary is determined by performance, the career, body weight, the FA and the position, which are almost all variables that we used as input data. In particular, the annual salary of an MLB batter significantly depends on player’s career. In addition, for MLB pitchers in 2014-2016 seasons, the factors contributing to the annual salary are pitching performance, the career, the number of selections in All-Star Game, the FA and left/right throws. The result of this study shows that even in the same league, the importance of each factor evaluating the value of a player does vary depending on seasons. Also player’s specific features are evaluated differently depending on leagues.The conclusions of this study are expected to be guidelines for developing annual salary indicators appropriate for the KBO league. 본 연구의 목적은 한국프로야구 (KBO) 리그와 메이저리그 (MLB) 선수들의 연봉 관련 요인을 탐색하고 , KBO 리그특성에 맞는 연봉 책정 지표개발을 위한 기초자료를 제시하는 것이다 . 시기에 따른 KBO 리그 연봉 관련 요인의변화를 탐색하고자 2012~2016, 2004~2006 시즌 KBO 리그 출전 선수 중 규정이닝과 규정타석을 충족한 투수와타자의 기록으로 주성분분석과 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다 . 또한 2014~2016 시즌 MLB 선수들을 대상으로 KBO 리그 분석과 같은 절차의 분석을 진행하여 양 리그의 연봉 관련 요인을 비교 분석하였다 . 본 연구에서 도출된 결론은 다음과 같다 . 첫째 , KBO 리그 투수와 타자의 연봉 관련 요인은 시기에 따른 변동을 보였다 . 2012~2016 시즌KBO 리그에서는 타자의 경기력과 FA 구분 , 올스타 출전 횟수가 중요한 연봉 관련 요인으로 나타났고 , 선수경력 , 팀 구분 또한 연봉과 유의한 관계를 보였다 . 반면 2004~2006 시즌 KBO 리그 타자의 연봉 관련 요인은2012~2016 시즌과 달리 경기력변수는 연봉과 유의한 관계를 보이지 않았고 , FA 유무 , 올스타 출전 횟수 등 특정변수만이 중요한 요인으로 나타났다 . 또한 KBO 리그 투수의 경우 2012~2016 시즌에는 승리 관련 기록이 중요시되었으나 , 2004~2006 시즌에는 투구능력을 나타내는 기록이 중요한 가치 평가 요인으로 나타났다 . 둘째 , KBO 리그와MLB 는 리그에 따른 연봉 관련 요인에 차이를 보였다 . 2014~2016 시즌 MLB 타자의 연봉 관련 요인은 경기력 , 선수경력 , 몸무게 , FA 구분 , 포지션 구분 등 투입된 대부분의 독립변수에서 유의성을 나타냈고 , 특히 선수의 경력이 중요한 요인으로 나타났다 . 또한 2014~2016 시즌 MLB 투수의 연봉은 투구능력에 대한 기록 , 경력 , 올스타 출전 횟수 , FA 구분 , 좌투우투 구분이 연봉에 영향을 미치는 것 나타났다 . 이와 같은 연구결과는 동일한 리그 내에서도 시간의 흐름에 따라 선수의 가치를 평가하는 기준과 각 요인의 중요도가 달라질 수 있고 , 리그 특성에 따라서선수의 가치 평가가 다르게 이루어질 수 있음을 시사하고 있다 . 본 연구를 통하여 도출된 결론은 KBO 리그에 타당한 연봉 책정 지표 개발을 위한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

MLB 구단의 혁신 채택 및 확산: 야구장 건설 사례

홍성일(SungIlHong) 한국체육학회 2013 한국체육학회지 Vol.52 No.2

본 연구는 Rogers의 확산이론과 Kimberly & Evanisko(1981)의 연구모형을 기반으로 MLB 구단과 관계된 어떠한 요인들이 신설 야구장 건설 채택 및 확산에 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 현대 야구장 건설의 확산을 주도한 볼티모어 오리올스의 구장 건설이 채택된 1989년부터 2010년까지 지방정부의 공공자금이 100 % 투입된 MLB팀들을 제외한 23개 MLB 구단을 분석대상으로 하였다. 사건사 분석 방법을 이용하여 총 7개의 독립변수가 측정되었으며 이 중 평균 좌석 점유율, 다른 리그팀과의 경쟁, 네트워크외부효과, 연고도시의 경제상황이 야구장 건설채택에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나온 반면, 구단주의 근속기간, MLB 리그내 경쟁, 구장의 노후화 정도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 특히 네트워크 외부효과의 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 검증되었으며 이는 확산의 효과가 스포츠산업에본 연구는 Rogers의 확산이론과 Kimberly & Evanisko(1981)의 연구모형을 기반으로 MLB 구단과 관계된 어떠한 요인들이 신설 야구장 건설 채택 및 확산에 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 현대 야구장 건설의 확산을 주도한 볼티모어 오리올스의 구장 건설이 채택된 1989년부터 2010년까지 지방정부의 공공자금이 100 % 투입된 MLB팀들을 제외한 23개 MLB 구단을 분석대상으로 하였다. 사건사 분석 방법을 이용하여 총 7개의 독립변수가 측정되었으며 이 중 평균 좌석 점유율, 다른 리그팀과의 경쟁, 네트워크외부효과, 연고도시의 경제상황이 야구장 건설채택에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나온 반면, 구단주의 근속기간, MLB 리그내 경쟁, 구장의 노후화 정도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 특히 네트워크 외부효과의 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 검증되었으며 이는 확산의 효과가 스포츠산업에서도 존재한다는 것을 의미한다. The purpose of the study was to identify and empirically test the determinants influencing the construction of MLB stadiums from teams` perspective based on Rogers` innovation diffusion theory and Kimberly and Evanisko`s empirical model. Put simply, what factors drive MLB teams to adopt stadium constriction? The sampling frame for the study included 23 MLB teams franchised in the United States. The timeframe for analysis was the period 1989 through 2010. The reason for the selected timeframe was that the Baltimore Orioles` Camden Yards has been evaluated as the start of the current era of professional sport facility construction in terms of its innovative design and great success. Event history analysis was performed to test the significance of the determinant factors influencing the adoption of stadium construction. The results showed that teams` attendance percentage, competition with other leagues, and city`s income variables were statistically significant but the length of owner`s job tenure, league competition, and stadium age variables were not. Of the significant variables, the effect of network externality was the strongest variable influencing the adoption of stadium construction.

미국 메이저리그 관람수요에 대한 연구

홍성일(Sung Il Hong),이정학(Jeoung Hak Lee),이지혜(Ji Hae Lee) 한국사회체육학회 2013 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.51

The purpose of this study was to find the main affecting factors on the number of MLB attendance and provide attendance demand model to measure the affecting factors in more accurate way. A total of 4,694 MLB home games of 29 teams in 2008 and 2009 se ason were used for data analysis. Yet, since Canada do not issue the composite index of coincident indicators, games of Toronto Blue Jays were excluded. To measure the game attendance factors, basic data wa s collected from reliable web-sites, such as Baseball-Reference.com and ESPN.com. And the results are as follow. The match uncertainty and playoff uncertainty influenced on the attendance demand of MLB. Second, the result of other factor measurements supported the theoretical background of antecedent studies, such as the calculation of ticket price had negative influence, attracted more attendance in inter-league rather than intraleague, and during holidays.

머신러닝을 활용한 미국 프로야구의 투수 및 타자의 유형별 출루 및 아웃 예측 모델

안동수,김지민,손주찬,김경외 한국체육과학회 2024 한국체육과학회지 Vol.33 No.1

The study introduces a novel approach for predicting on-base and out outcomes, employing a combination of pitch data analysis, clustering techniques, and machine learning algorithms. MLB StatCast data from 2020 to 2022 was utilized to analyze and categorize pitcher-batter matchup types based on pitcher-specific pitching characteristics, speed, and player type information, and incorporated as variables in the predictive model. Three machine learning algorithms, namely LightGBM, CatBoost and XGBoost were used to forecast real-time pitch results. This model holds the potential to offer valuable insights for optimizing player deployment, devising game strategies, and enhancing overall baseball analytics.

류현진 선수의 메이저리그 진출에 따른 스포츠 전문채널의 방송편성 프로그램 변화 연구

황치철 ( Chi-chul Hwang ),이종영 ( Jong-young Lee ) 한국체육대학교 체육과학연구소 2015 스포츠사이언스 Vol.33 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze how a sport channel, the MBCSportPlus, has changed the scheduling of broadcast programs after Ryu, Hyun-Jin’s transfer to the Major League Baseball(MLB) from the Korean Baseball League(KBL). Drawing upon the content analysis, this research reveals three major findings; First, after Ryu’s transfer to the MLB, there has been a significant increase in MLB programs while dramatically decreasing in the KBL programs and other mega-sporting events, Second, although there has been a sharp decrease in the number of the KBL programs, most of decreased programs were magazine, documentary and entertainment programs related the baseball games, not actual baseball games. Third, Ryu’s transfer to the MLB leads to the increase of the number of Korean baseball players in the MLB, and as a result, it affects the increase of the scheduling of MLB programs in the MBCSportPlus.

MLB 구장의 건축 디자인에 나타난 문화적 지속가능성의 특성

김광회(Kim, Kwang-Hoe),이영한(Lee, Young-Han) 한국생태환경건축학회 2015 한국생태환경건축학회 논문집 Vol.15 No.6

Analyzing the relationship between stadium location and attendance: A location modeling of Major League Baseball (MLB)

임남헌,최완용,Paul Mark Pedersen 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2019 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.31 No.1

The location of a sports facility is one of the significant factors in economically operating and maintaining the facility. The present study used a location theory model to examine the influence of the Major League Baseball (MLB) stadium location on attendance (N=348) for the 2006-2017 MLB regular seasons, taking into consideration the population, median income, and distance between the stadium and the population center of counties nearby the stadium. The optimal location model was determined as the inverse proportion of the squared distance of the first nearest county, and location significantly influenced the attendance (p<.05). Then, based on the results of the location model, the current study analyzed the relationship between the MLB attendance and other attendance determinants by using hierarchical linear modeling. Among 14 different determinants, six variables (i.e., stadium capacity, ticket price, season, as well as the home team’s quality, payroll, and star players) were revealed in the findings to have a significant influence on the MLB attendance (p<.05).

Analyzing the relationship between stadium location and attendance: A location modeling of Major League Baseball (MLB)

( Namhun Lim ),( Wanyong Choi ),( Paul Mark Pedersen ) 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2019 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.31 No.1

The location of a sports facility is one of the significant factors in economically operating and maintaining the facility. The present study used a location theory model to examine the influence of the Major League Baseball (MLB) stadium location on attendance (N = 348) for the 2006-2017 MLB regular seasons, taking into consideration the population, median income, and distance between the stadium and the population center of counties nearby the stadium. The optimal location model was determined as the inverse proportion of the squared distance of the first nearest county, and location significantly influenced the attendance (p < .05). Then, based on the results of the location model, the current study analyzed the relationship between the MLB attendance and other attendance determinants by using hierarchical linear modeling. Among 14 different determinants, six variables (i.e., stadium capacity, ticket price, season, as well as the home team’s quality, payroll, and star players) were revealed in the findings to have a significant influence on the MLB attendance (p < .05).

메이저리그 인식과 채널 충성도가 야구장 광고 태도와 광고 회피에 미치는 영향

전종우(Jong Woo JUN) 한국정보사회학회 2021 정보사회와 미디어 Vol.22 No.3

글로벌 콘텐츠가 자유롭게 유통되면서 해외 스포츠 경기도 국내에 많이 소개되었다. 해외 콘텐츠는 프로그램 내의 광고로 인해 추가적인 비즈니스 기회를 얻게 된다. 본 연구는 국내에 중계되는 메이저리그 야구 프로그램을 대상으로 프로그램에 노출되는 야구장광고에 대한 태도와 광고회피에 미치는 요인을 탐색해 본 것이다, 메이저리그 시청자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 한 결과 인구통계적인 변인의 경우 나이가 어린 시청자들이 야구장 광고에 대한 태도가 긍정적이고 야구장 광고의 회피 성향도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 야구에 대해 친숙한 시청자는 긍정적인 야구장 광고태도를 가지고 있었으며 야구장 광고에 대한 광고회피 성향도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 메이저리그를 유희적으로 소비하는 사람들은 야구장 광고에 대해 긍정적인 태도를 가지고 있었고 야구장 광고를 회피하지도 않았다. 메이저리그 야구에 대한 전송경험을 하게 되면 야구장 광고에 긍정적인 태도를 갖게 만들고, 광고회피도 높게 만드는 것으로 나타났다. 야구 중계를 하는 채널에 충성도가 높은 시청자들은 야구장 광고 태도가 긍정적이었고 야구장 광고도 회피하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 야구장 광고에 대한 학문적인 시사점과 함께 해외 방송 프로그램에 포함되는 광고 효과에 대한 실무적인 시사점도 제공하고 있다. This study explored antecedents of MLB broadcasting programs influencing on baseball stadium advertising and advertising avoidance. The results of this study showed that age of MLB fans negatively influenced stadium advertising and increased advertising avoidance. Baseball familiarity positively influenced stadium advertising and increased advertising avoidance. Playfulness of MLB positively influenced stadium advertising, and negatively influenced advertising avoidance. Transportation of MLB positively influenced both stadium advertising and advertising avoidance. Lastly, channel loyalty positively influenced stadium advertising, and also made people avoid stadium advertising These results provide academic implications of stadium advertising and provide managerial implications of advertising effects of international broadcasting programs.

Winning Back Attendance: Effects of Winning Performance, Online Search, and the MLB Rule Changes for More Dynamic Games

Rhino Kim,장수령 한국마케팅학회 2023 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.25 No.3

As Major League Baseball (MLB)’s continuous decline in popularity has caused its game attendance to drop gradually, the league makes a desperate attempt such as game rule changes to remain relevant. Along with the introduction of new rules to make games more dynamic such as the pitch clock, bigger bases, and defensive shift limitations, it is important for MLB franchises to understand drivers for game attendance. We focus on the effect of accumulated winning performance of the two teams on game attendance, one of the key drivers of game attendance, and investigate how it is influenced by consumer and industry factors such as online search and game rule changes. We find that game attendance increases as the prior winning performance of the home (away) team increases (decreases). We also find that online search and rule changes for more dynamic games moderate the effect of winning performance on game attendance.