A New Concept on Resources Circulation Policy for Electric Vehicles in Korea (Republic of)

( Yong Choi ),( Hyeong-jin Choi ),( Sueng-whee Rhee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Globally, advanced countries will be prohibiting the sale of vehicles using internal combustion engine and promoting the supply of electric vehicles in order to reduce fine dust, air pollutants and carbon dioxide from vehicles. In Korea, 430,000 electric vehicles will be supplied by 2022 according to the atmospheric environmental policy. As the market for electric vehicles may be expanding at home and abroad, lithium ion secondary batteries from electric vehicles will be expected to be generated as wastes gradually. The lithium ion secondary batteries contain various valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, etc. According to Korea Mineral Resource Information Service (KOMIS), the price of lithium increased 2.1 times from 7,576 U$/ton in 2015 to 15,534 U$/ton in 2018. The price of cobalt increased 2.5 times from 28,613 U$/ton to 72,824 U$/ton during the same period. Therefore, it is industrially very economical that valuable materials are recovered from the lithium ion secondary battery. In advanced countries, various resources circulation policies are being used to recover and recycle lithium ion secondary batteries in electric vehicles. In the European Union and Japan, the lithium ion secondary batteries are managed by the Expanded Producer Responsibility (EPR) system and a recycling council was established to recycle the lithium ion secondary batteries continuously. Also, China announced regulations on the recycling of lithium ion secondary batteries for vehicles in 2015, strengthening resources circulation capacity for lithium ion secondary batteries. Electric vehicles are being promoted in Korea but the resources circulation policy for lithium ion secondary batteries is insufficient. In this study, the current status of resources circulation policy for lithium ion secondary batteries from electric vehicles in advanced countries is reviewed. In Korea, a new concept on the policy for the activation of resources circulation for lithium ion secondary battery should be introduced step by step including production, consumption, collection and recycling stage. The new concept of resources circulation policy can be applied in many fileds, including the securing of recycling technology, the construction of capacity build, and the establishment of management system such as EPR system.

리튬 이온 전지용 리튬 코발트 산화물 양극에서의 삽입 전압과 리튬 이온 전도

김대현,김대희,서화일,김영철,Kim, Dae-Hyun,Kim, Dae-Hee,Seo, Hwa-Il,Kim, Yeong-Cheol 한국전기화학회 2010 한국전기화학회지 Vol.13 No.4

본 연구는 밀도 범함수 이론을 이용하여 Li이온전지에 사용되는 Li코발트 산화물에서의 Li이온 삽입 전압과 전도에 관한 것이다. Li이온은 Li코발트 산화물 원자구조의 각 층을 1개씩 채우거나 한 층을 다 채우고 다음 층을 채울 수 있다. 평균 삽입 전압은 3.48V로 동일하나, 전자가 후자보다 더 유리하였다. 격자상수 c는 Li농도가 0.25보다 작을 때는 증가하였으나, 0.25보다 클 때는 감소하였다. Li농도가 증가하면, Li코발트 산화물에서의 Li이온 전도를 위한 에너지 장벽은 증가하였다. Li이온전지가 방전 중 출력 전압이 낮아지는 현상은 Li농도 증가에 따른 삽입 전압의 감소와 전도 에너지 장벽의 증가로 설명할 수 있었다. We performed a density functional theory study to investigate the intercalation voltage and lithium ion conduction in lithium cobalt oxide for lithium ion battery as a function of the lithium concentration. There were two methods for the intercalation of lithium ions; the intercalation of a lithium ion at a time in the individual layer and the intercalation of lithium ions in all the sites of one layer after all the sites of another layer. The average intercalation voltage was the same value, 3.48 V. However, we found the former method was more favorable than the latter method. The lattice parameter c was increased as the increase of the lithium concentration in the range of x < 0.25 while it was decreased as increase of the lithium concentration in the range of x > 0.25. The energy barrier for the conduction of lithium ion in lithium cobalt oxide was increased as the lithium concentration was increased. We demonstrated that the decrease of the intercalation voltage and increase of the energy barrier as the increase of the lithium concentration caused lower output voltage during the discharge of the lithium ion battery.

Lithium-ion Stationary Battery Capacity Sizing Formula for the Establishment of Industrial Design Standard

Chang, Choong-koo,Sulley, Mumuni The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.6

The extension of DC battery backup time in the DC power supply system of nuclear power plants (NPPs) remains a challenge. The lead-acid battery is the most popular at present. And it is generally the most popular energy storage device. However, extension of backup time requires too much space. The lithium-ion battery has high energy density and advanced gravimetric and volumetric properties. The aim of this paper is development of the sizing formula of stationary lithium-ion batteries. The ongoing research activities and related industrial standards for stationary lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. Then, the lithium-ion battery sizing calculation formular is proposed for the establishment of industrial design standard which is essential for the design of stationary batteries of nuclear power plants. An example of calculating the lithium-ion battery capacity for a medium voltage UPS is presented.

Lithium-ion Stationary Battery Capacity Sizing Formula for the Establishment of Industrial Design Standard

Choong-koo Chang,Mumuni Sulley 대한전기학회 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.6

The extension of DC battery backup time in the DC power supply system of nuclear power plants (NPPs) remains a challenge. The lead-acid battery is the most popular at present. And it is generally the most popular energy storage device. However, extension of backup time requires too much space. The lithium-ion battery has high energy density and advanced gravimetric and volumetric properties. The aim of this paper is development of the sizing formula of stationary lithium-ion batteries. The ongoing research activities and related industrial standards for stationary lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. Then, the lithium-ion battery sizing calculation formular is proposed for the establishment of industrial design standard which is essential for the design of stationary batteries of nuclear power plants. An example of calculating the lithium-ion battery capacity for a medium voltage UPS is presented.

72.5 Ah NCM계 파우치형 리튬이온배터리의 표면온도 상승률이 열폭주 발생시간에 미치는 영향 분석

이흥수,홍성호,이준혁,박문우,Lee, Heung-Su,Hong, Sung-Ho,Lee, Joon-Hyuk,Park, Moon Woo 한국안전학회 2021 한국안전학회지 Vol.36 No.5

With the convergence of the information and communication technologies, a new age of technological civilization has arrived. This is the age of intelligent revolution, known as the 4th industrial revolution. The 4th industrial revolution is based on technological innovations, such as robots, big data analysis, artificial intelligence, and unmanned transportation facilities. This revolution would interconnect all the people, things, and economy, and hence will lead to the expansion of the industry. A high-density, high-capacity energy technology is required to maintain this interconnection. As a next-generation energy source, lithium-ion batteries are in the spotlight today. However, lithium-ion batteries can cause thermal runaway and fire because of electrical, thermal, and mechanical abuse. In this study, thermal runaway was induced in 72.5 Ah NCM pouch-type lithium-ion batteries because of thermal abuse. The surface of the pouch-type lithium-ion batteries was heated by the hot plate heating method, and the effect of the rate of increase in the surface temperature on the thermal runaway trigger time was analyzed using Minitab 19, a statistical analysis program. The correlation analysis results confirmed that there existed a strong negative relationship between each variable, while the regression analysis demonstrated that the thermal runaway trigger time of lithium-ion batteries can be predicted from the rate of increase in their surface temperature.

리튬 이온 배터리의 가스 발생 특성에 대한 연구

이준혁(Joon-Hyuk Lee),홍성호(Sung-Ho Hong),이흥수(Heung-Su Lee),박문우(Moon-Woo Park) 한국화재소방학회 2021 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.35 No.5

리튬이온배터리 화재 및 폭발의 주요 원인 중 하나는 배터리에서 발생하는 가연성 가스이며, ESS와 같이 배터리 다수가 밀집된 경우 열폭주 및 화재 전이로 인한 위험성이 크다. 이에 따라 국내·외에서 리튬이온배터리의 가스 발생 및열폭주 현상을 예측하고 예방하기 위한 연구가 다수 진행되고 있으나 아직 현재진행형인 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 리튬이온배터리 열폭주 전후에 발생하는 가스를 분석하여 열폭주로 인한 위험을 경감시킬 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 한다. 발생 되는 가스의 종류 및 특성 등을 파악하여 열폭주 시 조기 감지에 의한 예방의 토대를 구축하는 것이다. 실험을 위해 리튬이온배터리를 외관별(원통형, 각형, 파우치형), 양극재별(NCM, NCA, LFP)로 구분하였고 가로, 세로,높이가 각 1.5 m인 챔버 내에서 리튬이온배터리에 열적 이상 조건을 가하여 시간별로 발생하는 가스를 측정하였다. 가스 측정을 위해 FT-IR 분석장치를 사용하였으며, 별도의 수소 센서를 챔버 내에 설치하여 리튬이온전지의 시간별 가스종류 및 측정량 변화를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 모든 리튬이온배터리에서 CO2와 CO가 가장 많이 발생 되었다. 열폭주이후 각형 및 파우치형에서는 CO2는 증가하고 CO가 감소하였으며, 원통형에서는 CO2와 CO 모두 증가하였다. 독성가스인 HF와 폭발범위가 넓은 H2 또한 발생되었으며, 두 가스의 농도는 상호 간 반비례 관계를 나타냈다. A main cause of fires and explosions in lithium-ion batteries is the generation of combustible gases by them, and whena large number of batteries are densely packed, like in an Energy Storage System, there is a high risk of thermal runawayand fire propagation. Currently, many studies are being conducted worldwide to predict and prevent the generation ofcombustible gases, and thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, but they are still in progress. Therefore, in this study, weanalyzed the gases generated before and after thermal runaway in lithium ion batteries, to prepare a basis for reducing therisk of thermal runaway. We aimed to establish the basis for prevention by early detection in the event of thermal runaway,by understanding the type and characteristics of the generated gases. For the experiment, lithium ion batteries were classifiedin terms of appearance (cylindrical, prismatic, pouch type), and cathode materials (NCM, NCA, LFP). The gases generatedwas measured against time. An FT-IR analyzer was used for gas measurement, and a separate hydrogen sensor was installedin the chamber to analyze changes in the types of gas, and measure the mass of the lithium ion battery over time. In theexperiment, CO2 and CO were generated the most during thermal runaway in all lithium-ion batteries. Thereafter, CO2increased, and CO decreased in the prismatic and pouch types, and both CO2 and CO increased in the cylindrical type. HF(a toxic gas), and H2 having a wide explosive range, were also generated, and the concentrations of these gases were inverselyproportional to each other.

Improved performance of iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in nitrongen doped carbon for lithium ion battery anodes

( Jinaihua ),유승호,성영은 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.1

Efficient energy storage devices with an extended lifetime are required to meet the increasing energy demands in various fields such as electronics, as well as for renewable energy generation systems and electric vehicles. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention as one of the most dominant power sources because of their high power and energy densities. In commercial industry, graphite was used as lithium ion batteries anode. However, graphite already approaches very close to the limited theoretical capacity (372 mA h g^-1) and graphite cannot satisfy the demand of high capacity storage. Therefore, many studies are focused on improving the specific capacity of LIB anode materials. Transition-metal oxides have been studied for use as anode materials due to their high specific capacity. Fe₃O₄ is one of them and the theoretical capacity is 924 mA h g^-1. Nitrogen doping of carbonaceous materials has been studied as an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance. In particular, nitrogen doping of carbon-based materials allows for enhanced interaction with lithium ions and the creation of a great number of active sites. Fe₃O₄ was synthesized by particularly simple way and exhibited improved electrochemical performance when they were employed as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen doped carbon show the reversible capacity as high as 700 mA h g^-1 over 100 cycles at current density of 200 mA h g^-1 in lithium ion batteries applications.

Sn/SnO_x-loaded uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres on graphene nanosheets as an anode for lithium-ion batteries

Lee, Jeongyeon,Hwang, Taejin,Oh, Jiseop,Kim, Jong Min,Jeon, Youngmoo,Piao, Yuanzhe Elsevier 2018 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.736 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To meet the increasing demands for large-scalable application required high capacity and energy density, Sn-based materials as a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries have been widely studied. In this work, a carbon nanostructure of uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres on a graphene nanosheet was prepared by a facile synthesis process. The obtained nanostructure has numerous uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres with a diameter of ∼20 nm attached on graphene nanosheets, and mass production is considerably easy. Then, Sn/SnO<SUB>x</SUB> was loaded into the carbon nanostructure by a typical melt diffusion process, and its electrode delivers the high rate capability of 290.0 mA g<SUP>−1</SUP> at 3.0 A g<SUP>−1</SUP> and the good cyclability of 284.1 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g<SUP>−1</SUP>. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique carbon nanostructure, which mitigates the volume expansion of Sn by the physical barrier of uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres and enables Li-ions or electrons to easily move by the improving electrical conductivity during discharge/charge process. Thus, the Sn loaded nanocomposite is expected to be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A strategy is established for the synthesis of hollow carbon spheres on graphene nanosheets. </LI> <LI> The hollow carbon spheres were used as Sn/SnO<SUB>x</SUB> hosts for lithium ion battery. </LI> <LI> The carbon nanostructure could mitigate the volume expansion of Sn during the cycling. </LI> <LI> The electrode delivers an excellent reversible capacity even after 1000 cycles. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Sn/SnO<SUB>x</SUB>-loaded uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres on graphene nanosheets is fabricated from a facile solventless method and delivers good cycle ability for lithium-ion batteries.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Investigating continuous co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions and graphite exfoliation in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solutions

Song, Hee-Youb,Jeong, Soon-Ki Elsevier 2018 Journal of Power Sources Vol.373 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Forming an effective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a significant issue in lithium ion batteries that utilize graphite as a negative electrode material, because the SEI determines the reversibility of the intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium ions into graphite for secondary batteries. In propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte solutions, ceaseless co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions takes place because no effective SEI is formed. It is indisputable that this continuous co-intercalation leads to graphite exfoliation; however, the reason for this is currently not well understood. In this study, we investigate interfacial reactions that contribute to SEI formation on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in ethylene carbonate (EC) and PC-based electrolyte solutions by in situ atomic force microscopy. The blisters formed on HOPG after the decomposition of solvated lithium ions within the graphite layers do not change over the course of ten electrochemical cycles in an EC-based electrolyte solution. In contrast, when cycling in PC-based electrolytes, the blisters continually change, and the height at the vicinity of the graphite edge plane increases. These morphological changes are attributed to the continuous co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions in PC-based electrolyte solutions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Graphite exfoliation is a problem in propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes. </LI> <LI> Interfacial reactions affecting SEI formation were studied by in-situ AFM and CV. </LI> <LI> No changes were observed over 10 cycles in ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes. </LI> <LI> Overlapping blisters caused graphite exfoliation in PC-based electrolytes. </LI> <LI> PC-solvated Li ions can pass through the blister structures freely. </LI> </UL> </P>

리튬이차전지 양극 소재 성능 향상을 위한 최신 기술 동향 및 연구 전망

박서현 ( Seohyeon Park ),오필건 ( Pilgun Oh ) 한국화상학회 2021 한국화상학회지 Vol.27 No.2

본 논문에서 리튬이온전지용 양극 소재의 개발 동향과 함께 앞으로 필요한 양극 소재의 연구 방향을 제시한다. 현재 리튬이온 전지는 지구 환경 개선을 위한 친환경 에너지로 주목받고 있으며, 전기차와 에너지저장 시스템 등에서의 다양한 활용으로 고용량 및 고안정성 소재 개발에 초점을 맞추어 연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히, 리튬이온전지 양극 소재의 경우 전지의 가격 및 성능을 결정하기 때문에 활발한 연구가 이루어지며, 그중 높은 이론 용량을 가지는 Ni-rich 계 layered 구조의 양극 소재에 대한 연구가 집중되고 있다. 그러나, 고용량 특성을 달성하기 위한 Ni-rich 계 양극 소재는 높은 Ni 조성에 의해 비용량이 증가함에 따라 전기화학적 불안정성 또한 증가하는 문제를 가지기 때문에 활용에 한계를 가진다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 본 논문에서는 양극 소재의 표면 개질 방법과 원소치환 방법에 대해 언급하며, 이에 진일보하여 리튬이온전지의 가격 경쟁력을 확보하기 위한 양극 소재의 연구 방향을 제안한다. This study presents the development trends of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and the future research direction of cathode materials. Currently, lithium-ion batteries have been focused on improving the global environment, and research of lithium-ion batteries continues to concentrate on increasing the capacity and stability as lithium-ion battery application focus moves towards electric vehicles and energy storage systems. The study of cathode materials is considered important in determining the property and cost of lithium-ion batteries. Among such studies, researchers have concentrated on layered structure cathode materials with a high theoretical capacity. However, applying Ni-rich cathodes as a means to achieve high capacity has limited utilization because the high Ni composition in cathode materials causes increasing electrochemical instability during the charge process. In order to solve this problem, this study presents the ideas about the research method of surface modification and atomic substitution, suggesting a novel future research direction for cathode materials to ensure the price competitiveness of lithium-ion batteries.