알칼리 전처리가 white ledger를 이용한 NFC 제조 특성에 미치는 영향

황임정(Im Jeong Hwang),김진모(Jin Mo Kim),이용규(Yong Kyu Lee),원종명(Jong Myoung Won) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2017 펄프.종이技術 Vol.49 No.5

To evaluate the feasibility of NFC production using white ledger as a raw material, deinking and ash removal were carried out and fibrillation was performed with a grinder. In order to compare the fibrillation characteristics of white ledger, the fibrillation of HwBKP and SwBKP was performed in the same manner. Especially, white ledger is expected to be difficult to fibrillate by hornification phenomenon, so it is pretreated with 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% alkali solutions and then fibrillated. White ledger was found to be harder to fibrillate than HwBKP and SwBKP, and when pretreated with a low concentration alkali solution of up to 5%, fibrillation was remarkably improved. FTIR analysis showed no change in absorption band due to fibrillation and alkali pretreatment, and no apparent change in crystallinity and hydrogen bond index was observed. The CED polymerization degree of NFCs decreased with the progress of fibrillation, but the effect of alkali pretreatment was not clear. The average fiber length of NFC was decreased by fibrillation. In the case of HwBKP and SwBKP, the alkaline pretreatment effect on the average fiber length change was not clear. However, in the case of white ledger, the average fiber length was significantly decreased in the early stage of fibrillation and the difference from the untreated case was decreased as the fibrillation progressed. The relative specific energy consumptions in producing NFC at The relative specific energy consumptions in producing NFC at the same fibrillation level were 17.8 Wh/g for HwBKP, 25.1 Wh/g for SwBKP, and 37.4 Wh/g for white ledger, respectively. The specific energy consumption of the white ledger was reduced to 18.1 Wh/g when it is pretreated with 3-5% alkali solution.

근대 일본 가계부의 사회사

李垠庚(Lee, Eun-gyong) 동양사학회 2018 東洋史學硏究 Vol.142 No.-

In this article, I identified the “household ledger” in Japan as a case to show an aspect of modern Japanese society, and more specifically as a historical product for the living of newly emerging middle-class in modern Japanese city. In other words, a household ledger has appeared for “housewives” of middle-class families who take responsibility of both livelihood and child-care in place of husbands who work outside as salary men. In particular, I paid attention to the household ledger of Hani Motoko, a famous activist for women’s lives. She invented a household ledger for housewives who solely depended their households on the income of city salary men (under the anxiety of sudden unemployment without asset) around the time when household bookkeeping had incorporated into female education as more women started to take charge of their livelihood in modern Japan. Motoko’s household ledger reflected her original philosophy and style. Instead of simply recording revenues and expenditures in chronological order, her household ledger was designed to organize an annual “budget” by items based on the statistics of previous years and allowed users to check their balance frequently after spending by subdividing the budget monthly and daily. Thus, it assisted housewives to hold their expenditures below budget. In short, Motoko’s household ledger was not only a record of numerical figures but also a product, which reflected her philosophy as a Christian and ways of “ideal living” that she anticipated from middle-class families in modern Japan. Moreover, a household ledger is also a significant historical record, which connotes their desirable philosophy of living and thus allows comprehensive understandings of the reality of modern Japanese family life.

중앙은행 디지털화폐(CBDC)와 금융거래정보 보호

서자영 한국법학원 2022 저스티스 Vol.- No.189

Central Bank Digital Currency (hereinafter referred to as 'CBDC') is a digital currency issued by the central bank. The issuance and transaction records of CBDC are implemented in CBDC ledgers or electronic devices. It is necessary to protect personal information that can be collected and used in the process of operating the CBDC system. On the other hand, it is necessary to comply with Anti-Money Laundering regulations. In this respect, CBDC cannot be designed to maintain the same level of complete anonymity as cash. Determining the appropriate level of anonymity or personal information protection of the CBDC system is a matter of technology design that sentences various legal principles such as Anti-Money Laundering. Each intermediary institution can acquire personal information when opening a CBDC electronic wallet, and when accessing the electronic wallet after opening. Next, CBDC transaction records such as electronic wallet address, transaction amount, and usage time recorded in the ledger during CBDC transactions can be hash encrypted based on distributed ledger technology and privacy-enhancing technologies. However, in exceptional cases such as financial supervision or law enforcement, it can be designed to identify individuals through decryption procedures. Therefore, CBDC transaction information is not anonymous information under the Personal Information Protection Act, but pseudonym information, in that the possibility of identifying individuals through additional information is open. Information obtained before CBDC issuance and when accessing the CBDC system needs to be stored separately by individual intermediaries on a distinct server from the CBDC transaction ledger. Furthermore, transaction information recorded in the ledger during CBDC transactions should be minimized and pseudonymized as essential information for transactions. This is because it is difficult to change or delete information recorded in the ledger when using distributed ledger technology, and information is continuously accumulated. Transaction transparency should not be guaranteed enough for state agencies to know transaction details without any separate measures. It is necessary to design it to receive transaction information from CBDC ledger nodes for financial supervision or law enforcement. In addition, it is desirable to guarantee the right to choose a payment method by continuing to issue cash and to guarantee the right to use or move CBDC users' transaction records. 중앙은행 디지털화폐(Central Bank Digital Currency, 이하 ‘CBDC’)는 중앙은행이 전자적 형태로 발행하는 화폐이다. 전자적 형태의 속성상 CBDC 원장이나 전자적 기기에 발행 및 거래기록이 담긴다. 설계에 따라서는 전 국민이 사용하는 CBDC 거래이력이 중앙은행 등 특정 기관에 집적될 수 있다. 이에 제도 운영 과정에서 수집·이용 가능한 개인정보에 대한 보호가 필요하다. 한편 CBDC는 금전이고, CBDC 거래는 금전거래로서 자금세탁방지 관련 규정을 준수할 필요가 있다. 이러한 측면에서 CBDC에 대하여 현금과 동등한 수준의 완전한 익명성을 유지하도록 설계할 수는 없다. CBDC 시스템의 개인정보 보호에 대한 적절한 수위를 결정하는 것은 자금세탁방지 등 여러 법익을 형량한 제도 설계의 문제이다. CBDC 발행과 유통 시 중앙은행이나 상업은행 등 중개기관이 취득하는 금융거래정보는 살아 있는 개인에 관한 정보와 그렇지 않은 정보로 나눌 수 있다. CBDC 발행과 유통의 시간적 순서에 따라 취득 가능한 개인정보를 살펴보면, 개별 중개기관은 발행 전 전자지갑 개설 시, 개설 이후 전자지갑 접속 시 본인확인을 위하여 그 자체로 개인을 식별할 수 있는 정보를 취득한다. 다음으로 CBDC 거래 시 원장에 기록되는 전자지갑 주소, 거래금액 및 이용시간 등 거래내역은 분산원장기술과 개인정보 보호 강화 기술을 기반으로 해시화(암호화)하여 개인을 식별할 수 없도록 설계할 수 있다. 그런데 금융감독이나 법 집행과 같은 예외적 경우 암호 해제 절차 등을 통해 다시 개인을 식별할 수 있는 설계가 가능하다. 이처럼 암호화 절차를 거친 거래정보는 원래의 상태로 복원하기 위한 추가 정보의 사용·결합을 통해 개인을 식별할 가능성이 열려 있다는 점에서 개인정보보호법상 익명정보라기 보다는 가명처리를 거친 가명정보에 해당한다. CBDC 발행 전과 시스템 접속 시 취득하는 신원 확인을 위한 정보는 개별 중개기관이 CBDC 거래원장과 분리된 서버에 별도로 저장하여 개인정보 유출 시 파급효과를 최소한도로 할 필요가 있다. 나아가 CBDC 거래 시 원장에 기록되는 거래정보는 거래에 필수적인 정보로 최소화하고 가명처리해야 한다. 분산원장기술을 사용하는 경우 원장에 기록된 정보의 변경이나 삭제가 어렵고 계속하여 정보가 집적된다는 점에서 더욱 그러하다. 한편 중앙은행이 개인의 소액결제기록을 취득하지 아니하고 상업은행 등 중개기관별 거래정보의 총액을 수집하는 방식으로 구현하는 경우, 중앙집중식 정보수집 주체가 등장하는 것을 방지하는 측면에서 유리하다. 나아가 국가기관이 별도의 조치 없이도 거래 내역을 알 수 있을 정도로 거래 투명성을 보장할 수는 없고, 예외적 경우에 금융감독 내지 법 집행을 위하여 분산원장 참여기관으로부터 거래정보를 제공받도록 설계할 필요가 있다. 그리고 현금 발행을 병용하여 지급수단 선택권을 보장하고, CBDC 이용자의 거래기록에 관한 이동권 등을 보장하는 것이 바람직하다.

가계부작성행동과 효과에 관한 연구

성영애(Young Ae Sung) 한국FP학회 2016 Financial Planning Review Vol.9 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 가계부작성행동의 효과를 분석하고 가계부작성행동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구의 분석자료는 엠브레인 트렌드 모니터에서 매년 실시하고 있는 가계부조사 가운데 2014년 원자료이다. 분석결과 가계부작성행동은 어느 정도의 긍정적인 효과가 있다고 결론 내릴 수 있었다. 전반적으로 가계부를 작성하고 있는 집단의 경우 가계부작성의 효과를 가장 높게 평가하고 있었고, 가정생활로 인한 정신적 피로도 점수도 상대적으로 낮았고, 긍정적 감정의 점수 또한 상대적으로 높게 나타났으며, 충동구매의 비율도 상대적으로 낮게 나타난 것이다. 즉 가계부를 작성하는 경우 심리적 효과와 충동구매억제효과가 있다고 할 수 있다. 가계부작성행동은 남성보다는 여성이 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났고, 30대가 상대적으로 더 많이 작성을 하고 있었으며, 주부들의 경우 작성비율이 더 높은 것으로 나타나고 있었다. 반대로 남성의 경우, 50대와 20대의 경우, 무직과 대학생의 경우 가계부작성비율이 상대적으로 낮은데 이들이 가계부를 작성하지 않는 이유는 서로 다르다. 이에 따라 가계부작성을 위한 촉진전략은 가계부를 작성하지 않는 이유에 따라 차별적으로 실시하여야 한다는 시사점을 제안할 수 있었다. The present study investigated the effect of using the household ledger in order to determine the socio-demographic factors affecting its use. The data came from the 2014 Survey of Housekeeping Book conducted by Embrain, an online research company. Consumers were categorized into 4 groups based on their record keeping behavior and the reasons for not using household ledgers. The results showed that 33.6% of the respondents used household ledgers and that these consumers were more likely to highly evaluate the usefulness of record keeping. They felt less fatigue from home management and had more positive emotions in everyday life. They were also less likely to engage in compulsive buying. Record keeping behavior and the reasons for not using household ledgers varied according to socio-demographic factors. Females, those in their 30s and housewives were more likely to use household ledgers. The reasons for not using varied according to gender, age and occupation. Financial planners and educators should consider the reasons why many people do not use household ledgers.

형광증백제가 함유된 백상고지의 재활용에 따른 형광증백제의 거동 분석

이지영,김철환,박종혜,김은혜,성용주,허영준,김영훈,김연오 한국펄프·종이공학회 2015 펄프.종이技術 Vol.34 No.1

White ledger usually includes white office paper, computer paper, and copy machine paper. Because these grades need high optical properties, fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are widely used in the papermaking process. FWAs are the most powerful and effective chemical used to obtain high CIE whiteness and ISO brightness in papers. The rising demand for white or ultra-white papers has increased the use of FWAs. However, FWAs used in white ledger can restrict its use, even though white ledger is widely used as a raw material in paperboard mills. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to control FWAs from white ledger to increase its use in paperboard mills. In this study, the behaviors of disulpho fluorescent whitening agent (D-FWA), tetrasulpo fluorescent whitening agent (T-FWA), and hexasulpho fluorescent whitening agent (H-FWA) during the recycling process were identified as a first step to remove FWAs from white ledger. We prepared four types of papers(dyed with D-FWA, T-FWA, and H-FWA), disintegrated these papers, and made handsheets. This recycling process was carried out three times in a laboratory. After each round of recycling, the handsheets'CIE whiteness and fluorescence index were measured, and the distribution of FWAs in the Z-direction was observed using CLSM images. FWA reductions in the model papers were calculated using fluorescence indices as a function of the number of recycling. FWAs in handsheets containing T-FWA and H-FWA decreased linearly as a function of the number of recycling, but D-FWA did not show a significant reduction in the fluorescence index after recycling. T-FWA and H-FWA showed similar distributions of D-FWA after recycling. Therefore, as much T-FWA and H-FWA as possible must be detached in the early processes of papermaking at paperboard mills.

장비점검 일지의 비정형 데이터분석을 통한 고장 대응 효율화 사례 연구

주연진,김유신,정승렬 한국인터넷정보학회 2020 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.21 No.1

As the importance of the use and analysis of big data is emerging, there is a growing interest in natural language processing techniques for unstructured data such as news articles and comments. Particularly, as the collection of big data becomes possible, data mining techniques capable of pre-processing and analyzing data are emerging. In this case study with a telecom company, we propose a methodology how to formalize unstructured data using text mining. The domain is determined as equipment failure and the data is about 2.2 million equipment check ledger data. Data on equipment failures by 800,000 per year is accumulated in the equipment check ledger. The equipment check ledger coexist with both formal and unstructured data. Although formal data can be easily used for analysis, unstructured data is difficult to be used immediately for analysis. However, in unstructured data, there is a high possibility that important information. Because it can be contained that is not written in a formal. Therefore, in this study, we study to develop digital transformation method for unstructured data in equipment check ledger. 비정형 데이터의 수집, 분석 그리고 활용에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있지만 여전히 비정형 데이터를 효과적으로 활용하지 못하고있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 유수 이동통신 기업의 통신 시설장비 점검 시스템에 기록된 비정형데이터를 분석하여 장비고장대응과 예방에 적극 활용할 수 있는 기반을 만들고자 하였고, 약 220만 건의 작업일지 데이터를 텍스트 마이닝을 통해 구조화/정형화하였다. 이를 위해 장비 고장과 관련된 4가지 분석 프레임, 고장인지, 고장원인, 고장대상, 조치결과를 구성하였고 분석 결과로는 크게 3가지의 효율화 방안과 관련한 인사이트를 얻을 수 있었다. 첫 번째로는 신속한 조치를 통한 시간 단축을 도모하고, 두 번째로는고장장비 Unit 수요를 예측하고, 마지막으로 현장 출동의 최소화를 지원할 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다. 결론적으로, 본 사례연구는통신시설 장비 고장 대응을 위해 데이터 분석 대상을 정형 데이터뿐만 아니라 장비일지라는 비정형 빅데이터로도 범위를 확장했으며, 이를 분석에 활용하기 위해 처음으로 텍스트 마이닝을 시도를 했다는데 의의를 가진다. 또한 N사는 정형 데이터 뿐 만아니라년 80만 건씩 축적되던 비정형 데이터의 활용 가치를 확인할 수 있던 기회를 가졌으며, 향후 비정형 데이터의 활용 방안에 대한 발전방향 그리고 추후의 정형 데이터와의 연계 분석 방안 등에 대한 가이드를 확보할 수 있었다.

형광증백제가 함유된 백상고지의 재활용에 따른 형광증백제의 거동 분석

이지영(Ji Young Lee),김철환(Chul Hwan Kim),박종혜(Jong-Hye Park),김은혜(Eun-Hea Kim),성용주(Yong Joo Sung),허영준(Young-Jun Heo),김영훈(Young-Hoon Kim),김연오(Yeon-Oh Kim) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2015 펄프.종이기술 Vol.47 No.1

White ledger usually includes white office paper, computer paper, and copy machine paper. Because these grades need high optical properties, fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are widely used in the papermaking process. FWAs are the most powerful and effective chemical used to obtain high CIE whiteness and ISO brightness in papers. The rising demand for white or ultra-white papers has increased the use of FWAs. However, FWAs used in white ledger can restrict its use, even though white ledger is widely used as a raw material in paperboard mills. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to control FWAs from white ledger to increase its use in paperboard mills. In this study, the behaviors of disulpho fluorescent whitening agent (D-FWA), tetrasulpo fluorescent whitening agent (T-FWA), and hexasulpho fluorescent whitening agent (H-FWA) during the recycling process were identified as a first step to remove FWAs from white ledger. We prepared four types of papers (dyed with D-FWA, T-FWA, and H-FWA), disintegrated these papers, and made handsheets. This recycling process was carried out three times in a laboratory. After each round of recycling, the handsheets CIE whiteness and fluorescence index were measured, and the distribution of FWAs in the Z-direction was observed using CLSM images. FWA reductions in the model papers were calculated using fluorescence indices as a function of the number of recycling. FWAs in handsheets containing T-FWA and H-FWA decreased linearly as a function of the number of recycling, but D-FWA did not show a significant reduction in the fluorescence index after recycling. T-FWA and H-FWA showed similar distributions of D-FWA after recycling. Therefore, as much T-FWA and H-FWA as possible must be detached in the early processes of papermaking at paperboard mills.

블록체인과 분산장부 기술의 도입을 위한 법적 고찰

정승화 법무부 2017 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.80

Block chain technology is the basic technology of the fourth industrial revolution. Globally, Block chain technology are reviewed for introduction in the sectors of logistics, public health, and medical services, including finance. Block chain technology is evolving into from Block Chain 1.0, Bitcoin to Block Chain 2, Etherium, ect. The blockchain technology can be categorized into public blockchain, consortium blockchain, and private blockchain according to network accessibility and participation authority of proof-of-work. Types of block chains continue to vary in type. Block chain technology is likely to spread rapidly in the event of deregulation and expansion of the application. For support and regulation of block chain technology, a precise understanding of block chain technology and distribution of distributed ledger is needed. In foreign countries, there are legal grounds for block chain technology and distributed ledger. The nation also needs to establish legal grounds for block chain technology and distributed ledger, and requires some outline of such blocks chain types and distributed ledger types. The legal character of a block chain technology an be viewed as an electronic document on a distributed electronic network or distributed electronic data base. The main legal task of block chain technology is to establish a legal basis for access to block chain technology. Second, it is to establish a legal framework for block chain technology. Third, it is preparing to establish the basis for cold-resistance based on the transaction details utilizing block chain technology. Fourth, it is standardization of block chain technology. Finally, it is restrictions on virtual currency using block chain technology. 블록체인 기술은 4차 산업혁명의 기반기술이다. 전 세계적으로 금융을 비롯해 제조, 유통, 물류, 공공, 의료 등에서 도입이 검토하고 있다. 블록체인 기술은 비트코인으로 활용되는 블록체인 1.0, 이더리움으로 활용되는 블록체인 2.0 등으로 발전하고 있다. 블록체인 유형은 공개형, 컨소시엄형, 폐쇄형 3개 유형에서 계속 그 유형이 다양화되고 있다. 블록체인 기술은 앞으로 규제장벽 철폐, 적용사례 확대 등이 이루어지는 경우에는 급속도로 확산될 가능성이 높다. 블록체인 기술에 대한 지원과 규제를 위해서는 블록체인 기술과 분산장부 개념에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 외국의 경우 블록체인 기술과 분산장부에 대한 법적 근거를 마련하고 있다. 우리나라도 블록체인 기술과 분산장부에 관한 법적 근거를 마련하고 법적 지원이나 규제를 위해서는 이러한 블록체인 기술과 분산장부의 개념과 유형 등 대한 어느 정도의 윤곽이 필요하다. 블록체인의 법적 성격은 분산전자네트워크 또는 분산전자데이터베이스 상에 있는 전자문서로 볼 수 있다. 블록체인 기술의 주요법적 과제는 첫째, 블록체인 기술을 이용할 수 있는 법적 근거의 마련이다. 둘째, 블록체인 기술의 법률 체계를 확립하는 것이다. 셋째, 블록체인 기술을 활용한 거래내역에 내한 모니터링 근거를 마련하는 것이다. 넷째 블록체인 기술의 표준화이다. 마지막으로, 블록체인 기술을 활용한 가상화폐에 대한 규제이다. 블록체인 기술을 사용하는 가상화폐에 대한 규제를 위해서는 가상화폐의 그 순기능을 살리기 것이다. 그리고 소비자 보호와 자금세탁방지 등의 관점에서 중립적 인식이 중요하다.

윌리엄 포크너의 『모세여 내려가라』

정현숙(Jeong, Hyunsook) 새한영어영문학회 2018 새한영어영문학 Vol.60 No.2

This study aims to explore the inscape of renunciation of the inheritance and psychological state of Ike McCasline while reading Old Carother’s ledgers. In the ledgers Ike, at first, wanted to discover the glorious past of the Old South, but his findings were the history of sins and evils such as miscegenation, incest, and horrible slavery. Obsessed with Old Carother’s amoral behavior, Ike decided to renunciate the inheritance of the plantation. Before his decision, Ike encountered ‘ledgers’ as an open text like the Bible which has been interpreted and reinterpreted for such a long time. As an open text. ‘ledgers’ provide a chasm and gap through which Ike reinterprets Old Carother’s past. Aside from tangled triangulation of Old Carothers, Eunice, and Tomasina, Brownly episode reveals Buck’s homosexual miscegeny with a slave as well as incestuous liaison between Buck and Buddy. This truth allows us to re-read the entire episode while it brings Ike to realize the fact that the ledgers are not sacred documents but a legitimate excuse full of sins and evils for him to renunciate the land ownership and the very idea of possession as well. In conclusion, reading Go Down, Moses in this way constructs a critical frame that is both diachronic and synchronic, and thus contributes to current debates articulated within the revisionary project of a new open text which enables interpretation and reinterpretation of the text.

블록체인 기반의 부동산등기제도에 관한 시론

신국미(Shin, Gook Mi) 한국지적학회 2021 한국지적학회지 Vol.37 No.3

동일한 데이터를 여러 곳에 보관하는 분산원장을 특징으로 하는 불록체인은 보안성, 안전성, 투명성 등 여러 기술적인 특징을 가지고 있으며, 이로 인해 세계 각국에서 부동산 관련 공적 장부에 블록체인 기술의 활용 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 독일 민법과 달리 등기의 공신력을 인정하지 않는 우리 민법하에서 부동산등기에 블록체인 기술을 도입하는 것은 분산원장에 의한 데이터의 위･변조 방지, 부동산 거래 이력의 추적성을 통해 부실등기의 위험을 줄이고 등기의 공신력을 회복할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 크다. 본 연구는 공적 장부의 하나인 부동산등기시스템에 블록체인 기술을 적용하기 위해 기술적･법제도적 관점에서의 고려사항을 검토하고 의견을 제시하였다. 다만 이것은 실효성 있는 법제적 개선이 이루어지기 위한 시론(試論)에 불과하며 이를 계기로 활발한 연구가 진행되기를 기대해 본다. Blockchain, which is characterized by a distributed ledger that stores the same data in multiple places, has various technical characteristics such as security, safety, and transparency, and as a result, research on the use of blockchain technology in real estate-related public ledger is being actively conducted around the world. The introduction of blockchain technology into real estate registration under the Korean Civil Law, which does not acknowledge the public confidence of registration, unlike the German civil law, can restore the public confidence of registration through traceability of real estate transaction history and prevention of forgery and falsification of data by distributed ledger. This paper reviewed considerations from the technical and legal or institutional point of view and suggested opinions in order to apply blockchain technology to the real estate registration system, which is one of the public ledgers. This research is an initial argument for effective legal improvement, expecting that active research will be conducted based on this research results.