다수단 Mode를 고려한 도시부 도로의 서비스수준 평가방법에 관한 기초연구

박준석,노정현 한국도로학회 2015 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.17 No.2

PURPOSES : The key point of a multimodal LOS (level-of-service) evaluation system is that all of the modes are mutually associated to determine each mode’s LOS. For example, the LOS of the bicycle mode is measured based on not only bicycle volumes, but also automobile volumes. However, the Korea Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) still focuses on the automobile mode in evaluating the LOS of the roads. Additionally, the KHCM’s LOS of the other modes, except for the automobile, is not consistent with actual road conditions. The KHCM, therefore, needs to develop and introduce a multimodal LOS system in order to evaluate the service conditions more accurately . METHODS: As a preliminary step to the introduction of multimodal LOS research, in this study the current problem of the KHCM’s LOS system through a close review and comparison with other HCMs (highway capacity manuals) was identified. Secondly, a field survey and investigation of the urban streets to apply the HCM’s multimodal LOS system was conducted. Finally, a comparison analysis of the results of the HCM and KHCM LOS was performed. RESULTS: In the study, it was found that the results of the LOS for the automobile mode did not show a significant difference between the HCM and KHCM. However, the LOS of the bicycle and pedestrian mode tended to be worse in the multimodal LOS system, which results from considering the effects of the automobile mode. Moreover, it was found that many cases have the potential to improve the overall LOS conditions, while reducing the automobile capacity. CONCLUSIONS: With the introduction of the multimodal LOS system, road diet and complete streets can be easily applied to ans actual road improvement project. Ultimately, the multimodal LOS system should be introduced into the KHCM, which can then be applied to traffic impact studies and other road improvement projects for more accurate evaluations.

다수단 Mode를 고려한 도시부 도로의 서비스수준 평가방법에 관한 기초연구

박준석,노정현 한국도로학회 2015 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.17 No.2

PURPOSES : The key point of a multimodal LOS (level-of-service) evaluation system is that all of the modes are mutually associated to determine each mode’s LOS. For example, the LOS of the bicycle mode is measured based on not only bicycle volumes, but also automobile volumes. However, the Korea Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) still focuses on the automobile mode in evaluating the LOS of the roads. Additionally, the KHCM’s LOS of the other modes, except for the automobile, is not consistent with actual road conditions. The KHCM, therefore, needs to develop and introduce a multimodal LOS system in order to evaluate the service conditions more accurately . METHODS: As a preliminary step to the introduction of multimodal LOS research, in this study the current problem of the KHCM’s LOS system through a close review and comparison with other HCMs (highway capacity manuals) was identified. Secondly, a field survey and investigation of the urban streets to apply the HCM’s multimodal LOS system was conducted. Finally, a comparison analysis of the results of the HCM and KHCM LOS was performed. RESULTS: In the study, it was found that the results of the LOS for the automobile mode did not show a significant difference between the HCM and KHCM. However, the LOS of the bicycle and pedestrian mode tended to be worse in the multimodal LOS system, which results from considering the effects of the automobile mode. Moreover, it was found that many cases have the potential to improve the overall LOS conditions, while reducing the automobile capacity. CONCLUSIONS: With the introduction of the multimodal LOS system, road diet and complete streets can be easily applied to ans actual road improvement project. Ultimately, the multimodal LOS system should be introduced into the KHCM, which can then be applied to traffic impact studies and other road improvement projects for more accurate evaluations.

서울시 보도의 보행 LOS 진단 및 분석방법 개선에 관한 연구

이신해 대한교통학회 2012 대한교통학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Korean Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) has been used when we analyze the pedestrian Level of Service (LOS) of a pedestrian facility. However, the pedestrian LOS by KHCM is largely insensitive to pedestrian congestion levels. The objective of this study is to identify the source of this problem within the KHCM calculation method, and to propose an improved method using the case study from Seoul. Based on KHCM results, the pedestrian LOS is A for more than 90% of the Seoul region, which seems to be unrealistic. On the other hand, this study includes an effective adjustment parameter using the absolute value of effective sidewalk width. Using this method, results shows some changes including newly identified areas of LOS C and LOS D. The analysis of pedestrian LOS is carried out for the entire metropolitan region of Seoul in order to evaluate area wide pedestrian level of service in Seoul. 보행시설의 보행 LOS 산정시 한국도로용량편람의 방법론을 주로 사용하고 있는데, 지나치게 양호한 결과가 도출된다는 문제점이 지속적으로 지적되어 왔다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 현재 널리 이용되고 있는 한국도로용량편람의 보행 LOS 분석방법에 대한 문제점을 파악하고, 서울시 사례를 이용하여, 다양한 보행시설 중 보도의 보행 LOS 분석방법에 대한 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 한국도로용량편람의 분석방법에 의해 서울시 보도의 보행 LOS를 진단한 결과, 전체 대상지점의 90%이상이 LOS A로 판정되어 지나치게 양호한 결과가 도출되었는데, 이의 개선방안으로 유효보도폭의 절대적 값을 고려하는 방안을 제시하였다. 그 결과 LOS C 및 LOS D에서 많은 변화가 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 지금까지 보도를 대상으로 한 보행 LOS 진단 연구가 한정된 지역에 국한되어 진행되었다면 본 연구는 서울시 전역을 대상으로 하여 보도의 보행 LOS를 진단했다는 면에서도 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

보행자도로 서비스 수준 분석방법 개선 연구

김응철,최은진,양주영 대한교통학회 2015 대한교통학회지 Vol.33 No.1

Currently, level of service(LOS) analysis methods for pedestrian sidewalks are provided in Korean Highway CapacityManual(KHCM, 2013). However, conventional methods provided in the KHCM produce most of pedestrian sidewalks’LOS as level A, indicating that existing analysis methods are unable to reflect realistic pedestrian sidewalks’ LOS. Theobjectives of this research are to identify the suitability of current LOS criteria and to propose improved LOS evaluationcriteria and methods with pedestrian volume data carried out for 10,000 sites in 2009. This research proposes new criteriaby using the qualitative definition of LOS proposed by Fruin and Hall, new standard Korean human scale and new criteriaof pedestrian occupancy space. Application results of new criteria show that more realistic results can be achieved than theexisting methods. It is expected that applying the newly developed criteria and methods can make planning, design andconstruction of pedestrian sidewalks more realistic and various. 현재 보행자도로의 LOS분석 방법은 한국도로용량편람(2013)의 보행자시설편에서 제공하고 있다. 그러나 용량편람에서제시하는 보행자도로의 분석방법을 적용하여 LOS를 산출할 경우, 분석지점의 대부분이 A수준으로 산출되어 현실적인 보행자도로의 서비스 수준을 반영하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는, 2009년 조사된 ‘서울시 유동인구조사’ 자료를바탕으로 현재 도로용량편람에서 제시하는 보행자도로의 MOE를 적용하여 LOS기준의 적정성과 문제점을 파악하고, 보다개선되어진 LOS기준을 제시하고자 하였다. 이의 개선방안으로 본 연구에서는 표준인체치수의 최신화, 보행점유공간의 여유폭 고려, Fruin과 Hall의 연구에서 제시하는 LOS의 정성적인 정의를 활용하여 새로운 기준을 제시하였다. 새로운 기준의적용결과 종전의 보행자도로 LOS판단 기준보다 합리적인 결과를 보였으며, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 추후 보행자도로에 관한 현실적이고 다양한 계획·설계·시공이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

철도역사에서 환승거리에 대한 LOS 연구

김광모(Kwang-Mo Kim),김진호(Jin-Ho Kim),신민정(Min-Jung Shin),박용걸(Yong-Gul Park) 한국철도학회 2012 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.10

철도역사에서의 LOS(Level of Service)는 이용객이 느낄 수 있는 편의성을 정도를 수치적인 척도로 나타내며, 국내에서는 보행자의 점유면적에 따른 서비스수준만을 설정하고 있다. 그러나 환승에 대한 이용객의 만족도와 LOS와는 차이가 있으며, 환승시설의 설계 시 사용되는 LOS에 이용객의 만족도를 반영할 수 있는 설계 지침은 미흡한 상황이다 이에 본 연구에서는 철도역사에 대하여 현장조사 및 설문조사를 통해 각 환승역의 현황을 파악하고 환승시설의 설계에 반영할 수 있는 적정한 LOS 산정을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 한다. LOS( Level of Service) for the station is index which is used convenience of passenger. LOS is only reflected service level according to the area of passenger. However, there is some differences between LOS and satisfaction of passengers. Also LOS which is used for the design of transfer facilities is not enough to reflect passenger satisfaction. Hence this study investigates the current status of the transfer station of respective station through a site investigation and the results of this study may be utilized as a basic material to calculate an appropriate LOS estimate.

우리나라 병원에서 평균재원기간 변화 추세 : 1984~1994

전기홍,강임옥,신승수,민근식,신상건 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1996 아주의학 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the trends of length of hospital stay (LOS), which is most likely to be a major attribute to hospital performance. From 1984 to 1994, average LOS of each hospital were analyzed according to factors such as medical departments, bed size, occupancy rate, region and ownership. This study findings are as follows: 1) The results indicated that the average LOS steadily increased until 1990 but it slightly decreased after 1990. 2) This trend could be found in all hospital scale and all group of occupancy rate. Specifically this trends of LOS were found in internal medicine, corporate owned hospitals and hospitals in major city. But LOS of individual owned hospital was continuously increased until 1994. Finally from this result we think, that most hospitals in Korea began to be concerned with LOS. Nevertheless LOS of several hospital such as small hospital or individual owned hospital was increased. And this tend may be caused by a fewer patients, low occupancy rate or low profit. This trend of LOS is different from that of other countries. Perhaps this phenomenon results from the reimbursement method. Because of the fee-for-service reimbursement system in Korea the hospitals did not need to shorten LOS in order to save costs and increase profits. Therefore reform of hospital cost reimbursement method will be needed to reduce hospital cost in Korea. We think that the Korean health authority should consider the reimbursement method by unit of bundle of services, for example DRG and prepayment in the United States. This study presents some limitations such as no insight of severity of disease, case-mix measurement of hospital, and other clinical characteristics that can possibly affect LOS. However, this study reports an important trend in the annual LOS from 1984 to 1994.

목의 손상 입원환자의 중증도 보정 재원일수 변이요인

홍성옥 ( Hong Sung-ok ),김영택 ( Kim Young-teak ),박종호 ( Park Jong-ho ),강성홍 ( Kang Sung-hong ) 한국보건사회연구원 2015 保健社會硏究 Vol.35 No.2

본 연구는 목의 손상 입원환자의 재원일수에 대한 중증도 보정 모형을 개발하고, 중증도 보정 재원일수 변이요인을 파악하여 국가 및 의료기관 차원에서의 재원일수 절감 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 질병관리본부의 2004~2009년 퇴원손상심층조사 자료를 수집하였으며, 목의 손상 입원환자 14,096명을 추출하여 연구대상자로 하였다. 데이터마이닝 기법에 따라 목의 손상 입원환자의 중증도 보정 재원일수 모형을 개발하였다. 의사결정나무 모형을 이용하여 목의 손상 입원환자의 중증도 보정 재원일수 모형을 개발한 결과 목의 손상 입원환자의 재원일수에 영향을 미치는 요인에는 수술유무, 성, 연령, 입원경로, 손상기전, 척추증 및 추간판 장애 동반 유무, 척추 손상 유무, 두개골 및 얼굴 골절, 기타 골절, 염좌 및 긴장 등이 있었으며, 개발된 목의 손상 입원환자 중증도 보정 재원일수 모형에 따라 의료보장방식별 재원일수 변이요인을 파악한 결과 산재보험 입원환자의 경우 예측 재원일수(17.62일) 보다 실제 재원일수(42.57일)가 높게 나타났으며, 의료급여 입원환자 또한 예측 재원일수(11.84일)보다 실제 재원일수(22.11일)가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 목의 손상 입원환자의 재원일수 관리를 위해서는 국가차원에서는 산재보험 입원환자에 대한 심사체계의 정비가 우선시 되어야 하며, 의료급여 입원환자에 대한 과잉 의료이용 실태에 대한 정책적 대안마련이 필요하다. 의료기관 차원에서는 객관적이고, 신뢰성 높은 재원일수 관리 지표 산출을 통해 재원일수 관리에 지속적인 노력을 기울여야 한다. This study aims to identify contributing factors to Severity-Adjusted LOS (Length of Stay) variation of patients damaged to neck in order to suggest ways of reducing the LOS at the national level and the medical institution level. 14,096 inpatients with neck injury were selected as the study population from the 2004-2009 Korean National Hospital Discharge in-depth Injury Survey Data. We developed a Severity-Adjusted LOS Model for neck injuries using data-mining methods. This study discovered that operation Y/N, sex, age, admission route, injury mechanism, comorbidities Y/N (spondylosis & intervertebral disc disorders, Spinal cord injury, Skull & facial fractures, Other fractures, sprains and strains etc.) were factors affecting LOS for patients hospitalized with neck injury. According to the results of the impact of the health-insurance type on severity-adjusted LOS, the real LOS was significantly higher than adjusted LOS for patients with the industrial accident compensation insurance or medical aid program. Therefore, in order to manage LOS of inpatients with neck injury, the government should improve the industrial accident compensation insurance review & assessment service and suggest alternatives on medical aid recipients` excessive medical utilization. Also, the hospitals should take account of objective and reliable LOS statistics to effectively manage hospital LOS.

영상분석기법을 활용한 도시철도 환승통로의 LOS 등급별 보행특성 분석

신민정(Minjung Shin),허진호(Jinho Hur),김희규(Heekyu Kim),문영삼(Youngsam Moon),김진호(Jinho Kim),이나현(Nahyun Lee) 한국철도학회 2016 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

도시철도 이용객의 증가로 수도권 일부 정거장의 경우 일일 이용객 수가 20만명 이상이며, 특히 환승통로의 극심한 혼잡상황이 반복되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 LOS등급별 밀도에 따른 속도 및 보행패턴 검증을 위해 보행특성 관찰이 가능한 모션인식 카메라를 이용한 현장실험을 수행하였다. 실험장소는 도시철도 대림역으로 역사 내 환승인원이 가장 밀집한 구간을 선정하여 평일 1일간 시간대별 밀도, 속도, 시간 및 행동패턴을 측정하였다. 도시철도 면적산정 시 평균속도는 1m/s이나 실험결과 LOS D등급은 0.8m/s, E등급은 0.58m/s로 분석되었다. 도출된 결과로부터 도시철도 이용객 LOS 수준을 효과적으로 예측 및 평가하고, 정거장의 개선 또는 신설 시 경제적, 효율적 면적 산정을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. In the case of some stations in the metropolitan area by increasing of metro passengers, it is more than 200,000 the number of daily passengers. Especially serious congestion of transfer passage is repeated. In this study, it was conducted field experiments using the motion sensing camera capable of walking characteristics observed for the verification of the walking speed and the patterns of behavior in accordance with the LOS graded density. Experiment location is a metro Daerim Station. The transfer passage in the most crowded section was selected. Hourly the density, walking speed, time and the behavior patterns were measured for one weekday. The average speed in metro area estimates is 1m/s. The results of the experiment were analyzed to LOS D in 0.8m/s and LOS E in 0.58m/s. The LOS of metro passengers were effectively predicted and evaluated from the derived results. The results of this study utilized as a basic data to calculate an appropriate area when the improvement or construction of the station.

Level of Service-based Performance Measurement of Asset Management of Public Office Buildings

황정하,이찬식 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.12

To manage a public office building efficiently, it is necessary to manage Level of Service (LoS) as well as physical performance. In this study, LoS was defined as an index for measuring the preferable level of the service provided by an asset, and a model for performance measurement by using the Delphi method was proposed to quantitatively measure the LoS. Eight LoS items were established in four fields of policy (environment/economy/society/culture). Two surveys were conducted with 17 Korean experts in asset management by using the Delphi method. A performance measurement item was derived for measuring the LoS. The weights of individual items were calculated for measuring the LoS by applying the analytic hierarchy process. Performance measurement of the asset could be conducted based on the LoS for public office buildings by using the results. This paper demonstrates the possibility of measurement of asset based on the LoS. Furthermore, this paper provides a theoretical basis for replacing the physical measurement of performance with the LoS-based measurement.

Factors Associated with Length of Hospital Stay in Pediatric HSCT Patients Administrating PN

( Hyo Jung Park ),( Seon Young Chung ),( Yong Won In ),( Kie Ho Sohn ),( Jeong Meen Seo ) 한국정맥경장영양학회 2010 한국정맥경장영양학회 학술대회집 Vol.2010 No.-

Rationale: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a standard supportive care for pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in Samsung Medical Center. The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the length of hospital stay (LOS) in pediatric HSCT patients administrating PN routinely. Methods: This was a retrospective study for 128 pediatric HSCT patients from Aug. 2008 to Dec. 2009. Demographics, nutrition status at the beginning of PN, calories and nutrients supplied, PN duration, LOS, PN-induced complications and laboratory data were collected from electronic medical records. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with LOS. Results: The average age of registered patients was 90.0 ± 64.5 months (range 6∼239 months). Twenty-three patients (18.0%) were malnourished moderately to severely when PN was started. Number of auto-HSCT was larger than allo-HSCT (87 vs 41). Average LOS of allo-HSCT was significantly longer than that of auto-HSCT (39.4 ± 11.7 days vs 31.0 ± 9.3 days, p<0.005). LOS was significantly correlated with PN duration (p<0.001) and immunologic source of HSCT (p<0.001). LOS was increased in auto-HSCT patients malnourished at the beginning of PN (p=0.043). Major PN-induced complication was a hyperglycemia. Conclusion: In pediatric HSCT patients administrating PN routinely, factors associated with LOS were PN duration, immunologic source of HSCT, and nutrition status at the beginning of PN, especially for auto-HSCT patients. Longer duration of PN administration has a negative effect on LOS. Routine prophylactic PN should be avoid. During pretransplantation period, nutrition screening is useful to detect those who are at nutritional risk and to supply proper nutrition support treatment. So preventing malnutrition can decrease LOS, especially in auto-HSCT children.