LLC 공진 컨버터에 적합한 자동화 권선 LLC 공진변압기 설계에 관한 연구

배준형,김종해 한국전기전자학회 2019 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.23 No.3

This paper presents the comprehensive transformer design methodology with the winding method of automatic typesuitable for LLC resonant converter. The problem with conventional LLC resonant transformer is that it is difficult toimplement the winding method of automatic type because all windings are wound in one bobbin. Therefore, the LLCresonant transformer, which is capable of the winding method of automatic type to multiple section bobbin withoutinsulation tape and barrier tape, is proposed in this paper and the design procedure of the proposed LLC resonanttransformer is also shown. Modeling and analysis of the proposed LLC resonant transformer using Maxwell 3Dsimulation tool are described in detail and a protype 150W LLC resonant converter using the proposed LLC resonanttransformer manufactured by 3D modelling is also verified through the experimental test. 본 논문은 LLC 공진 컨버터에 적합한 자동화 권선 변압기 설계에 대한 포괄적인 방법에 대해서 나타낸다. 기존의 LLC 공진 변압기는 하나의 보빈에 모든 권선이 감겨져 있기 때문에 자동화 권선 구현이 어렵다는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 절연 테이프와 배리어 테이프가 없이 다중 보빈으로 자동 권선이 가능한 LLC 공진 변압기를 제안하였으며 제안한 LLC공진 변압기의 설계 절차에 대해서도 나타내었다. Maxwell 3D 시뮬레이션 툴을 이용하여 제안한 LLC 공진 변압기의 해석및 모델링을 상세하게 기술되었으며 또한 3D 모델링에 의해 제작된 제안한 LLC 공진 변압기를 이용하여 프로타입 150WLLC 공진 컨버터를 실험을 통해 확인하였다.

무막줄기세포추출물의 LLC-PK₁ 세포에서의 산화적 스트레스 개선 효과

김민정(Min Jeong Kim),김지현(Ji Hyun Kim),박혜숙(Hye Sook Park),김영실(Young Sil Kim),조은주(Eun Ju Cho) 한국산학기술학회 2019 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.20 No.8

신장에서 발생한 산화적 스트레스는 조직을 손상시키고 이는 만성신장질환으로 이어질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 LLC-PK₁ 신장세포를 이용하여 산화적 스트레스 개선 효과를 살펴보았다. LLC-PK₁ 세포에 무막줄기세포추출물을 처리했을 때 체내 항산화 단백질인 heme-oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase 1, 및 NADPH quinine oxidoreductase-1의 발현이 증가함을 확인하였다. LLC-PK₁에 산화적 스트레스를 유도하기 위하여 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)을 처리한 결과 세포생존율이 감소하여 산화적 스트레스로 인해 세포가 손상됨을 확인하였다. 그러나 무막줄기세포추출물을 처리하였을 때 세포생존율이 증가하였으며, 2.5 μg/mL에서 세포생존율이 58.84%에서 64.43%까지 증가하였다. 또한 무막줄기세포추출물은 LLC-PK1 세포에서 SIN-1으로 유도된 염증 및 세포사멸을 조절하였다. 염증 관련 단백질인 inducible nitric oxide synthase와 cyclooxygenase-2는 무막줄기세포 추출물을 처리했을 때 단백질 발현이 감소하였고, 세포사멸과 관련된 B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma-2 비율과 cleaved caspase-3, cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymeras의 단백질 발현이 감소함을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 무막줄기세포출물은 SIN-1을 처리한 LLC-PK₁ 세포에서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 보호 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 이들 결과를 바탕으로 무막줄기세포추출물의 항산화 기능성 소재로서의 활용가능성을 확인하였다. Oxidative stress in kidneys can precede the development of chronic renal injury. We investigated the antioxidative effect of membrane-free stem cell extract (MFSCE) from adipose tissue in LLC-PK₁ renal proximal tubule cells. Treatment of LLC-PK₁ cells with MFSCE showed the up-regulation of heme-oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase 1, and NADPH quinine oxidoreductase-1 protein expressions, which are proteins related with antioxidative activities. When oxidative stress was induced by 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), cell viability was decreased, indicating that LLC-PK₁ cells were damaged by SIN-1. However, MFSCE significantly elevated cell viability from 58.84% to 64.43% at the concentration of 2.5 μg/mL in oxidative stress-induced LLC-PK₁ cells. Furthermore, MFSCE ameliorated inflammation and apoptosis in SIN-1-treated LLC-PK1 cells by modulating protein expressions. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expressions were down-regulated when LLC-PK₁ cells were treated with MFSCE. Apoptosis-related proteins, including B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, were also down-regulated. It indicated that MFSCE protected apoptosis against oxidative stress in LLC-PK₁ cells. Taken together, these results suggested that MFSCE had a protective effect against SIN-1-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK₁ cells. Therefore, MFSCE could be a promising therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-induced renal injury.

유한책임회사제도에 대한 법이론적 검토

박세화(Park Sei-Hwa) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2007 법학연구 Vol.48 No.1

2006년 상법개정안에는 두 가지 새로운 공동 기업형태가 포함되어 있다. 합자조합과 유한책임회사가 그 것이다. 다만 이 글에서는 회사형태로 도입되는 유한책임회사제도로 논의의 대상을 좁혀, 그에 관한 상법개정안의 내용과 문제점 그리고 논의가 필요한 법이론 적 쟁점들을 살펴보았다. 우리 유한책임회사는 미국의 Limited Liability Company(LLC)에서 유래를 찾을 수 있다. 일본도 새로운 회사법전을 구성하면서 미국의 LLC를 모델로 하는 합동회사제도를 창설하였다. 따라서 유한책임회사 제도의 분석에 있어서는 이들 법제와의 비교법적 검토가 중요한 의미를 가질 수밖에 없다. 유한책임회사에 관한 상법개정안의 내용을 주요 주제별로 나누어, 미국의 LLC제도(2006년에 개정된 Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act의 내용을 중심으로)와 일본의 합동회사 규정들과의 비교법적 검토를 수행 하였다. 이러한 과정에서 필자가 무엇보다 중요하게 생각한 것은 유한책임회사가 탄생하게 된 경제적 배경과 이를 실현하기 위한 새로운 법적 시스템이었다. 또한 향후 우리나라에서 유한책임회사가 사회적 낭비 없이 고 부가가치의 인적 자산을 효율적으로 소화할 수 있는 기업형태로 자리매김하기 위하여 반드시 요구되는 몇 가지의 법이론 적 쟁점을 검토하였다. 유한책임회사와 기존 상법상의 유한회사와 차별성은 있는가? 그리고 유한책임회사제도의 발전에 결정적인 영향을 미치는 세법상의 합리적인 대응방법은 무엇인가? 미국에서 논쟁이 되고 있는 유한책임회사로의 주식회사 법인격 부인법리의 적용확대는 타당한가? 등에 관하여 논의하였다. A 2006 amendment draft of Commercial Act involves in the Limited Partnership(in Korean, "Hapja Johap”: LP) and the limited liability Company(in Korean, "Yuhanchaim Hoisa”: LLC). The Korean LLC system on a amendment draft of Commercial Act is based on the U.S. laws authorizing the limited Liability Company. I’m interested in the emergence of the LLC as the dominant business form for small business in the United States. An LLC is an entity that shares the limitation of liability characteristic of a corporation with partnership-like capacity to structure the entity by agreement rather than as prescribed by statute. Like a partnership, an LLC does not pay federal income tax. This article is in two main volumes. First attempts to provide comparative legal analysis of Korean LLC system on a amendment draft of Commercial Act with the U.S. LLC and the Japanese LLC(Goudou Kaishya system). Second contains three points. i)the relationship of a Korean LLC system on a amendment draft of Commercial Act and a Private Company in Korean Commercial Act, ii)the argument of LLC veil piercing, iii)the proper taxation regime in LLC context. I, specially, try to introduce a professor Bainbridge’s argument that veil piercing doctrine need to be abolished in the LLC context and professor Rapp’s response to him, providing the efficiency justifications for LLC veil piercing.

유한책임회사(LLC)에서의 법인격부인에 관한 고찰 - 미국 판례에 나타난 적용요건의 변화를 중심으로 -

송인방 한국상사법학회 2008 商事法硏究 Vol.26 No.4

This study makes a general survey on American leading cases on disregarding corporate entity of LLC. As a result, although there is an opinion that conditions for discharging corporate entity of LLC in America is not different from those for discharging corporate entity of general companies, there are not few opinions that because of characteristics of LLC organization, disregarding corporate entity of LLC is different from those of general companies. There are leading cases that did not admit disregarding corporate entity because they were not proved on normative conditions such as unfairness and injustice, and when the person concerned recognized that LLC and its members were independent legal subjects. Generally, LLC has more flexibility than corporations in terms of the governance structure and its members have limited liability. Therefore, when revised bill of commercial law is considered and the disregarding the corporate entity of LLC is discussed, these special factors must be considered and the traditional conditions on disregarding the corporate entity of LLC must be changed. This study makes a general survey on American leading cases on disregarding corporate entity of LLC. As a result, although there is an opinion that conditions for discharging corporate entity of LLC in America is not different from those for discharging corporate entity of general companies, there are not few opinions that because of characteristics of LLC organization, disregarding corporate entity of LLC is different from those of general companies. There are leading cases that did not admit disregarding corporate entity because they were not proved on normative conditions such as unfairness and injustice, and when the person concerned recognized that LLC and its members were independent legal subjects. Generally, LLC has more flexibility than corporations in terms of the governance structure and its members have limited liability. Therefore, when revised bill of commercial law is considered and the disregarding the corporate entity of LLC is discussed, these special factors must be considered and the traditional conditions on disregarding the corporate entity of LLC must be changed.

일본의 LLC 입법과 미국의 LLC 입법의 비교

김재문(Jae Moon Kim) 한국비교사법학회 2008 比較私法 Vol.15 No.3

  The LLC is a very popular closely held business structure in the U.S. because it is recognized as the most favorable business structure to owners as it enables the owners to directly manage the business and yet to enjoy the limited liability privilege and to receive the pass through taxation (single taxation).<BR>  In response to this trend in the U.S., Japan has adopted “goudougaishya”, the so-called Japanese LLC into the new Company Act, that has been in force since 2006.<BR>  This paper’s aim is to give useful hints in introducing the LLC system into the Korean Commercial code by providing comparison of the Japanese LLC legislation with the U.S. legislation.<BR>  This paper does not mention the LLC draft in the revision bill of the Korean Commercial Code because it was already dealt with in another paper of mine.<BR>  The big differences between the Japanese legislation and that of the U.S. are as follows: First, the U.S. legislation gives flexibility in management structure in that it enables to choose between direct management by the owners and indirect management by the third party managers. Second, most states of the U.S. have not adopted the capital maintenance principle in the past and have instead taken insolvency or bankruptcy as tests in distribution. Third, in transferring member"s rights, the U.S. LLC distinguishes between financial rights and management rights and allows financial rights alone to be transferred separately. The break-through of the LLC, when compared with the traditional business structures, is that the owners enjoy the limited liability privilege even though they can manage the business themselves.<BR>  The traditional concept is that, if the owners directly manage the business themselves as in partnership or “hapmyunghoisa”, then they are personally liable for the business and, if the business is run by the third party managers as in corporation, then they are not personally liable for the business debt and are liable only for the agreed contribution to the business structure.<BR>  Further more, I think it is imminent that a proprietorship comes out where the owner is liable up to the business assets contributed and not with personal assets provided there is a public notice of limited liability and a complete separation of business assets and individual assets. In case of one man LLC’s, I think it already serves this function.

유한책임회사에 관한 연구

유영일(You, Young-Ihl) 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2017 法學論叢 Vol.38 No.-

미국에서의 LLC(Limited Liability Company)의 폭발적인 인기와 2005년 일본 회사법에서의 합동회사 도입을 계기로, 우리나라에서도 2011년 새로운 기업형태의 하나로 유한책임회사가 도입되었다. 유한책임회사는 사원이 유한책임을 지면서도 자율적인 운용을 가능하게한 획기적인 기업형태지만, 국내에 들어오면서 미국 LLC가 본래 가지고 있던 특성을 상당수 받아들이지 않는 바람에 전혀 장점이 없는 평범한 것이 되어 버렸다. 결과적으로 유한책임회사는 기존 유한회사나 소규모 주식회사와의 차별성이 거의 없어서 중복입법이라는 비난과 함께, 전통적으로 주식회사 선호도가 압도적으로 높은 우리 현실에서 별로 활용되지 못하고 또 하나의 장식물로 전락할 처지에 놓여 있다. 과거 우리는 새로운 제도를 도입할 때, 기존제도와의 관계 등을 충분히 검토하지 않아서 체계성이 부족하다는 비판을 많이 받아 왔다. 그 결과 유사제도의 중복 도입으로 이질적인 제도가 상법 안에 혼재되어 있어서 해석상은 물론 실무 운용상으로도 여러 가지 어렵고 복잡한 문제를 일으키고 있다. 예컨대, 유한회사와 유한책임회사뿐만 아니라, 합자회사와 합자조합, 그리고 감사와 감사위원회에서도 동일한 문제가 발생하고 있다. 이에 이 논문에서는 회사 종류의 체계화라는 관점에서 유한책임회사와 유한회사의 비교에 초점을 맞춰서 이들의 상호관계를 중점적으로 고찰하였다. 회사 종류의 체계화가 필요한 이유는 중복규제에 따른 입법의 낭비와 혼란, 그리고 비효율적인 규제를 막을 수 있기 때문이다. 앞으로 도입취지에 맞게 유한책임회사의 설립이 활성화되도록 하는 것이 바람직한데, 이를 위해서는 우선 중복되는 회사 종류를 단일화할 필요가 있다. 그 방편으로 유한회사를 폐지하여 (소규모) 주식회사로 흡수하고, 유한책임회사는 합명회사 및 합자회사와 묶어서 지분회사로 정리하는 등 상법상 회사 종류를 체계화하여야 한다. 그리고 유한책임회사라는 명칭은 여러 가지 오해를 가져올 수 있으므로 ‘합유회사’로 명칭을 변경하고, 유한책임회사를 동업기업과세특례의 적용대상에 포함시켜서 단일과세가 실현될 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 동시에 유한책임회사 관련 상법규정을 미국의 LLC법 원형에 가깝도록 인적회사로서의 성격을 충실히 살릴 수 있는 방향으로 개정하는 것이 바람직하며, 구체적으로는 자본금 규제를 완화하고, 노무와 신용출자를 허용하며, 유한회사와의 조직변경을 허용하여야 할 것이다. The 2011 Revised Korean Commercial Law(hereinafter “KCL”) introduced Yuhanchaekim-hoesa(Korean Limited Liability Company: hereinafter “K-LLC”) as a new form of company. The K-LLC was modelled after the LLC of US and the J-LLC of Japan, and has important characteristics in granting its members wide range of self-autonomy in composing the organs and distributing the profits with a member’s limited liability. K-LLC was said to be an ideal form of company which combined the merits of stock company(limited liability) and the merits of partnership(wide range of self-autonomy). However, There has been a severe criticism against the introduction of K-LLC, because KCL already has a similar form of company, namely Yuhan-hoesa(K-GmbH). Recently, KCL shows a tendency transferring from regulation-focused Continental Law Family system to Anglo-American Law Family system which guarantees the maxim autonomy of members. And as a transient phenomenon, coexistence of both systems, for example, Auditor(Continental) and Audit Committee(Anglo-American), Yuhan-hoesa(Continental) and Yuhanchaekim-hoesa (Anglo-American), Limited Partnership(Continental) and LP(Anglo-American) could also be watched in KCL. However, the coexistence of similar systems in KCL is said to be not only inefficient but also uneconomical to achieve the original intent of legislation. Therefore, the writer suggest that Yuhanchaekim-hoesa and Yuhan-hoesa should be unified into Yuhanchaekim-hoesa(K-LLC). And then K-LLC could be classified as a “stake company” with Hapmyung-hoesa and Hapja-hoesa(in this context, the writer suggest the new name, ‘Hapyu-hoesa’), And Yuhan-hoesa could be absorbed in small Jooshik-hoesa(closely held stock company) for the systematization in kinds of companies. And to encourage the incorporation of K-LLC in Korea, all the main features which make LLC most popular business organization in US, namely deregulation of capital system, permission of labor & credit investment, permission of reorganization with Yuhan-hoesa and partnership"s pass - through tax treatment should be realized in KCL.

미국 LLC법상 몇 가지 쟁점에 관한 고찰

金興洙(Kim, Heung Soo) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2011 法學論文集 Vol.35 No.3

In general, a Limited Liability Company(LLC) is a relatively new form of business entity and combines the organizational flexibility and pass-through tax treatment of a partnership with the limited liability protection of a corporation. According to the recent academic researches, there are some theoretical confusion surrounding Uniform Limited Liability Company Act(ULLCA, 1996) and Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act(RULLCA, 2006) in U.S., however, it will be somewhat meaningful to examine several detailed key issues in U.S. LLC law for reasonable construction and application of LLC provisions modelled after U.S. law which is coming into force from April 2012 under the Commercial Code in Korea. In chapter Ⅱ, with the problem that the rules governing LLC may vary depending on whether the entity is member-managed or manger-managed, the matter of positional agent power is treated through reviewing the conflicting opinion between ULLCA and RULLCA. In chapter Ⅲ and Ⅳ, the question of fiduciary duty and piercing the LLC veil is discussed and then in chapter Ⅴ, derivative suit is debated seriously by way of taking the focus on the negative stance on the issues of its suitability. Around the effectivation of the provisions authorizing LLC in Korea, this humble article dealing with several key issues on U.S. LLC mentioned above would hope to be a little help to develop LLC legal system in the future.

미국 LLC법상 몇 가지 쟁점에 관한 고찰

김흥수 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2011 法學論文集 Vol.35 No.3

In general, a Limited Liability Company(LLC) is a relatively new form of business entity and combines the organizational flexibility and pass-through tax treatment of a partnership with the limited liability protection of a corporation. According to the recent academic researches, there are some theoretical confusion surrounding Uniform Limited Liability Company Act(ULLCA, 1996) and Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act(RULLCA, 2006) in U.S., however, it will be somewhat meaningful to examine several detailed key issues in U.S. LLC law for reasonable construction and application of LLC provisions modelled after U.S. law which is coming into force from April 2012 under the Commercial Code in Korea. In chapter II, with the problem that the rules governing LLC may vary depending on whether the entity is member-managed or manger-managed, the matter of positional agent power is treated through reviewing the conflicting opinion between ULLCA and RULLCA. In chapter III and IV, the question of fiduciary duty and piercing the LLC veil is discussed and then in chapter V, derivative suit is debated seriously by way of taking the focus on the negative stance on the issues of its suitability. Around the effectivation of the provisions authorizing LLC in Korea, this humble article dealing with several key issues on U.S. LLC mentioned above would hope to be a little help to develop LLC legal system in the future.

Inactivation of LLC1 gene in nonsmall cell lung cancer

Hong, Kyeong-Man,Yang, Sei-Hoon,Chowdhuri, Sinchita Roy,Player, Audrey,Hames, Megan,Fukuoka, Junya,Meerzaman, Daoud,Dracheva, Tatiana,Sun, Zhifu,Yang, Ping,Jen, Jin Alan R. Liss, Inc 2007 International journal of cancer Vol.120 No.11

<P>Serial analysis of gene expression studies led us to identify a previously unknown gene, c20orf85, that is present in the normal lung epithelium but absent or downregulated in most primary nonsmall cell lung cancers and lung cancer cell lines. We named this gene LLC1 for Low in Lung Cancer 1. LLC1 is located on chromosome 20q13.3 and has a 70% GC content in the promoter region. It has 4 exons and encodes a protein containing 137 amino acids. By in situ hybridization, we observed that LLC1 message is localized in normal lung bronchial epithelial cells but absent in 13 of 14 lung adenocarcinoma and 9 out of 10 lung squamous carcinoma samples. Methylation at CpG sites of the LLC1 promoter was frequently observed in lung cancer cell lines and in a fraction of primary lung cancer tissues. Treatment with 5-aza deoxycytidine resulted in a reduced methylation of the LLC1 promoter concomitant with the increase of LLC1 expression. These results suggest that inactivation of LLC1 by means of promoter methylation is a frequent event in nonsmall cell lung cancer and may play a role in lung tumorigenesis. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

Analysis of Backward Mode for LLC-based Bidirectional Batteries Charger

생차야,서정진,차한주 대한전기학회 2023 전기학회논문지 Vol.72 No.7

This paper proposes a bidirectional dc-dc converter for the energy storage systems (ESS) that operate in forward and backward mode power direction between the DC bus of the PV system and batteries. A bidirectional dc-dc converter with LLC resonant method has the advantage of simple structure and soft switching. In the forward direction, the LLC resonant converter can realize a normalized gain greater than one or less than one and can operate to reach soft switching zero voltage switching (ZVS), and zero current switching (ZCS) in light load and heavy load at the resonant point. However, in the backward direction only a normalized gain of less than one can be achieved. Since the operation modes of the LLC converter are different between forward and backward modes, the operated switching frequency is also different. Without changing the LLC resonant converter’s basic topology, the backward mode of the LLC converter can be achieving soft switching by operating in a specific switching frequency below the resonant. The backward mode of the LLC converter study in this paper is operated at 0.9 value of normalized switching frequency in order to achieve soft switching ZCS with an easy control method. The backward mode of the LLC resonant converter was analyzed in this paper and verified soft switching by simulation and experiment.