모음 간 평음과 경음의 지각과 맥락 정보

김현 ( Kim Hyun ),김아름 ( Kim A-reum ) 국어학회 2023 국어학 Vol.- No.108

본고는 모음 간 평음과 경음의 지각 실험을 통해 맥락 정보가 음성의 지각에 관여할 수 있는지를 정량적으로 확인하였다. 실험은 모음 간 자음을 선행 모음의 길이, 폐쇄 구간의 길이, 선후행 모음의 음높이를 단계적으로 차이를 두어 만든 평음∼경음 연속체를 자극으로 삼아 진행하였으며, 자극 단어를 독립적으로 제시하였을 때와 문장 속에 제시하였을 때의 지각 판단 결과를 관찰하였다. 실험 결과 평음과 경음 사이 중간 지점에 위치한 자극들은 홀로 들었을 때와 문장 속에서 들었을 때 통계적으로 유의미한 지각상의 차이를 보였다. 이 차이는 맥락의 편향과도 상관성을 가져, 평음 편향 맥락에서는 평음으로 지각하는 정도가 높고, 경음 편향 맥락에서는 경음으로 지각하는 정도가 높음을 확인하였다. This paper quantitatively verified the possibility of contextual information influencing the speech perception through perception experiments of plain and fortis between vowels. The experiment was conducted using stimuli created from a continuum of plain to fortis sounds, made by incrementally varying the length of the preceding vowel, the length of the closure, and the pitch of vowels in intervocalic consonants. The perceptual judgments when the stimulus words were presented independently and when presented within a sentence were observed. Experimental results showed that stimuli located at the mid-point between plain and fortis had a statistically significant perceptual difference when heard alone and when heard in a sentence. This difference was correlated with the bias of the context, confirming that the degree of perception as plain was higher than plain-biased context, and the degree of perception as fortis was higher than fortis-biased context.

Дундад үеийн монгол хэлний үгийн дундаас сулран сугарсан гийгүүлэгчийг ханз үсгээр тэмдэглэсэн нь

Х.Урьхан(WURIHENG) 한국몽골학회 2024 몽골학 Vol.77 No.-

This article explores how the velar fricative γ/g, through intervocalic consonant lenition in Middle Mongolian, found representation in the written monuments of Mongolian recorded in Chinese scripts from that time. First and foremost, our work pays attention to the alignment between the Mongolian syllable structure and their corresponding transcription of Chinese Characters. Additionally, we delve into the problem of the actual pronunciation of the Chinese characters used to denote these consonants, referencing the “Rhyme Book” (韻書). Among the significant phonetic evolutions in Mongolian, the lengthening of the vowel following the fricative consonant γ/g was observed, leading to a gradual lenition and eventual disappearance of the preceding consonant. This process caused the consonant to morph into variants like the weak pharyngeal fricative -h-, weak labial fricative -w-, or palatal fricative -y-, until finally reducing to a weak exhalation affecting only the two neighboring vowels. This transformation was determined according to the common trajectory of phoneme development, and was analyzed through texts such as the “Secret History of Mongols” and other 14-15th century documents written in Chinese characters, namely “Zhi-yuan Yi-yu” (至元譯語), “Hua-yi Yi-yu” (華夷譯語), and “Bei-lu Yi-yu” (北虜譯語). This study highlights the transcription methods for the weakened consonants of Middle Mongolian, referencing the “Rhyme Book” (韻書).

한국 EFL 학생들의 영어 전방 설정 자음 혼동

초미희(Mi-Hui Cho) 한국콘텐츠학회 2010 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.10 No.5

한국 학생들이 한국어에 없는 영어 마찰음을 파열음으로 대치하여 잘못 발음하는 경향은 잘 알려진 반면에 동일한 영어 마찰음을 어떻게 인지하는지에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 덜 알려졌다. 따라서 한국 대학생들이 마찰음을 포함하는 영어 전방 설정자음을 인지하는데도 마찬가지로 어려움을 느끼는지 알아보기 위하여 40명의 한국 대학생들을 대상으로 영어 전방 설정 자음이 들어간 임시어를 4가지 다른 운율적 위치(CV, VC, VCVV, VVCV)에서 인지하는 테스트를 실행하였다. 실험 참가자들은 CV나 VCVV처럼 강한 위치의 자음을 VC나 VVCV의 약한 위치보다 더 정확하게 판별하는 인지패턴을 보여주었으며, 한국 학생들이 각 자음별로 흔히 혼동하는 자음들을 혼동도표로 제시하였다. 특히 한국 학생들이 인지하는데 어려움을 느낀 영어 자음은 한국어 목록에는 없는 [?]와 [ð]이었으며, 한국 학생들의 인지 혼동 패턴은 파열음과 마찰음을 모두 틀린 마찰음으로 우세하게 인지한다는 점에서 일반적으로 알려진 발화 오류 패턴과는 달랐다. 또한 VC 위치에서는 인지상의 무성음화가, 모음 사이에서는 인지상의 유성음화가 각각 확인되었다. 이러한 결과에 근거하여 교육 현장에서 적용될 수 있는 교육적 함축점이 제시되었다. It is well-known that Korean EFL learners have difficulties in producing English fricatives which are not in the inventory of Korean and consequently tend to replace English fricatives with stops. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Korean students also have difficulties perceiving English anterior coronal consonants including fricatives. To this end, forty Korean college students participated in an identification test which consisted of 24 nonce words with English anterior coronal consonants in 4 different prosodic locations (CV, VC, VCVV, VVCV). It was shown that the mean accuracy rates were higher in strong position like CV and VCVV than in weak position like VC and VVCV, providing confusion matrices for each target consonant. It was also found that Korean participants had a great difficulty identifying English [?] and [ð], which are novel in Korean. Importantly, the confusion patterns found in the perception test tended not to be identical with those found in the previous production studies in that both stops and fricatives were misperceived as fricatives while fricatives were misproduced as stops. Further, perceptual devoicing and intervocalic voicing were attested in VC and intervocalic position, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, pedagogical implications were drawn.

한국 EFL 학생들의 영어 순자음 인지

초미희 한국콘텐츠학회 2006 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.6 No.12

The perception of English labial consonants was investigated via experiment where 40 Korean EFL learners identified nonwords with the target labial consonants [p, b, f, v] in 4 different prosodic locations: initial onset position, intervocalic position before stress, intervocalic position after stress, and final coda position. The overall result showed that the proportion of perception accuracy of the target consonants was rather low, amounting to only 55%. There was also a positional effect since the accuracy rates for perceiving the four target consonants differed by position. Specifically, the average accuracy rate of the target consonant identification was higher in intervocalic position before stress (70%) and initial onset position (67%) than in intervocalic position after stress (45%) and final coda position (36%). Further, the accuracy rate for [f] is was high in all prosodic locations except intervocalic position after stress. The perception patterns were accounted for by the markedness and perceptual factors in conjunction with stress location. 기존의 유표성 이론에 따르면, 마찰음이 파열음보다 유표적이므로 발음하기 어렵다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한국 EFL 학습자들이 발음하기 어려운 마찰음 [f, v]를 어떻게 인지하는지 살펴보기 위해서 영어 순자음 [p, b, f, v]를 판별하는 실험을 기획하였다. 40명의 한국 학생들이 영어 순자음이 들어간 임시어를 인지하는 테스트를 실행한 결과, 순자음의 운율적 위치가 인지 정확도를 결정짓는데 영향을 미침을 발견하였다. 특히 유표성 이론의 예상과 달리, 무성 마찰음 [f]의 정확도가 강세 뒤 모음사이의 위치를 제외한 모든 위치에서 높게 나왔다. 영어 순자음의 평균 인지 정확도는 강세 앞 모음사이 위치와 어두 초성에서 높은 반면에 어말 종성과 강세 뒤 모음사이 위치에서는 낮았다. 한국 학생들의 영어 순자음 인지에는 유표성 이론뿐 만 아니라 음향학적 두드러짐과 강세를 포함하는 청각적인 요소도 작용함을 보여주고 있다.

한국인 화자들의 음절화와 음성실현의괴리에 따른 함축적 관계 규명

오관영 대한언어학회 2013 언어학 Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Korean and English speakers syllabify two-syllable English words with single intervocalic consonants in written and listening tasks. Through analyses of Korean and English speakers, I tried to identify whether their syllabification was affected by phonological factors of stress position, vowel length, and consonant type. For this, I classified responses of both subjects into response 1(e.g., col/or), response 2(e.g., co/lor), and response 1-2(e.g., co-l-or). In written tasks, both English and Korean speakers mostly tended to put intervocalic consonants in the second stressed syllable, which follows the Maximal Onset Principle. But, while English speakers were generally influenced by consonant type, vowel length, and stress, Koreans were affected only by consonant type, especially nasals and obstruents, regardless of stress position or vowel length. In listening tasks, responses of 1 and 2 in both speakers showed almost identical patterns witnessed in those of the written tasks. However, in response 1-2, English speakers were affected by vowel length and stress position, but Koreans were strongly influenced by consonant type, that is, liquids, which reflected the influence of the syllable structure of their native language.

An optimality-theoretic account of ambisyllabicity in Old English

Young-Kook Kwon(권영국) 한국음운론학회 2007 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.13 No.1

  The present paper offers an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of the (ambi)syllabification of intervocalic consonants and consonant clusters in Old English. Assuming ambisyllabicity in Old English, we argue that the proposed Optimality-Theoretic (ambi)syllabification results from the interaction between syllable well-formedness and universal markedness constraints, whose motivation is derived from the syllable phonology of Old English The analysis offered below is to be considered a serious alternative to the traditional approaches to the word-internal (ambi)syllabification In Old English.

어두와 비어두 ‘ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄸ’의 폐쇄 구간

김현 ( Kim Hyun ) 국어학회 2014 국어학 Vol.72 No.-

한 음운에 대한 언어 지식에는 음운 체계나 변동, 변화에 관한 정보만이 아니라 그 음운이 구체적인 음성으로 실현되는 방식에 관한 정보도 포함되어 있다. 본고에서는 어두와 비어두에서 실현되는 폐쇄음 ‘ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄸ’의 폐쇄 구간을 측정한 후 통계적 방법을 이용하여 그들의 상관 관계를 찾고자 하였다. 고찰 결과, 폐쇄 구간은 어두에서든 비어두에서든 평음<격음<경음의 순서로 길고, 평음의 경우 어두에서보다 비어두에서 폐쇄 구간이 짧은 반면, 격음과 경음은 비어두에서의 폐쇄 구간이 더 길다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 평음의 폐쇄 구간은 어두에서의 것과 비어두에서의 것이 일정한 상관 관계를 이루고 있음에 반해, 격음이나 경음의 경우는 그렇지 않다는 사실도 확인할 수 있었다. The linguistic knowledge for phonemes does not contain only the informations about the phonemic system or the synchronic/diachronic changes of phonems, but also the informations about phonetic realization of phonems. The aim of this paper is to measure the closure durations of alveolar stops(plain [t], aspirated [t^h] and fortis [t']) in word-initial position and intervocalic position and ultimately to find the correlations among them. Fortis [t']'s have the longest closure duration, aspirated [t^h]'s the second, and plain [t]'s have the shoetest one of three types. The closure duration of plain [t]'s in word-initial position is longer than in intervocalic position while tensed [t^h, t']'s have the shorter closure duration in word-initial position than in intervocalic position. In the case of plain [t]'s there is a correlation between word-initial duration and intervocalic duration but not in the case of tensed [t^h, t']'s.

Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach

Kwan-Young Oh 한국영어학학회 2012 영어학연구 Vol.18 No.3

The purpose of this study is to consider flapping of English stops within a word in different aspects of approaches. First, for specification of accurate environments of flapping, we review a few types of rules and contexts of flapping from stress, syllable structure, and foot, and then suggest a modified version of the flapping rule. In addition, for the purpose of surveying the existing analyses of flapping, this paper reconsiders flapping based on resyllabification, ambisyllabicity, and prosodic rule applications. Finally, to show the explanatory superiority of the level-based approach, this paper compares rule-based and syllabification-based approaches with a few examples of the occurrence of flapping.

Coda Formation vs. Onset Maximization : Issues in the Syllabification of VCV Sequences

Baertsch, Karen 서울대학교 언어교육원 (구 서울대학교 어학연구소) 2010 語學硏究 Vol.46 No.1

The formation of syllable margins does not always give preference to onsets over codas. In the three cases analyzed here, coda formation overrides onset formation, preventing high sonority segments from being parsed as onsets, often resulting in violations of the maximal onset principle. In Taimyr Pidgin Russian and in some childrens’ acquisition of Japanese, rhotics are allowed only in coda position, driving epenthesis and neutralization, respectively. In Lama, metathesis and obstruent sonorization work together to maximize sonority in codas while minimizing sonority in onsets.

미야코·야에야마방언에 있어 /w/의 폐쇄음화

이병훈 대한일어일문학회 2012 일어일문학 Vol.55 No.-