명사절 기능의 의문형 종결 어미

고희준(HeeJune Koh) 형태론 2024 형태론 Vol.26 No.1

본고는 명사절 기능의 종결 어미가 여타 종결 어미가 아닌 의문형 종결 어미에서만 나타나는 이유를 구체적으로 밝히고자 하였다. 그리고 명사절 기능의 의문형 종결 어미의 특성에 대해 논의하고자 하였다. 종결 어미의 비종결 기능의 특성을 논의하고, 혼잣말로 쓰일 수 있는 종결 어미가 종결 어미의 비종결 기능과 관련이 있음을 논의하였다. 그리고 의문형 종결 어미의 비종결 기능을 살펴보고, 특정 의문형 종결 어미를 ‘명사절 기능’의 의문형 종결 어미로 별도로 논의할 필요성이 있음을 다시 한번 살펴보았다. 명사절 기능을 하는 어미가 의문형 종결 어미에서만 나타나는 이유와, 의문형 종결 어미 중에서도 왜 특정한 어미들만이 명사절 기능으로 쓰일 수 있는지에 대해 고찰하고자 하였다. 더 나아가, 다른 비종결 기능으로 쓰일 수 있음에도 의문형 종결 어미 외의 다른 종결 어미들은 명사절 기능의 비종결 기능으로 쓰이지 못하는 이유와, 모든 의문형 종결 어미가 명사절 기능으로 쓰이지 못하는 이유에 대해 논의하였다. 한국어의 기존 명사절인 ‘-(으)ㅁ’ 명사절, ‘-기’ 명사절, 그리고 ‘것’ 명사절 상당 구성이 나타내지 못하는 ‘미확인된 사실에 대한 의문의 내용’의 의미 영역은 의문형 종결 어미가 이루는 명사절 상당 구성만이 나타낼 수 있음을 논의하였고, 지시대상을 가져야 하는 명사적 특성에 의해 ‘-느냐’류, ‘-는가’류, ‘-는지’류, ‘-을까’류 외의 의문형 종결 어미들은 명사절 기능으로 쓰일 수 없음을 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to specifically clarify why the interrogative final endings that form a noun clause equivalents appears only in interrogative final endings rather than in other final endings. Additionally, the non-final function of interrogative final endings was explored, and the necessity of discussing certain interrogative final endings as 'Interrogative final endings of noun clause function' was reconsidered. The study aimed to understand why endings that function as nominal clauses appear only in interrogative final endings and why only specific interrogative final endings can be used as nominal clause functions. Furthermore, it discussed why other final endings, despite their ability to be used for other non-final functions, cannot be used as non-final functions of nominal clauses, and why not all interrogative final endings can be used as nominal clause functions. The discussion also covered only the nominal clause structures formed by interrogative final endings can express the meaning area of 'inquiry about an unverified fact,' which existing Korean nominal clauses such as '-(으)ㅁ', '-기’ nominal clauses and '것' noun clause equivalents cannot convey. Finally, it discussed that due to the nominal characteristic of requiring a referent, interrogative final endings like '-느냐', '-는가', '-는지', and '-을까' can be used as nominal clause functions, while other interrogative final endings cannot.

‘해’체 어미의 의문법 실현 양상

이소흔 사단법인 한국언어학회 2018 언어학 Vol.0 No.82

The study investigated the realization of interrogative forms of ‘Hae’ style endings. Most of ‘Hae’ style endings, which were developed in various ways after the late 19th century, have modal meanings divided into act modality and epistemic modality. However, it should be examined if the sentences that are realized as interrogative endings are to be interrogative sentences in the true meaning of the word, as they are not directly related to modality but represent a ‘request for information’. In other words, it is necessary to distinguish between interrogative sentences which demand the informational answers and the pseudo-interrogative sentences which do not. Final endings with epistemic modality are mostly realized as declarative endings. In this case, the declarative endings have meanings such as [confirmation], [speculation], it could lead into realizing interrogative sentences meaning interrogative or pseudo-interrogative. Accordingly, not all the endings with epistemic modality are realized as interrogative endings, even if these are realized, these are not all realized as interrogative endings representing ‘request for information’. Therefore, an interrogative ending with epistemic modality differ in realization as a declarative sentence, an pseudo-interrogative sentence, or an interrogative sentence according to the context, and it is distinguished by intonation in usage.

근대국어 라체 의문형 어미에 대한 연구-언간 자료를 중심으로-

이래호(Lee Rae ho) 한국언어문학회 2017 한국언어문학 Vol.102 No.-

This study intended to examine the change, distribution, expansion, and extinction of the ‘hara’ style interrogative endings of modern Korean based on Korean vernacular letters. ‘nya/nyo’ style and ‘rya/ryo’ style interrogative endings, which were classified as polar(yes-no) question and content question depending on whether they had interrogative word in the middle Korean, were gradually integrated into ‘nya’ and ‘rya’ from the 16th century, and ‘-nya’ and ‘-nyo’ were finally integrated into ‘-nya’ in the beginning of the 17th century and ‘-rya’ and ‘-ryo’, ‘-rya’ in the mid 18th century. ‘-nya’ style interrogative ending has been used without personal distinction from the 17th century as the person restriction gradually disappeared. ‘-n ga/-n go’ and ‘-l ga/-l go’ had been mainly used in indirect questions in the 15th century Korean until 16th century when they were used widely regardless of direct or indirect questions. However, ‘-n da’ was still used exclusively in the sentence led by the second person subject. Meanwhile, ‘-n da’ style interrogative ending began to compete against ‘-nya’ style and ‘-n ga’ style endings in the sentence led by the second person subject. Through this course of competition, ‘-nya’ style and ‘-n ga’ style endings ate into the domain of ‘-n da’ style ending, reducing the distribution of ‘-n da’ style ending. Also, interrogative ending, ‘-n da’, inevitably came into conflict with ‘-n da’ which was used as declarative ending from the 16th century in terms of the form. In this process, ‘-l da’ in ‘-n da’ style disappeared first at the end of the 17th century and ‘-n da’ remained further until it disappeared at the end of 18th century.

20세기 전반기 ‘하게’체 어미와 ‘해’체 어미의 의미·기능 실현 양상 ―평서형 어미와 의문형 어미를 중심으로―

이소흔(Lee So-Heun) 우리말학회 2021 우리말연구 Vol.64 No.-

이 연구는 20세기 전반기 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체에서 형태가 같은 평서형과 의문형 어미를 중심으로 의미·기능 실현 양상을 살펴봄으로써 20세기 초에서 현대국어로 이어지는 종결어미의 변화 양상을 고찰하고자 하였다. ‘하게’체 어미 중 일부는 ‘해’체로 분화되는데, 이유는 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체로 실현될 때 기능이 같지 않아서다. 즉 ‘해’체 어미로 분류되는 것은 어미에 양태 의미가 나타날 뿐 아니라 ‘-요’와 결합해서 ‘해요’체가 실현되는 것이다. 이렇게 ‘하게’체 일부 형태가 문맥에 따라 의미·기능이 달리 실현됨으로써 하나의 형태에서 의미·기능이 분화돼 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체로 나뉜다. 그런데 특성상 양태 의미를 유지하는 ‘-더-’와 ‘-ㄹ’이 결합된 ‘-데’와 ‘-ㄹ가’의 경우 두 화계의 구분은 쉽지 않다. 이를 바탕으로 2장에서는 20세기 전반기 텍스트에 나타난 평서형 어미 ‘-네’와 ‘-데’, 의문형 어미 ‘-ㄴ가’와 ‘-ㄹ가’의 사용 양상을 통해 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체가 어떻게 실현되는지를 살폈으며, 3장에서는 4~50년대 영화 속 대사를 중심으로 Praat 실험을 통해 이 어미들의 억양을 살폈다. 그럼으로써 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체가 분화되어 가는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. The study investigated the aspect of transition of final endings from the first 20th century to the contemporary Korean through investigating the realization of semantic functions focused on declarative endings and interrogative endings that have the same form in ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style. Some of ‘Hage’ style endings are divided into ‘Hae’ style, because their functions are different when they are realized. That is, being classified as ‘Hae’ style endings has not only modal meaning also is combined with ‘-yo’, being realized to ‘Haeyo’ style. In this way, some of ‘Hage’ style forms are divided into ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style as semantic functions are differentiated and realized differently according to the context. However, it is not easy to distinguish the case of ‘-deo-’ in which modal meaning is maintained due to the nature with the cases of ‘-de’ and ‘-eulga’ combined with ‘-eul’. Based on this, the study investigated how ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style were realized in texts of the first 20th century through the usage patterns of declarative endings ‘-ne’ and ‘-de’ and interrogative endings ‘-eunga’ and ‘-eulga’ in Chanpter 2, and their intonation patterns were examined by praat experiment with the lines in the movies of 1940s and 1950s in Chapter 3. In doing so, we could identify the aspect in which ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style are divided.

근대국어 하라체 의문형 어미에 대한 연구 -언간 자료를 중심으로-

이래호 한국언어문학회 2017 한국언어문학 Vol.102 No.-

This study intended to examine the change, distribution, expansion, and extinction of the ‘hara’ style interrogative endings of modern Korean based on Korean vernacular letters. ‘nya/nyo’ style and ‘rya/ryo’ style interrogative endings, which were classified as polar(yes-no) question and content question depending on whether they had interrogative word in the middle Korean, were gradually integrated into ‘nya’ and ‘rya’ from the 16th century, and ‘-nya’ and ‘-nyo’ were finally integrated into ‘-nya’ in the beginning of the 17th century and ‘-rya’ and ‘-ryo’, ‘-rya’ in the mid 18th century. ‘-nya’ style interrogative ending has been used without personal distinction from the 17th century as the person restriction gradually disappeared. ‘-n ga/-n go’ and ‘-l ga/-l go’ had been mainly used in indirect questions in the 15th century Korean until 16th century when they were used widely regardless of direct or indirect questions. However, ‘-n da’ was still used exclusively in the sentence led by the second person subject. Meanwhile, ‘-n da’ style interrogative ending began to compete against ‘-nya’ style and ‘-n ga’ style endings in the sentence led by the second person subject. Through this course of competition, ‘-nya’ style and ‘-n ga’ style endings ate into the domain of ‘-n da’ style ending, reducing the distribution of ‘-n da’ style ending. Also, interrogative ending, ‘-n da’, inevitably came into conflict with ‘-n da’ which was used as declarative ending from the 16th century in terms of the form. In this process, ‘-l da’ in ‘-n da’ style disappeared first at the end of the 17th century and ‘-n da’ remained further until it disappeared at the end of 18th century.

물음법 되풀이 마침씨끝 월의 특성

한길(Han Kil) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2007 江原人文論叢 Vol.18 No.-

물음법 마침씨끝이 같은 꼴로 되풀이되어 짜 이룬 월을 물음법 되풀이 마침씨끝 월이라 하였다. 물음법 마침씨끝이 되풀이되면서 한 몸처럼 작용하여 서로 불러일으키는 관계에 놓이며, 그 자체가 말본적 기능을 수행하기 때문에 하나의 월로 설정하였다. 이 월은 이음법 씨끝에 의존하지 않는 특이한 꼴의 이은겹월에 해당하며, 앞자리 마침씨끝이 앞마디를, 뒷자리 마침씨끝이 뒷마디를 이룬다. 앞마디와 뒷마디의 관계가 대등하기 때문에 맞섬 이은겹월에 해당한다. 같은 꼴의 물음법 되풀이 마침씨끝은 긴밀한 통합 관계를 이루어 최소 말본형을 실현한다. 곧 선택 질문이나 시험 질문, 확인 질문 등 선택 물음월과 수사 질문인 반어법 물음월을 짜 이루는 역할을 한다. 선택 물음월과 반어법 물음월은 모든 물음법 마침씨끝의 되풀이에 의해 짜 이루어질 수 있는 것은 아니다. 어떤 물음법 마침씨끝은 되풀이되어 선택 물음월과 반어법 물음월을 짜 이룰 수 있으며, 어떤 것은 선택 물음월만을, 또 어떤 것은 반어법 물음월만을 짜 이룰 수 있으며, 어떤 것은 선택 물음월과 반어법 물음월을 짜 이루지 못한다. 이 글에서는 이에 관한 제약을 밝히고자 하였다. 또한 이와 같은 월의 짜임에도 일정한 형태ㆍ통사적 제약이 따르게 마련이다. 선택 물음월과 반어법 물음월 짜임에서 각각 어떤 형태ㆍ통사적 특성이 따르는가를 살폈다. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the characteristics of the sentences that interrogative sentence endings were repeated as the same shape. These sentences are formed by the repetitive interrogative sentence endings. The repetition of interrogative sentence endings have two kinds of important grammatical functions. The one is the formation of the conjunctive complex sentences, the other is the representation of the choice interrogative sentences and the rhetorical interrogative sentences. These sentences are idiosyncratic conjunctive complex sentences because the ordinary conjunctive complex sentences have conjunctive suffixes, but these don't have any conjunctive suffixes. The front interrogative sentence ending makes a front clause, the back interrogative sentence ending makes a back clause in these sentences. These sentences are included in the coordinate conjunctive complex sentences because the relation of the front clause and the back clause is equal. All the interrogative sentence ending can not organize conjunctive complex sentences even though they were repeated. Some interrogative sentence endings can organize the choice interrogative sentences and the rhetorical interrogative sentences. Some can organize only the choice interrogative sentences, others can organize only the rhetorical interrogative sentences. And some can not organize the choice interrogative sentences and the rhetorical interrogative sentences. This thesis is to clarify the repetitive interrogative sentence endings of the choice interrogative sentences and the rhetorical interrogative sentences. The choice interrogative sentences and the rhetorical interrogative sentences have various morphological and syntactic restrictions each other. This thesis is to clarify the morphological and syntactic restrictions of them.

한국어와 불어에서의 의문형 문장의 실현과 대응구조

박영옥,한영목 이중언어학회 2013 이중언어학 Vol.53 No.-

The interrogative sentence in French occurs by the inversion of subject and verb, while that of Korean expresses the interrogative by agglutination in the terminative of discourse verb. In this context, we can say that the interrogative sentence in French expressed syntactically, while the Korean interrogative sentence is manifested in a morphological way. So the French native speakers should know how to choose the correct termination depending on the situation and sense of purpose. Hence this paper is intended to help them understand the morphological structure, function and meaning of sentence ending through a comparative and contrastive explanation with the French. Also, the sentence ending has two forms namely; the simple form and the complex form. When terminative -eo, -ji is used in the interrogative sentence, -eo is used in the simple interrogative indicatively, -ji in the affirmative interrogative. This results from the combination of grammatical meaning of the given morpheme and the modality of enunciation. We analyzed -neun ga and -eul gga that each particle contains -neun- and -eul-. And we have identified the particle -neun- corresponds to the indicative mood, while the particle -eul- conditional mood in French. -Neun- has a value present, then the particle expresses its proposal as real in terms of the attitude of the speaker. This particle is used to operate querying the meaning of judgment. If the sentence ending contains the particle -eul, the speaker expresses his proposal so it’s uncertain since it assumes and queries in an uncertain attitude. From there it expresses the hypothetical result. This is why -eul- expresses the value of the conditional mode. The complex sentence ending block is used, it reveals the speaker’s attitude towards the proposal. The identification of each morpheme component complex sentence ending is to understand its overall meaning. This will help to choose the appropriate sentence ending in the situational context. Now if we would propose the complex sentence ending depending on the structure and meaning, it would be useful in the field of teaching Korean as a foreign language learners of French.

15세기 한국어 의문법 종결어미의 형태론

최명옥 진단학회 2017 진단학보 Vol.- No.129

This study aims to set the morphemes of interrogative final endings in 15th century Korean from transformational grammatical viewpoint. The earlier studies on 15th century Korean morphology shows two problems. One is that the set morpheme can not reasonably explain the derivation of all the allomorphs, and the other is that all of the forms other than the final ending of all the predicate endings are recognized as prefinal endings. The result of morphological analysis based on syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations is not necessarily synchronic morphs or morphemes, and do not always become prefinal endings. Korean prefinal endings should be conditioned by the characteristic of the Korean language itself. In 15th century Korean, certain forms of the predicate ending can be the prefinal endings if the following conditions are satisfied. The form must be able to integrate with connective endings(especially //-ko//) and final endings (especially //-{t-l}a//) which can be freely integrated with authorized prefinal endings of that time, //-ɯsi-//, //-{s-c-z}ɐβ-//, //-ə{is-(i)si}-//. If a certain form dose not satisfy this condition, the form can not be the prefinal ending. Therefore, the form should be part of final endings. According to the consideration results, the morphemes of interrogative final ending in 15th century Korean are divided into two categories. The first one is a single or unique morpheme //XAY// which can be a underlying form in phonological component. The second one is a complex morpheme //X{a-b}Y// which includes lexicalized allomorph //XaY// and //XbY//, and the lexicalized allomorph should be sellected by the lexical sellection rules in syntactic․semantic component. It is noteworthy that this lexicalized allomorph is chosen by the presence or absence of interrogatives in the sentence. 이 논문은 변형문법론의 관점에서 15세기 한국어 의문법 종결어미의 형태소 설정을 목적으로 한다. 15세기 한국어에 대한 기존의 형태론적 연구에는 다음 두 가지 문제점이 있다. 하나는 설정된 형태소가 모든 이형태의 도출을 합당하게 설명할 수 없다는 것이고 다른 하나는 서술어의 어미에서 종결어미 이외의 모든 형태를 선어말어미로 인정하고 있다는 것이다. 통합관계와 계열관계에 의한 형태분석의 결과가 한국어에서 모두 공시적인 형태나 형태소가 되는 것은 아니다. 한국어에서 선어말어미가 될 수 있는 조건은 한국어 자체에서 발견해야 한다. 15세기 한국어의 경우, 서술어 어미에서 종결어미 이외의 형태들이 선어말어미가 될 수 있는 조건은 다음과 같다. 이 시기의 한국어에서 선어말어미라고 공인되는 //-으시-//(//-ɯsi-//), //-{ㅅ-ㅈ-ㅿ}-//(//-{s-c-z}ɐβ-//), //-어{잇-(이)시}-//(//-ə{is-(i)si}-//)가 모두 통합할 수 있는 연결어미(특히 //-고//)나 종결어미(특히 //-{ㄷ-ㄹ}ㅏ//)와 통합할 수 있다면, 그런 형태는 선어말어미가 될 수 있다. 서술어 어미에서 종결어미 이외의 형태가 이 조건을 충족시키지 못한다면, 그 형태는 선어말어미가 될 수 없다. 그러므로 그런 형태는 종결어미의 일부가 되어야 한다. 그 결과 15세기 한국어 의문법 종결어미의 형태소에는 음운부의 기저형이 될 수 있는 단일 형태소 //XAY//와 통사ㆍ의미부에서 어휘선택규칙에 의해서 선택되어야 할 어휘화한 이형태 //XaY//와 //XbY//를 포괄하는 복합형태소 //X{a-b}Y//가 있다. 특히 주목할 것은 복합형태소 중에서 대부분의 어휘화한 이형태들이 각각 문 속의 의문사의 유무에 의해서 선택된다는 것이다.

국어 종결어미의 통시적 변화와 쟁점

장윤희 국어사학회 2012 국어사연구 Vol.0 No.14

중세국어 이후 국어의 종결어미의 형태나 기능의 변화는 평서형, 의문형, 명령형에서 주로 나타난다. 특징적인 국어 종결어미의 변화 중 하나는 18세 기의 종결어미 ‘-오/소’의 출현이다. 이 어미에 의한 평서형과 의문형은 꽤 높임의 상대 높임 등급을 표시하는 종결형으로 현대국어까지 이어졌으며 이 어미로 인하여 19세기에 아주 높임의 명령어미 ‘-시오’가 형성되었다. 또한 19세기에는 약간 높임의 의문어미 ‘-나’, 명령어미 ‘-게’, 반말 어미 ‘-지’가 새 로 나타나며, 아주 높임을 표시하는 평서, 의문, 명령의 어미 ‘-시오’도 형 성되었다. 19세기의 종결어미 체계는 20세기 초에 체계적 안정성을 확보하 기 위한 조정 과정을 거쳐 현대국어의 종결어미 체계로 이어졌다. The diachronic formal and functional changes of Korean sentence-terminating endings after Middle Korean, mostly have occurred in declarative endings, interrogative endings, and imperative endings. One of the distinctive changes of Korean sentence-terminating endings is the appearance of ending ‘-o/so’ in 18C. This ending having expressed considerable honorific meaning to the hearer has been used to end the declarative sentence and interrogative sentence until the present day. It formed another ending ‘-ʌpsio’ which expressed honorific meaning to the hearer in 19C. There have been many changes in 19C; interrogative ending ‘-na’, imperative ending ‘-ke’(both of these endings express a little honorific meaning to the hearer.), ending ‘-ji’(it expresses no honorific meaning to the hearer.), and the most honorific ending ‘-ʌpsio’(its declarative, interrogative, and imperative are in same form.). The system of sentence-terminating ending in 19C has succeeded to the present days after it has gone through the adjusting process for systematic stability.

추측확인법과 확인추측법의 의미와 기원

이광호(Lee, Kwang-Ho) 한국어문학회 2017 語文學 Vol.0 No.137

The grammatical sum does not form a coherent semantic identity. In the arrangement of the prefinal ending, the following elements add the grammatical and semantic meanings to the preceding elements. In conclusion, the arrangement of the prefinal ending of the estimation-confirmation is composed of the functions of estimation and confirmation and adds the semantic qualities of the information to the assumed element, and the confirmation-estimation undermines grammatical structure by less emphasizing the significance of confirmation. The ‘-리어-’ of the estimationconfirmation and the ‘-어리-’ of the confirmation-estimation have different syntactic structures, leading to different semantic qualities in terms of [±Confirmation]. This is accompanied by a change in the semantic elements of the estimation according to the meaning of the confirmation that precedes to or follows after the ‘-리-’, which is realized in the same form. Specifically, the form of estimation-confirmation carries the semantic element of simple assumption, while functioning to deliver the information. Therefore, the meaning unit of confirmation is not clearly distinguished. On the other hand, confirmation-estimation takes a form of rhetorical questionand therefore conveys the opposite meaning. It strengthens the role of confirmation, by placing the semantic element of the confirmation after the prefinal ending. The sentence of the confirmation-estimation often takes a form of “interrogative -려” (or “interrogative -리어-”) in front of the final ending. On the other hand, confirmation-estimation is associated with ‘-아- + -리 - + -아 (< 가)’. The grammatical arrangement and placement determines different semantic roles. If ‘-리-’ is realized in the form of estimation, it can be used to express the semantic differences determined byaccording to the order of arrangement. However, as a result, this research shows that ‘-리₁-’, which is settled in the form of estimation-confirmation, and ‘-리₂-’, is realized in a form of the confirmation-estimation, and the both are originally different grammatical elements. In a historical sense, there is no precedent to ‘-리₁-’ coming before the prefinal endings of ‘-거/어-아-’, except for ‘-리₂-’. ‘★’ and ‘★’ in Sǒktok kugyǒl during the Koryǒ period, which reveals the historical trajectory of the grammar functions corresponding to ‘ - 리₁-’ and ‘- 리₂-’ of the 15th century Korea, respectively. For example, ‘★’ functions as the prefinal ending and ‘★’ functions as the interrogative ending in combination with interrogative auxiliary element. In the 15th century, ‘-리₁-’ and ‘-리₂-’ show different grammatical categorization, as the ‘-리-’ element was originally a combination of two or more morphemes, not a single morpheme, deriving from other grammatical elements. The element was drawn from a combination of a gerund ending and a copula, but ‘리₁-’ and ‘-리₂-’ were differentiated by which prefinal ending the element is being combined with. The two forms derived from the grammaticalization process of the interrogative endings and formed new grammar categories. Although they contain different semantic compositions, their properties indicates that they share the semantic function of the estimation.