다중격차: 다차원적 불평등에 관한 개념화 시론

황규성 한국사회과학연구회 2016 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.97

In recent two decades multiple inequalities including income, asset, residence, education, culture and health have formed a structure of systemic coupling beyond mere parallel coexistence. The article tries to conceptualize the phenomenon as multiple disparities and to disclose their properties. Multiple disparities are defined as specific form of inequality equipped with independent operation modes different from those of individual inequalities which have given birth to multiple disparities though mutual reinforcement. They have following characteristics. First, they derive from interaction of categories of various inequalities. Second, they have unique grammar discernable from that of individual inequalities. Third, change of interest structure, realignment of opportunity structure, and realization of increasing returns make parallel coexistence of inequalities turn into multiple inequalities as a structure. Fourth, after structuration they reproduce themselves in two dimensions, time and space. Lastly, they bear irreducibility, which means that grammar of multiple inequalities could not be reduced to logic of individual inequalities or sum of their logics. The concept of multiple disparities as a heuristic one is expected to be used to analyze various aspects of inequalities in different perspective including causes and nature of complexity of inequality, policy failure and furthermore diagnosis of Korean society in general. 최근 약 20여 년 동안 우리 사회에는 소득, 자산, 주거, 교육, 문화, 건강 등 불평등의 여러 차원들이 독립적으로 대면하는 수준을 넘어 서로가 서로를 강화시키는 구조가 출현하고 있다. 이 글은 다차원적 불평등의 체계화를 다중격차라는 개념으로 포착하고 속성을 밝히고자 한다. 다중격차는 다양한 불평등 영역이 상호강화를 통해 개별 불평등의 작동 방식과는 독립적인 작동 방식을 갖춘 불평등의특수한 형태다. 다중격차는 다음과 같은 특징을 가진다. 첫째, 다중격차는 불평등 범주 간 상호작용으로부터 도출된다. 둘째, 다중격차는 범주들 사이의 상호작용으로부터 나오지만 각 범주가 가진 문법과는 독립적인 새로운 문법을 가진다. 셋째, 다차원적으로 병존하는 불평등은 이익 구조의 변경, 기회 구조의 재편, 수확체증의 실현을 거쳐 하나의 구조로 굳어진다. 넷째, 다중격차는 시공간적으로재생산되는 경향이 있다. 다섯째, 다중격차는 다중격차를 낳은 각 범주들의 논리, 혹은 각 논리들의 합계로 규명되지 않는 환원불가능성을 띤다. 다중격차 개념은 불평등의 원인 규명, 불평등에 관한 접근 방식, 복합적인 불평등의 해명, 정책 실패의 원인 규명, 한국 사회의 진단 등에 활용할 수 있는 개념적 도구다.

다중격차의 사회적 균열 구조와 사회정책적 대응

신진욱,정세은,장지연 한국사회과학연구회 2016 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.97

This paper discusses the systemic specificities, social cleavage structures, and social policy responses in a society characterized by multiple inequalities. It tries preliminary theoretical considerations in the following three aspects: First, it distinguishes different approaches to the multiplicity of inequalities and clarifies the particular features of multiple inequalities from the perspective of intersectionality. Second, it tries to reconstruct the theory of social and political cleavages to handle the conflict structure based on multiple equalities. Third, it presents some basic directions of social policy response to the problems which are specific to the systems of multiple inequalities. The authors emphasize the necessity of overcoming both the approaches which separate individual dimensions of inequality from each other and those which tend to level all kinds of inequalities in the abstract. Alternatively, this paper focuses on the hierarchy in the degree of intensity and structuration of diverse dimensions of inequalities in a particular society in a particular period of time; differences in the degree of intersectionality of multiple inequalities; and differences in the level of complexity of a system of multiple inequalities. Accordingly, it argues that social policy responses to the multiple inequalities should pay particular attention to the most significant dimensions of inequality in a particular society; the institutional domains and social groups in which diverse dimensions of inequality are condensed; and the importance of universal social security as an answer to the growing complexity of systems of multiple inequalities in modern societies. 이 논문은 여러 불평등 차원이 교차하는 다중격차 체계의 특성과 사회적 균열 구조, 그에 대한 사회정책적 대응을 다룬다. 다음의 세 측면에서 예비적인 이론적고찰을 시도한다. 첫째, 다중격차를 하나의 상호 연관 체계로 이론화하고, 교차성의 관점에서 출발하여 다중격차의 행위 이론적 함의를 고찰한다. 둘째, 다중격차의 문제틀에 상응하여, 사회정치적 균열 구조에 대한 기존 이론을 다차원적 이론 모형과 역사 비교론적 관점에서 재구성한다. 셋째, 다중격차 현실에 대한 사회정책적 대응이 지향해야 할 몇 가지 기본 방향을 서술한다. 보다 구체적인 수준에서 이 논문은 개별 불평등 차원을 서로 분리하여 사고하거나, 그와 반대로불평등의 다차원성을 추상적으로 균질화하는 접근을 극복해야 할 필요성을 강조한다. 그 대안으로 첫째, 특정 시기, 특정 사회에서 다양한 격차들의 중심/주변관계구조, 둘째, 다중적 불평등의 응축 지대와 그 담지 집단, 그리고 끝으로 다중격차 체계의 복잡성 수준을 구체적으로 규명할 필요성을 제기한다. 그러한 문제의식에 조응하는 사회정책적 대응 방향으로서 각 사회의 가장 핵심적인 불평등차원, 여러 불평등이 응축되는 지대를 공략하는 정책, 그리고 다중격차의 고도복잡성에 대한 대안으로 보편적 사회보장 확대를 강조한다.

지니계수 분해법을 활용한 농가소득의 불평등 분석

고갑석(Gabseok Go),김윤식(Yunshik Kim) 한국농식품정책학회 2016 농업경영정책연구 Vol.43 No.4

This paper analyzes income inequalities in farm by source and inter- and intra-province, using a Gini Decomposition Method with Farm Household Economy Survey from 2008 to 2012. The results show that the income inequalities in farm have increased since 2008, and agricultural income and non-farm income are major sources contributing farm income inequalities when farm income is decomposed by source. In the analysis of marginal effects on income inequalities in farm by sources, only transfer income has a positive effect, which implies that transfer income alleviates income inequalities in farm. In other words, agricultural income and non-farm income deteriorate the income inequalities. The analysis of income inequalities by inter- and intra-province shows that inequalities caused by interprovince difference take the largest part of farm income inequalities.

Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Korean women aged 19-79 years: the 2016 Korean Study of Women’s Health-Related Issues

최은지,CHOHANA,서다해,박보영,박소희,조주희,김수,박영란,최귀선,이유미 한국역학회 2019 Epidemiology and Health Vol.41 No.-

OBJECTIVES: While the prevalence of obesity in Asian women has remained stagnant, studies of socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Asian women are scarce. This study aimed to examine the recent prevalence of obesity in Korean women aged between 19 years and 79 years and to analyze socioeconomic inequalities in obesity. METHODS: Data were derived from the 2016 Korean Study of Women’s Health-Related Issues. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the associations between socioeconomic factors and obesity using Asian standard body mass index (BMI) categories: low (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23.0-24.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥25.0 kg/m2). As inequality-specific indicators, the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated, with adjustment for age and self-reported health status. RESULTS: Korean women were classified into the following BMI categories: underweight (5.3%), normal weight (59.1%), overweight (21.2%), and obese (14.4%). The SII and RII revealed substantial inequalities in obesity in favor of more urbanized women (SII, 4.5; RII, 1.4) and against of women who were highly educated (SII, -16.7; RII, 0.3). Subgroup analysis revealed inequalities in obesity according to household income among younger women and according to urbanization among women aged 65-79 years. CONCLUSIONS: Clear educational inequalities in obesity existed in Korean women. Reverse inequalities in urbanization were also apparent in older women. Developing strategies to address the multiple observed inequalities in obesity among Korean women may prove essential for effectively reducing the burden of this disease.

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Stomach Cancer Screening in Korea, 2005–2015: After the Introduction of the National Cancer Screening Program

이은영,이윤영,서미나,최은지,Tran Thi Xuan Mai,조현순,박보영,전재관,김열,오진경,기모란,최귀선 연세대학교의과대학 2018 Yonsei medical journal Vol.59 No.8

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate socioeconomic inequalities in stomach cancer screening in Korea and trends thereinacross income and education groups. Materials and Methods: Data from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, a nationwide cross-sectional survey, were utilized. A total of 28913 men and women aged 40 to 74 years were included for analysis. Prior experience with stomach cancerscreening was defined as having undergone either an endoscopy or gastrointestinal series within the past two years. The slope indexof inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were evaluated to check inequalities. Results: Stomach cancer screening rates increased from 40.0% in 2005 to 74.8% in 2015, with an annual percent change of 5.8%[95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2 to 7.5]. Increases in stomach cancer screening rates were observed for all age, education, andhousehold income groups. Inequalities in stomach cancer screening were noted among individuals of differing levels of education,with a pooled SII estimate of 6.14% (95% CI, 3.94 to 8.34) and RII of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.40). Also, income-related inequalitieswere observed with an SII of 6.93% (95% CI, 4.89 to 8.97) and RII of 1.30 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.43). The magnitude of inequalitywas larger for income than for education. Conclusion: Both education and income-related inequalities were found in stomach cancer screening, despite a continuous increasein screening rate over the study period. Income-related inequality was greater than education-related inequality, and thiswas more apparent in women than in men.

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Colorectal Cancer Screening in Korea, 2005–2015: After the Introduction of the National Cancer Screening Program

Tran Thi Xuan Mai,이윤영,서미나,최은지,이은영,기모란,조현순,박보영,전재관,김열,오진경,최귀선 연세대학교의과대학 2018 Yonsei medical journal Vol.59 No.9

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate inequalities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates in Korea and trends therein usingthe slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) across income and education groups. Materials and Methods: Data from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, an annually conducted, nationwide cross-sectionalsurvey, were utilized. A total of 17174 men and women aged 50 to 74 years were included for analysis. Prior experience withCRC screening was defined as having either a fecal occult blood test within the past year or a lifetime colonoscopy. CRC screeningrates and annual percentage changes (APCs) were evaluated. Then, SII and RII were calculated to assess inequality in CRCscreening for each survey year. Results: CRC screening rates increased from 23.4% in 2005 to 50.9% in 2015 (APC, 7.8%; 95% CI, 6.0 to 9.6). Upward trends in CRCscreening rates were observed for all age, education, and household income groups. Education inequalities were noted in 2009,2014, and overall pooled estimates in both indices. Income inequalities were inconsistent among survey years, and overall estimatesdid not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Education inequalities in CRC screening among men and women aged 50 to 74 years were observed in Korea. Noapparent pattern, however, was found for income inequalities. Further studies are needed to thoroughly outline socio-economicinequalities in CRC screening.

소득이 산후우울에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 지지의 조절효과: 모성건강불평등을 중심으로

최인선,이소영 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2023 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: This study primarily aimed to determine the level of inequality in maternal health by identifying the effect of income on postpartum depression and examining whether social support is effective in alleviating maternal health inequality. Methods: Multiple regression analysis using a moderating effect model was conducted to analyze data from a nationwide sample of 3,127 pregnant women in Korea using the 2021 Postpartum Care Survey. Results: Income had a significant effect on postpartum depression. “Social support,” including “Experience with social support” and “Family support,” was found to have a statistically significant effect in alleviating maternal health inequalities. Conclusion: This study found that although there may be inequalities in postpartum depression depending on income, maternal health inequalities can be alleviated if sufficient social support is provided. First, to increase family support, postpartum depression must be reduced through spousal education. Second, if support is not available within the family, the expecting mothers should have access to a support system within the community. Third, if social support is provided as a policy target, it can effectively alleviate maternal health inequalities. Fourth, there is a need to strengthen and promote policies with socially supportive characteristics to mitigate disparities in postpartum depression and effectively alleviate maternal health inequalities

Did the socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable and unavoidable mortality worsen during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea?

Rora Oh,Myoung-Hee Kim,Juyeon Lee,Rangkyoung Ha,Jungwook Kim 한국역학회 2023 Epidemiology and Health Vol.45 No.-

OBJECTIVES: This study examined changes in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Korea before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: From 2017 to 2020, age-standardized mortality rates were calculated for all-cause deaths, avoidable deaths (preventable deaths, treatable deaths), and unavoidable deaths using National Health Insurance claims data and Statistics Korea’s cause of death data. In addition, the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII) by six income levels (Medical Aid beneficiary group and quintile of health insurance premiums) were computed to analyze the magnitude and change of mortality inequalities. RESULTS: All-cause and avoidable mortality rates decreased steadily between 2017 and 2020, whereas unavoidable mortality remained relatively stable. In the case of mortality inequalities, the disparity in all-cause mortality between income classes was exacerbated in 2020 compared to 2019, with the SII increasing from 185.44 to 189.22 and the RII increasing from 3.99 to 4.29. In particular, the preventable and unavoidable mortality rates showed an apparent increase in inequality, as both the SII (preventable: 91.31 to 92.01, unavoidable: 69.99 to 75.38) and RII (preventable: 3.42 to 3.66, unavoidable: 5.02 to 5.89) increased. CONCLUSIONS: In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality inequality continued to increase, although there was no sign of exacerbation. It is necessary to continuously evaluate mortality inequalities, particularly for preventable and unavoidable deaths.

Extended Hermite-Hadamard(H-H) and Fejer's inequalities based on geometrically-$s$-convex functions in third and fourth sense

Sabir,Masnita Misiran,Zurni Omar,Rabia Luqman 한국전산응용수학회 2023 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.41 No.5

In this paper, geometrically convex and $s$-convex functions in third and fourth sense are merged to form ($g,s$)-convex function. Characterizations of ($g,s$)-convex function, algebraic and functional properties are presented. In addition, novel functions based on the integral of ($g,s$)-convex functions in the third sense are created, and inequality relations for these functions are explored and examined under particular conditions. Further, there are also some relationships between ($g,s$)-convex function and previously defined functions. The ($g,s$)-convex function and its derivatives will then be used to extend the well-known H-H and Fejer's type inequalities. In order to obtain the previously mentioned conclusions, several special cases from previous literature for extended H-H and Fejer's inequalities are also investigated. The relation between the average (mean) values and newly created H-H and Fejer's inequalities are also examined.

GENERALIZED STRONGLY NONLINEAR QUASI-VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES

Jeong, Jae-Ug 한국전산응용수학회 1999 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.6 No.1

In this paper we introduce and study a new class of vari-ational inequalities which are called the generalized strongly nonlin-ear quasi-variational inequalities. An algorithm for finding the ap-proximate solution of generalized strongly nonlinear quasi-variational inequalities is also given. These variational inequalities include the previously known classes of variational inequalities as special cases.