A formic acid hydrogen generator using Pd/C₃N₄ catalyst for mobile proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems

Elsevier 2016 ENERGY Vol.112 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A HCOOH (formic acid) hydrogen generator with a Pd/C<SUB>3</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB> nanocatalyst and a small amount of water was investigated for mobile PEMFCs (proton exchange membrane fuel cells). The catalyst produced hydrogen from HCOOH effectively, owing to high activity and selectivity. The HCOOH hydrogen generator was also evaluated in a hydrogen generation test for 3 h. Although 98 wt% HCOOH was directly supplied to the hydrogen generator, catalyst poisoning was prevented owing to a small amount of water. The conversion efficiency of the hydrogen generator was 95.5%, and less than 10 ppm carbon monoxide was produced from HCOOH dehydrogenation. The characteristics of HCOOH were compared with those of sodium borohydride solution, gaseous hydrogen, and liquid hydrogen. The HCOOH hydrogen generator has many advantages such as high conversion efficiency, high energy density, low hydrogen production cost, and relatively long storage duration. Consequently, the HCOOH hydrogen generator can be used for mobile PEMFCs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pd/C<SUB>3</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB> catalyst has high activity and selectivity for formic acid dehydrogenation. </LI> <LI> The conversion efficiency of the formic acid hydrogen generator is 95.5%. </LI> <LI> The amount of carbon monoxide produced by the hydrogen generator is below 10 ppm. </LI> <LI> The amount of formic acid required to produce 1 kWh energy is 1.85 kg (1.52 L). </LI> <LI> The cost of hydrogen production from formic acid is $ 0.38 per gram of hydrogen. </LI> </UL> </P>

수소경제에서 연료전지발전의 역할

정용주 한국경영과학회 2021 經營 科學 Vol.38 No.1

The hydrogen economy, in which hydrogen is used as a fuel for electricity and hydrogen vehicles, for energy storage/carrier, requires new industry infrastructure in which hydrogen is efficiently produced, transported and used. The Korea government announced ‘Hydrogen Economy Activation Roadmap’ in 2019 which includes plans of hydrogen supply, Fuel Cell Power Plant (FCPP) expansion and fuel cell electricity vehicle(FCEV) spreading, and released HPS(Hydrogen Portfolio Standard) forcing FCPP generation. The electricity generation section is the most important one in the hydrogen economy since it produces hydrogen by electrolysis using electricity and uses it as well to produce electricity by FCPP. This paper proposes a new generation capacity expansion planning(GCEP) model in the hydrogen economy. GCEP is an optimization model to find the capacity expansion plan of the smallest cost while satisfying yearly demand requirements and other technical and political constraints. Our GCEP model is differentiated from old ones in that ours considers hydrogen economy by formulating hydrogen a fuel, FCPP as a power plant and HPS constraint into the GCEP model. Optimal generation capacity expansion plan in the hydrogen economy is found by our GCEP model and compared and analyzed the one of the carbon economy. Empirical experiments based on Korea generation data show that LNG plant will be firstly shrinked by HPS and that high efficiency of FCPP will decrease total capacity.

고온가스로와 연계한 메탄 수증기 개질 수소생산 공정의 경제성 및 파급효과 추정

이태훈,이주호,조창근 대한설비관리학회 2019 대한설비관리학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Hydrogen is an essential element as an energy carrier in the hydrogen economy. In order to mass-produce hydrogen, a High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) cogeneration system coupled with hydrogen production process and electricity generation has been considered as the most effective method to produce hydrogen. Even if an HTGR cogeneration system is technically capable of supplying a mass amount of hydrogen, it is uncertain that the HTGR cogeneration system can compete with other hydrogen production technologies. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the economic competitiveness of the HTGR cogeneration system. In this paper we developed a process flow diagram for the cogeneration system to maximize hydrogen productivity in Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) hydrogen production processes in conjunction with electrical generation systems in a 350MWt HTGR. Economic analysis and ripple effect estimation were conducted for the self-developed process model using Benefit to Cost ratio (BC ratio) and an inter-industry table. The results of the quantitative analysis show that the HTGR cogeneration system is economically competitive and can be used as basic data for commercial HTGR construction in the future.

수소추출기의 부분부하 운전을 위한 PSA 제어전략에 대한 연구

이상호,김선엽,최 영 한국수소및신에너지학회 2022 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.33 No.6

Fuel cell systems are being supplied to households and buildings to reduce greenhouse gases. The fuel cell systems have problems of high cost and slow startup due to fuel processors. Greenhouse gas reduction of the fuel cell systems is also limited by using natural gas. The problems can be solved by using a hydrogen generator consisting of a reformer and pressure swing adsorption (PSA). However, part load operation of the hydrogen generator is required depending on the hydrogen consumption. In this paper, PSA operation strategies are investigated for part load of the hydrogen generator. Adsorption and purge time were changed in the range of part load ratio between from 0.5 to 1.0. As adsorption time increased, hydrogen recovery increased from 29.09% to 48.34% at 0.5 of part load ratio. Hydrogen recovery and hydrogen purity were also improved by increasing adsorption and purge time. However, hydrogen recovery dramatically decreased to 35.01% at 0.5 of part load ratio.

HCNG용 수소제조장치 실험 및 결과분석

이영철,한정옥,이중성,김용철,조영아,김상민,김형태 한국수소및신에너지학회 2015 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Pollution emission control of the 20th century, for transportation energy, are being enhanced, and then as alternative to this, because hydrogen emit only water gas emissions to be environmentally friendly energy, so hydrogen as a sustainable clean energy is in the limelight. Used in compressed natural gas engines to mix hydrogen and natural gas in both domestic and international technology development and demonstration is being carried out. The hydrogen-compressed natural gas(HCNG) charging infrastructure can be used to build a hydrogen infrastructure in the transitional aspects of a future hydrogen economy society. In this paper, for a demonstration of HCNG charging infrastructure we made and operated a 30Nm3/h hydrogen generating unit and analyzed the result of the operation. We was identified the operating conditions of a reforming reactor and water gas shift reactor from an analysis result, the thermal efficiency was calculated according to the operating conditions of the total hydrogen production process.

스페이서 구조 및 음극 전해질 농도 변화에 따른 Pilot 규모 전기화학적 H₂O₂ 발생 장치의 최적화 및 성능 평가

이진희(Jin Hee Lee),한희주(Hee Joo Han),이정훈(Jeong Hun Lee),장정화(Jung Hwa Jang),김대원(Dae Won Kim) 대한환경공학회 2020 대한환경공학회지 Vol.42 No.2

목적 : 전기화학적 과산화수소(H₂O₂) 생산을 위하여 pilot 규모의 바이폴라형 전기화학적 발생 장치(bipolar-electrochemical generator or bipolar-electrolyzer)를 개발하였다. 그리고 전기화학적 과산화수소 발생 장치 내 전해질의 유로를 형성하는 역할을 하는 양극 스페이서와 음극 스페이서의 구조 및 배치 변화에 따른 과산화수소의 발생 농도와 발생 효율을 비교함으로써 최적 스페이서 구조와 배치 방안을 확립하고 전기화학적 과산화수소 발생 장치의 성능을 향상시키고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구에서는 전기화학적 과산화수소 발생 장치 내 양극 스페이서와 음극 스페이서의 채널 서포터의 구조와 배치를 조절하여, 전기화학적 과산화수소 발생 장치 내 양극 및 음극 스페이서의 구조와 배치를 최적화하였다. 또한 실제 산업에서 요구하는 고농도의 과산화수소를 생산하기 위해 전해질(Na₂SO₄)의 농도를 조절하여 발생한 과산화수소의 농도와 발생 효율을 평가하였다. 결과 및 토의 : 너비가 넓은 채널 서포터와 좁은 채널 서포터를 양/음극 스페이서로 적용하여 50 A에서 전기분해장치를 운영하였다. 그 결과, 너비가 넓은 채널 서포터를 사용하였을 때 2023.83 mg/L의 과산화수소 발생 농도를 보이며 좁은 채널 서포터를 사용하였을 때보다 더 높은 과산화수소 발생 농도를 보임을 확인하였다. 그리고 양/음극 스페이서의 채널 서포터 존재 유・무를 조합하여 50 A에서 전기분해하였을 때, 양극 스페이서에 채널 서포터가 없고 음극 스페이서에 채널 서포터가 존재할 때 가장 높은 과산화수소 농도(2295.95 mg/L)와 발생 효율(86.87%)을 나타냈다. 또한, 전해질(Na₂SO₄)의 농도를 10 PSU와 20 PSU로 조절하여 테스트하였을 때 전해질의 농도가 더 높을수록 과산화수소의 발생 농도(20 PSU, 80 A, 4217.74 mg/L)와 발생 효율(20 PSU, 80 A, 74.80%)이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 전기화학적 과산화수소 발생 장치 내 스페이서의 형태와 배치를 최적화하여 고농도의 과산화수소를 높은 발생 효율로 생산하였으며, 본 논문의 과산화수소 발생 장치에 대하여 실제 산업에서의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. Objectives : In this study, We developed pilot-scale bipolar-electrochemical generator (or bipolar-electrolyzer) for generating hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). By comparing H₂O₂ concentration and generation efficiency of H₂O₂ according to structure and arrangement of anode/cathode spacer, the structure and arrangement of spacer have been optimised for high H₂O₂ concentration and generation efficiency. Methods : The concentration and generation efficiency of H₂O₂ were evaluated by changing the width of the channel supporter in anode/cathode spacer and we optimised the arrangement of anode/cathode spacer in electrochemical generator. Additionally, we also evaluated the efficiency of H₂O₂ generation with different concentration catholyte (Na₂SO₄). Results and Discussion : The electrochemical H₂O₂ generator applied anode/cathode supporter with narrow channel supporter showed high H₂O₂ concentration of 2023.83 mg/L. Electrochemical H₂O₂ generator with N-C type spacer (anode: no channel supporter, cathode: channel supporter) showed the highest H₂O₂ concentration (2295.95 mg/L) and H₂O₂ generation efficiency (86.87%). also, we observed that the electrolyzer with 20 PSU has higher H₂O₂ concentration (4217.74 mg/L) and generation efficiency (74.80%). Conclusions : As a results, We generated H₂O₂ with high concentration and high generation efficiency by optimising structure and arrangement of spacer in electrochemical H₂O₂ generator. Also, We concluded that the developed bioplar-electrochemical generator in our study could be applied to the real industry.

발전기 냉각용 On-site 수소 생산 시스템 적용연구

문전수,이재근,박필양,박경일 한국수소및신에너지학회 2009 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.20 No.5

A hydrogen cooling method is used in a power generator for removing the unnecessary heat due to the windage loss of a rotor and the joule heat of a stator. A MEA (Membrane Electrolyte Assembly) hydrogen generator has been developed and applied as a hydrogen supplying system for the cooling of a 350MW power generator. As a field application result, the average potential of eleven cells and the voltage efficiency were measured 2.26V/cell and 65.4% (Higher Heating Value) respectively at the hydrogen pressure of 6 Bar, the hydrogen flow rate of 9.1L/min, and the current of 150A.

Fully-integrated micro PEM fuel cell system with NaBH₄ hydrogen generator

Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY - Vol.37 No.3

A fully-integrated micro PEM fuel cell system with a NaBH<SUB>4</SUB> hydrogen generator was developed. The micro fuel cell system contained a micro PEM fuel cell and a NaBH<SUB>4</SUB> hydrogen generator. The hydrogen generator comprised a NaBH<SUB>4</SUB> reacting chamber and a hydrogen separating chamber. Photosensitive glass wafers were used to fabricate a lightweight and corrosion-resistant micro fuel cell and hydrogen generator. All of the BOP such as a NaBH<SUB>4</SUB> cartridge, a micropump, and an auxiliary battery were fully integrated. In order to generate stable power output, a hybrid power management operating with a micro fuel cell and battery was designed. The integrated performance of the micro PEM fuel cell with NaBH<SUB>4</SUB> hydrogen generator was evaluated under various operating conditions. The hybrid power output was stably provided by the micro PEM fuel cell and auxiliary battery. The maximum power output and specific energy density of the micro PEM fuel cell system were 250 mW and 111.2 W h/kg, respectively.

Development of a portable hydrogen generator system

Koji Maekawa,Kenji Takahara 제어로봇시스템학회 2011 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

The purpose of this study is to develop a portable hydrogen generator system. The system has three main components, a reactor vessel, a water supply and a control system. The hydrogen is generated from water molecules reacting with activated aluminum particles. 1 [l] of hydrogen can be obtained form 1 [g] of the activated aluminum particles and 1 [ml] of water. We designed the control system to determine the quantity of water poured into the reactor vessel in order to generate the desired quantity of hydrogen. The supplied quantity of water and the pressure in the reactor vessel were chosen as the input and output of the control system, respectively. The developed hydrogen generator was connected to a FC with a constant load. The experimental results showed that the output of FC was maintained virtually constant. Therefore, it is confirmed that the proposed system is useful as a hydrogen generator.

수소스테이션용 20Nm³/hr급 수소제조장치 스케일-업 및 성능시험

오영삼(Oh, Young-Sang),백영순(Baek, Young-Soon) 한국신재생에너지학회 2006 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.06

In this study, 20Nm³/hr scale compact hydrogen generator which can be apply to the hydrogen station was tested for hydrogen station application. 20Nm³/hr scale compact hydrogen generator was developed by upgrading concept of stacking plate reactor from former 20Nm³/hr scale plate hydrogen generator. concepts for improving system efficiency and performance include such as idea of heat recovery from the exhaust, exhaust duct which is especially design for plate type reactor reinforcement of insulation, enlargement of heat exchange area of reactor, introduction of desulphurizer reactor and PROX rector in a compact design, introduction of back fire protection structure of plate burner and so on, We can learn that final prototype of scale-up 20Nm³/hr scale compact hydrogen generator can be operated steadily in 100% road at which over 94% of methane conversion(S/C=3.75) was obtained. In case of making up the weak point, we expect that it is possible to apply to hydrogen station by way of showing an example.