기후변화에 대한 인권적 접근

박병도(Park, Byung-Do) 한국토지공법학회 2013 土地公法硏究 Vol.60 No.-

기후변화는 인간의 건강에 직ㆍ간접적으로 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 기후변화는 직접적으로 인간의 건강에 영향을 미쳐 사망률의 증가, 질병의 유발 등을 가져온다. 기후변화의 직접적인 영향에는 홍수나 열대성 저기압, 태풍, 가뭄 등과 같은 극단적인 기상재해의 증가, 그리고 건강에 악영향을 주는 포자나 곰팡이 등과 같은 오염원 및 알레르기 유발 미소입자를 포함한다. 기후변화의 간접적인 영향으로는 병원 매개체의 범위 및 계절의 확장으로 매개성 감염병의 전염 가능성이 증가한다. 기후변화문제가 인권적 측면과 매우 밀접한 관련이 있음에도 불구하고 그 동안 기후변화 관련 법 및 정책의 초점을 인권 보다는 환경적 측면을 중심으로 경제적ㆍ통상적 측면에 두고 있었다. 다시 말해서 지금까지의 기후변화법체계에서는 환경적 및 경제적 고려를 중심에 둔 반면에 인권적 측면을 거의 고려하지 않았다. 실제로 그 동안 기후변화이슈는 이산화탄소 등의 온실가스의 배출을 감소하여 기상이변, 해수면상승, 사막화 등 지구온난화의 피해와 위기에 대처하기 위한 방안을 중심으로 과학기술, 환경 또는 경제정책의 맥락에서 주로 논의되어 왔다. 그러나 이제 기후변화는 단순히 환경문제 차원을 넘어서서 인권문제로 인식되고 있다. 기후변화로 인하여 환경권, 건강권, 생존권 등의 침해가 심각하게 발생하고 있다는 사실을 인식하고 기후변화문제를 인권맥락에서 다루는 움직임이 본격적으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 움직임은 대표적으로 유엔인권기구에서도 나타나고 있다. 기후변화로 인한 환경변화는 불가피하게 지구상의 모든 인간에게 영향을 미친다. 또한 인권의 향유에도 영향을 미치고 행복추구도 손상시키거나 물거품이 되게 할 수 있다. 오늘날 인권에 대한 기후변화의 영향은 분명히 주요한 관심사이고 기후변화 정책에 대한 인권의 규범적 영향을 연구하는 것이 필요하다. 기후변화 논쟁에 있어서 인권이 기여하는 바는 무엇인가? 또한 이러한 논의에서 우리는 어떤 교훈을 얻을 수 있는가? 이 논문에서는 이러한 논의의 기초가 되고 있는 시각, 즉 기후변화를 인권적 시각에서 접근해보고자 한다. 그리고 기본적 인권 중에서 기후변화로 인해 가장 부정적 영향을 받고 있는 건강권을 중심으로 국제인권법상의 건강권의 내용과 법적 성질, 기후변화와 인권 사이의 관련성에 대해서도 분석할 것이다. 그리하여 기후변화 국면에서 인권, 특히 건강권을 보장하기 위한 방안을 제시해 보고자 한다. Climate change is likely to impact human health directly and indirectly. The direct health impacts include those due to changes in exposure to thermal extreme, both hot and cold, increases in extreme weather events, such as floods, cyclones, storms, droughts and increased production of certain air pollutants and aeroallergens, such as spores and moulds which result in severe health repercussions. Climate change represents an extremely grave risk to the health of individuals, communities and populations, especially those living in poverty in developing countries. Climate change poses risks to established human rights and the social processes that make people vulnerable to climate change often entail the violation of human rights. Given the massive public health challenges posed by climate change, especially in the developing world, there is an urgent need for a global partnership aimed at establishing an effective, integrated environmental regime capable of ensuring healthy environmental conditions for all. Given the broad-based nature of climate change, the focus of law and policy has never been exclusively environmental. Economic and trade issues have played a key role from the out set. While environmental and economic considerations have been central to the climate changed legal regime, the same cannot be said for its human rights aspects. The largest gains in reducing vulnerability may come from eliminating the most severe human rights violations through strengthening and developing the application and enforcement of human rights law. Avoiding human rights violations arising from climate change demands a renewed commitment to human rights to reduce vulnerability to climate change. Crucially, states have an obligation, arising from right to health, to take reasonable steps to slow down and reverse climate change. In this article, I briefly examine the content of the right to health, explore the linkages between climate change and human rights, especially right to health, and outline the right-to-health analytical framework. And the relationship between the content and legal nature of international human rights law on the right to health, climate change and human rights, and of fundamental human rights, being the most negatively affected as a result of climate change in the center of the right to health will also be analyzed. Thus, aspects of climate change, human rights, in particular, I wish to present a plan for to ensure the right to health.

건강기능식품의 인체적용시험에 대한 소고(小考)

이은영(Lee, Eun Young) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2021 과학기술과 법 Vol.12 No.2

A health functional food is a product that has different functions from pharmaceuticals, and is a kind of food manufactured using raw materials or ingredients with useful functionalities for the human body. Scientific evidence is needed as to whether these health functional foods are functioning properly, such as maintaining or improving the actual health function or reducing the risk of disease, and whether they are safe for the human body. The process carried out to verify the functionality and safety of health functional foods is the human panel(application) test. Compared to the public s high interest in food safety, the safety of health functional food appears to have remained relatively outside the public s interest. So, the public s awareness of the significance and importance of human panel tests to confirm the safety or functionality of health functional foods seems to be lacking. As a result, acts or statutes to regulate human panel test of health functional foods have not been properly enacted, and the ｢Guideline for Human Panel Test Design｣ issued by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety is only serving as a guideline. Health functional food has a character that is located halfway between foods and medicinal products(pharmaceuticals) in that it helps to maintain or promote functions beneficial to health. Accordingly, the legal discussion on human panel test of health functional food starts with deciding whether to classify health functional food as food or medicinal product. This is because, depending on the classification of food or medicinal product, the basic orientation or regulatory intensity for the legal regulation of human panel test is determined. In Korea, health functional foods are classified as food and do not require approval from the Minister of Food and Drug Safety to conduct human panel tests. But, it is designed to comply with the International Committee for Harmonization of Pharmaceutical Regulations - Good Clinical Practice of medicinal products or medical devices. However, in the case of health functional food, it cannot be treated in the same way as medicinal products in terms of hazard or risk to the human body. Ignoring each characteristic of health care products and uniformly applying clinical trial principles and ICH-GCP with the highest regulatory intensity can ultimately act as a factor hindering the development of the food industry. In short, in the human panel test of health functional food, a legal standard that is relaxed compared to the stringent ICH-GCP should be prepared separately. For example, in the case of human panel tests, it is necessary to improve the legal and institutional dimensions, such as differentiating clinical trial principles and/or GCP by reflecting the characteristics of health functional food, and simplifying the process of clinical trial conducts. On the other hand, the legal rules for the safety and protection of subjects will not be fundamentally different from clinical trials of medicinal products. The purpose of this study is to prepare a forum for a intensive discussion on human panel test of health functional foods, which has not received much attention in the field of law. To this end, we first examine the significance and procedure of human panel tests for health functional foods, analyze the current legal regulations on human panel tests and their limitations, and then conduct a comparative review of each country s human panel test system. Based on the derived various implications, we present a legal improvement plan for human panel test of health functional foods.

효와 인간관계가 몸의 건강에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이영숙 한국국제문화교류학회 2015 문화교류와 다문화교육 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 “효와 인간관계가 몸의 건강에 미치는 영향”에 관한 것이다. 인간은 이 세 상에 태어나면서부터 맨 처음 부모와 인간관계를 맺게 된다. 그리고 조부모 또는 형제, 친·인척, 이웃 등 많은 사람들과 인간관계속에서 살아가게 된다. 그러므로 인간은 효 를 실천하고 원만한 인간관계를 맺어야 행복하게 살 수 있다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 효와 인간관계가 우리 몸의 건강에 반드시 강력한 영향을 미친다고 해도 과언이 아닌 것이다. 따라서 그 구체적인 영향은 무엇인지, 효와 인간관계에서 몸의 건강을 지킬 수 있는지에 연구목적을 두게 되었다. 연구방법은 학문적 근거와 학자들의 연구 사례를 토대로 살펴 보았다. 첫째로 인간관계란 무엇일까? 라는 주제로 인간관계의 기초, 인간관계의 중요성과 인 간관계의 갈등을 살펴보고 그 해결 방법을 탐구해 보았다. 둘째로 효란 무엇인가? 라는 개인적 정의를 내려 보았으며, 셋째로 효와 인간관계가 몸의 건강에 미치는 영향에 대하 여 다양한 사례를 통하여 증명하였고, 마지막으로 효를 실천하고 원만한 인간관계를 유 지할 수 있는 구체적인 방안을 모색하였다. 결론적으로, 효와 인간관계의 중요성을 부각시켜야 하는 것은 효와 인간관계가 우리 몸의 건강을 지키고, 그 건강이 효의 기초가 되고 원만한 인간관계의 원천이 된다는 것이다. This research is that filial piety and human relationships are the Mixing Factor Influencing to the health of the body. When human being is born, first of all, he has relationship with his parents. Also, having relationship with grandparents, brothers and sisters, relatives and neighbors he gets along. Thus, if human beings have not built good relationship with grandparents, parents, brothers and sisters, and neighbors through filial piety or human relationships, they would not feel happy and have pleasant experience. This is why filial piety and human relationships influence on the human beings’ body health. The purpose of this research is first, ‘what are the factors that filial piety and good human relationships influences on human beings’ body health?‘ second, ’can the human beings keep their body health through filial piety and good human relationships?‘ The method of research is based on the literature investigation related and the analysis of advanced research result. The contents of research are the followings. First, I examined the importance and conflict of human relationship and the method of dissolution of conflict. Second I defined the meaning of filial piety individually. Third, I analyzed the diverse cases of the effect which filial piety and human relationships influence on the human beings’ body health. Finally, I found the concrete ways that human beings can practice filial piety and keep good human relationship. The result of research is that the filial piety and good human relationships are the factors that human beings keep their the health of the body, and the health of the body is the spring of filial piety and good human relationships.

국제보건규칙(2005)상의 전염병 통제 보건조치와 인권의 보호

박진아(PARK Jina) 대한국제법학회 2012 國際法學會論叢 Vol.57 No.2

전염병을 통제하기 위한 국가의 보건조치는 전염병의 발생으로부터 인간의 생명과 건강을 보호함과 동시에 격리 및 분리, 여행 제한 등 심각하게 인권을 제한한다는 점에서 인권은 보건조치의 일부로서 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 오랫동안 보건과 인권의 문제는 별개의 주제로 발전해오다 1980년대 후반 HIV/AIDS의 인권 논의를 시작으로 국제보건 차원에서 그 중요성이 강조되기 시작했으며, 2005년 「국제보건규칙」(International Health Regulations: IHR)이 개정되면서 국제보건규범에서는 처음으로 인권 보호가 명시화되었다.「국제보건규칙」은 전염병 규제를 제일의 목적으로 하는 유일한 국제규칙으로서 1969년 WHO에서 채택되어 2005년 전면개정되었다. 이 논문은 「국제보건규칙(2005)」에 명시된 인권 보호 규정에 대한 연구로서 먼저 「국제보건규칙」의 성립과 발전과정 및 주요 개정 내용을 살펴봄으로써 동 규칙의 법적 특성을 검토하였다. 그 다음으로 2005년 개정된 「국제보건규칙」의 인권 관련 규정을 주제별로 나누어 분석하고 평가하였다. 이 방법을 통해 개정된 「국제보건규칙」의 인권 규정의 특징과 미흡한 부분들을 찾아내고 이를 보완 및 강화할 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다. While the state’s public health measures for prevention and control of infectious diseases serve to protect human life and health. they at the same time significantly undermine human rights in several ways, including isolation, quarantine, and travel restrictions. Therefore, human rights must be taken into account in taking public health measures. For a long time, public health and human rights have been developed independently. However, since the HIV/AlDS set the stage for human rights to be embraced by a public health agenda in the late 1980’s, the importance of human rights have been gradually stressed in terms of international public health. finally resulting in crystallization of human rights protection in international public health law as amended by International Health Regulations (IHR) in 2005. The IHR, the sole global normative order for infectious diseases control, was first adopted in 1969, and was completely revised in 2005. This article is study on the provisions in the new IHR relevant to the protection of human rights. First the establishment and development of IHR were reviewed to understand its character as international norms. After that, the provisions in the new IHR relevant to the protection of human rights were analyzed and evaluated by topic. Based on this study, the ways to supplement and reinforce human rights protection in IHR provisions were presented.

도시지역 한 보건소 기능 강화 방안에 대한 의견 비교 분석

이원영,신영전,권영준,최보율,문옥륜,전혜정,Lee, Weon-Young,Shin, Young-Jeon,Kwon, Young-Jun,Choi, Bo-Youl,Moon, Ok-Ryun,Jeon, Hye-Jeong 대한예방의학회 1998 예방의학회지 Vol.31 No.4

The objective of this study is to collect the opinions on the present condition and the improvement directions of urban health centers from and to make a comparison. Samples were drawn from the various sources of a district in seoul. 53 persons involved in district health's administration(the Members of a District Parliament, the senior officials of a District office, village chief) and 84 health center workers were surveyed with anonymous postal questionaires and 427 district private medical personnels with postal questionaires and 625 users of a health center with direct questionaires, from November 18 to 25, 1996. Additionally, 12,151 households were surveyed with self-reported questionaires including priorities on special district health services of health center, from September 1 to 7, 1996. The major findings were as follows : 1) Although the persons involved in district health administration tend to put lower priority on health service over other community activities, they well acknowledged the importance of health center. But health center workers strongly acknowledged the importance of both health service and heath center. 2) As to the level of human resoureces, equipments and ammenities of Health Center commpared with private medical institute, the persons involved in district health's administration and health center workers responded that health center was higher in following order : 54.9%, 41.6%, 36.5% and 88.0%, 80.7%, 44.1%. 3) Concerning the priorities of health center's improvement, the persons involved in district health's administration replied in the order of reinforcement of proffesional health workers (43.3%), improvement of equipments and ammenities(28.3%), and the health center workers replied in the order of reconstruction of organization(24.1%), public health education and promotion(22.8%), reinforcement of proffesional health workers(21.0%). 4) Both the persons involved in district health's administration and health center workers replied that Ministry Health and Welfare, District office, health center were essential as the most critical organizations in the activation of Health Center's Function. 5) Persons involved in district health's administration and health center workers chose, as the most important health center's Function, medical treatment and prevention of infectious disease, and prevention of acute and chrone disease control and special district health service, respectively. Both Groups replied that fammily planning and parasite control are no longer in need. 6) As the future health service requiring reinforcement, every human resources parties considered health conselling, health line, sex education as the most imortant elements in public health education. Concerning the reinforement of other health services such as medical checkup and visiting nurses, every human resources parties showed more than 80% approval rate, but for oriental medical care service, the private medical personels showed relatively low approval rate(52.9%). Therefore the planning for reinforcement of health center's function requires the reflection of human resources party's opinion and the implication of system which can control and combine the differences in party's opinions.

개념으로서의 건강: 비판적 고찰

성기헌 서강대학교 생명문화연구소 2017 생명연구 Vol.46 No.-

This study aims to investigate subjective and objective attributes of the concept of ‘health’, and link the health concept with the dimension of existential meaning. Anyone can form a subjective health concept according to personal experiences and interpretative frameworks. Health as a concept, however, is explained from a universal perspective, and the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. This definition clearly emphasized the complexity of health concepts, but overlooked the nature of health as a dynamic process. WHO‘s definition of health was made possible through a perspective that considers humans in the totality of mind and body. The roots of health paradigm based on the human totality extends far back to Mesopotamia, ancient Greece and early Christianity. WHO’s health definition lacks analytical nicety, and this limitation is overcome by scholars’ thoughts which delineated the specific attributes of health according to normativism and naturalism. According to their considerations, the concept of health which is not free from social expectations is summarized as functional normality. The health concept, moreover, can be explained through attributes such as value, pain (discomfort), statistical normality, physical inability, adaptability and homeostasis. This health theory, however, focuses on the ‘factuality’ about health, and there is a lack of reflection on the meaning of health here. A typical example of an effort to understand health as the basis of existential planning can be seen in the insights of the French philosopher Georges Canguilhem. With the efforts of philosophers such as Canguilhem, it became clear that the understanding of the factuality of health must be integrated into the understanding of the meaning of health. 본 연구는 건강개념의 주관적-객관적 속성들을 살펴보고, 건강 개념을 실존적의미의 차원과 연관 짓는 것을 목표로 한다. 건강에 대한 의미규정은 학자들만의몫이 아니며, 삶을 살아가는 누구나 개인의 체험과 각자가 지닌 해석의 틀에 따라 주관적으로 건강 개념을 구성할 수 있다. 그러나 ‘개념’으로서의 건강은 보편적인 전망 안에서 설명되며, 세계보건기구(WHO)의 정의에 따르면 건강은 한 사람이 신체적, 정신적, 사회적으로 완전히 안녕한 상태에 있음을 의미한다. 이러한정의는 건강 개념이 지닌 복합성을 분명히 부각시켰으나, 역동적 과정으로서의건강의 성격을 상대적으로 간과하고 있다. WHO의 건강 규정은 인간을 정신과육체의 총체성 안에서 파악하는 시각을 통해 가능한 것이었으며, 이처럼 인간의전인성(全人性)을 전제로 하는 인간-건강관의 뿌리는 저 멀리 메소포타미아와 그리이스, 초기의 그리스도교로 까지 소급된다. WHO의 건강 규정은 분석적 세련됨을 결여하고 있고, 이런 한계는 규범주의와자연주의에 따라 건강의 세부적 속성을 규정한 학자들의 성찰을 통해 극복된다. 이들의 성찰에 따르면, 사회적 기대로부터 자유롭지 못한 건강 개념은 ‘기능적 정상성’으로 요약되며, 가치, 통증, (통계적) 정상성, 육체적 불능성, 적응성, 항상성등의 속성을 통해 설명될 수 있다. 하지만 이러한 건강론은 건강에 관한 ‘사실의설명’에 치중하는 관점이며, 여기서 건강의 의미에 관한 성찰은 상대적으로 결여되어 있다. 건강을 실존기획의 토대로서 이해하려는 노력의 한 전형을 프랑스의의철학자 깡귀엠의 통찰에서 엿볼 수 있다. 깡귀엠과 같은 의철학자들의 노력으로, 건강에 관한 사실성의 파악은(수치의 파악) 건강의 의미에 대한 이해 속으로통합되어야 한다는 점이 더욱 분명해졌다.

보건의료 공공성을 넘어 건강공공성으로: 건강안보와 사회적 대화를 중심으로

문다슬,정혜주 한국보건행정학회 2018 보건행정학회지 Vol.28 No.4

The study seeks to widen the discussion from healthcare oriented ‘health publicness’ to human security oriented ‘health publicness’. The shortcomings of previous literatures on health publicness are as follows: (1) the studies have confined the range of discussions to healthcare system, (2) lacked arguments from political perspectives, and (3) failed to provide actionable pathways to achieve the goal. Thereby, we suggest ‘health publicness’ based on the concept of human security to solve multidimensional healthcare problems. The health publicness based on human security, which aims to secure everybody's freedom from want and fear, enables not only to expand the scope of health problems that can be discussed but also to propose the procedures to achieve health publicness. More specifically, it consists of substantive and procedural health publicness. The former is about ‘health security’- protecting, maintaining, and promoting individual’s health-whereas, the latter is about ‘social dialogue’ guaranteeing participation of citizens, government, employers, and worker representatives. In conclusion, this study proposes the ‘Regional Healthcare Quadripartite’ as the incarnation of health publicness involving a variety of actors within and across the healthcare system.

정신질환자의 복지와 권리보장을 위한 정신건강복지법 개정 방안

강상경 ( Kahng Sang Kyoung ),하경희 ( Ha Kyunghee ),김경희 ( Kim Kyunghee ) 한국사회복지연구회 2022 사회복지연구 Vol.53 No.1

UN 장애인권리협약과 WHO 퀄리티라이츠에서 제시하고 있는 정신질환자에 대한 정책 방향은 치료를 넘어 삶의 회복을 위한 복지와 인권 강화에 있다. 대부분의 서구 국가들은 이러한 기준들을 정신건강 관련 법과 제도에 적극적으로 반영하고 있다. 우리나라도 국제적 동향을 반영하여 2016년에 정신보건법을 정신건강복지법으로 전면 개정하였다. 그러나 아직 법과 제도의 초점이 치료와 입원 중심에서 벗어나지 못하고 있어 정신건강복지법 개정의 필요성이 또 다시 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 일반적 질적 연구방법을 이용하여 정신질환자의 복지와 권리보장을 위한 정신건강복지법의 개정 방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 당사자, 가족, 전문가 등 총 16명의 다양한 이해관계자들을 대상으로 3번의 초점집단인터뷰를 실시하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 참여자들은 현재의 정신건강복지법이 수용 위주의 의료법으로 복지와 권리에 대한 실체적 내용이 부재하여 개정이 필요하다고 인식하였다. 둘째, 참여자들은 정신질환자의 복지 지원을 강화하기 위해 정신건강복지법을 회복 패러다임으로 전환할 것을 제안하면서, 개정법에 지역사회 정착지원, 개인별 복지지원, 위기지원, 주거 및 고용지원에 대한 조항의 신설, 정부의 책무성과 여타 사회정책과의 연동에 대해 구체적으로 명시할 것을 제안하였다. 셋째, 참여자들은 정신질환자의 권리옹호를 위해 동료지원, 의사결정지원, 권리옹호 제도의 신설, 강력한 차별금지 정책과 당사자의 정책결정 참여 보장에 대해 법에 명시할 것을 제안하였다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 당사자 복지와 인권을 위한 정신건강복지법 개정 방안에 대해 논의하였다. The policy direction for individuals with mental illnesses suggested by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD) and WHO QualityRights is to strengthen welfare and human rights in order to achieve recovery beyond treatment. Most Western countries actively reflect these standards in their laws and systems related to mental health. Reflecting the international trends, Korea also extensively amended the Mental Health Act into the Mental Health and Welfare Act in 2016. Unfortunately, however, the focuses of law and systems still remain in the state of treatment and hospitalization, there are emerging demands for another amendment of the Mental Health Welfare Act. With this situation in mind, the current study aims to derive an amendment plan of the Mental Health Welfare Act to secure the welfare and human rights of individuals with mental illnesses using general qualitative research methods. To this end, three focus group interviews were conducted involving a total of 16 various stake-holders, including consumers, families, and mental health professionals. Key findings are as follows. First, the participants perceived that the current Mental Health Welfare Act is an institution-oriented medical law lacking essential contents on consumer’s welfare and human rights, so amendment is necessary. Second, participants not only proposed to shift the new Mental Health Welfare Act to a recovery paradigm to strengthen welfare and human rights of consumers, but also to specify the establishment of provisions for community settlement support, individual welfare support, crisis support, housing and employment support, government accountability and interlocking among various social policies. Third, participants suggested that the new law specify peer support, supported decision-making, consumer rights advocacy system, anti-discrimination policy and guarantee of consumers’ participation in policy-making. Based on the results, we discussed an amendment plan of the Mental Health Welfare Act to secure welfare and human rights of individuals with mental illnesses.

범부처 공공보건의료인력 관리조직의 필요성과 과제

윤석준,서혜영,박윤형 한국보건행정학회 2012 보건행정학회지 Vol.22 No.4

Purpose :The aim of this study is to review the current status of healthcare provision and its human resources administrative management and propose a coordinated human resource management plan for the more efficient operations of healthcare organizations. Methods :We reviewed the literature and held discussions with officials from the United States Department of Health and Human Services to survey United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps operations. In addition, we surveyed the literature to analyze the current structure and responsibilities of governing bodies involved in public healthcare in Korea. Results :In Korea, there are several administrative offices involved in public health: the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Defense, the Environment Ministry and others. Since these diverse agencies don’t integrate their operations, it is difficult to grasp their management of both public healthcare services and their personnel. A potential model is the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, a sub-group of the Department of Health and Human Services and an elite team of highly qualified, public health professionals, which coordinates and manages the overall work and personnel of diverse healthcare organizations. Conclusion :We suggest the establishment of a federal level, public health administrative department of human resource management to centralize and coordinate the existing, disparate healthcare administrative agencies.

李滉 理發氣隨氣發理乘 學說의 理解와 應用 - 氣候適應形質論의 觀點에서 -

조기호 경북대학교 퇴계연구소 2011 퇴계학과 유교문화 Vol.49 No.-

본고에서는 성리학의 理氣論을 발전시킨 李滉의 理發氣隨氣發理乘학설이 단지고전 철학학설로서의 가치만을 지닌 것이 아니라, 지금도 현실적인 문제를 해결하는데 구체적으로 적용 가능한 학설인지, 기후적응형질론의 관점에서 살펴보았다. 李滉은 그의 만년 대표작 聖學十圖에서 제1 太極圖내부 圖面文을 통하여 통합진화 학설로 우주생성전개의 기본원리인 理(principle)를 밝히고, 빅뱅(太極) 이후 그 理에 의하여 우주형성기본물질인 氣(material)가 전개되는 과정에서 만물과 함께 진화해온 인간의 기본 理인 본성(性)을 설명한 후에, 제6 心統性情圖에서구체적으로 인간사회에도 적용될 수 있는 理發氣隨氣發理乘학설을 설명하였다. 이 李滉의 理發氣隨氣發理乘학설을 척도로 인간의 기후적응형질 표현형별 특성의발생과 그 발현현상을 분석한 결과, 우주전개의 기본 원리인 理로부터 발생하여그와 공통분모를 공유하며 진화되어온 遺傳形質理는 理發氣隨의 원리에 의하여 형성되는데, 그 形質理가 바로 각 개인의 신체적, 정신적, 사회적 특성의 기본인 유전본성을 이루는 기후적응형질 표현형별 臟器線氣偏在특성이며, 氣發理乘인 臟器線氣發形質理乘의 원리에 의하여 생후환경의 영향으로 발생하여 개인의 신체적,정신적, 사회적 특성의 발현도를 결정하는 것은 臟器線氣偏在의 偏差라는 것을 살펴보았다. 따라서 形質理가 서로 다른 각 표현형별로 신체적 뿐만 아니라 정신적․사회적 특성도 다르게 발현되는 것은 氣發理乘의 臟器線氣發形質理乘에 따라 性發爲情에 의하여발현(發)되는 자연스러운 생리작용의 當然한 결과로 볼 수 있다. 그리고 理發氣隨의 원리에 의하여 형성되어 유전된 기본틀인 기후적응형질 표현형별 장기상호관계의 편재특성(形質理)은 未發의 心體로 볼 수 있고, 이 心體의 기본틀 안에서 환경의 영향을 받아氣發理乘의 원리에 의하여 편차가 발생하여 己發의 心用이 발현되는 것으로 볼 수 있기때문에, 臟器線氣偏在의 편차가 심화되면 신뇌 대뇌피질의 이성으로 통제하기 쉽지 않은, 不善이 될 수 있는, 情이 발현될 수 있다. 따라서 臟器線氣偏在의 편차가 심화되는경우에는 不善이 발현되지 않도록, 理發氣隨의 원리에 의하여 형성된 理인 形質理에 맞게 氣發理乘의 원리를 적용하여 편차를 감소시켜 臟器線氣가 특정 臟器線에 치우쳐 넘치거나 모자라지 않고(無過不及) 平常의 상태로 발현되도록 유도하여, 臟器線氣가 理法에맞게 운용되고 본래 善한 선천의 情이 자연스럽게 발현되도록 관리하는 것이 바람직하다. 그리고 환경과 그 형평성의 영향을 받는 불섭생으로 인한 불건강한 상태에서발생하는 不善은 질병을 예방하는 것과 동일하게 사전관리가 가능하기 때문에,不善의 예방 및 개인과 사회의 건강한 관리를 위해서는 氣發理乘의 臟器線氣發形質理乘원리에 맞게 臟器線氣偏在의 偏差를 줄여주는 기후적응형질맞춤 심신예방관리법을 公的으로 실행하는 것이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이것이 바로 기후적응형질별로 발달된 신체장기작용원리(理)의 안정평형이 손상(滅)되어 不善이 될 수있는 情이 발현되지 않고 理發氣隨의 원리에 의하여 형성된 理인 形質理에 맞게臟器線氣偏在의 偏差를 감소시켜 본래의 性이 자연스럽게 발현되도록, 李滉의 理發氣隨氣發理乘학설을 적용하여 구체적으로 타당하게 개인의 心身건강을 관리하고 그 개인들로 이루어지는 ... material follows, material issues and principle mounts” in the sixth diagram according to the saying “The mind combines and governs nature and feelings” in his “Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning”. This theory can be applied usefully not only to manage the mental and physical health of an individual but also to manage the health of a society. In the first diagram of the “Supreme ultimate” in “Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning”, Yi Hwang explained his synthetic evolution theory which integrates the evolution of life with the evolution process of the physical universe after the big bang. With his synthetic evolution theory, he explained the developing principle (nature) of the universe after the big bang (supreme ultimate) and the development of the physical universe (material). The nature of mankind is a part of the common principle of universe development, and the human body comes into being with the material of physical universe through the universe evolution process. Human nature also has a common denominator with the other creatures of the universe on the same level of evolution . When we apply Yi Hwang’s theory, “nature (principle) issues and body (material) follows, body (material) issues and nature (principle)mounts” to the human characters adapted to different climate zones, we can explain the relationship between human hereditary nature and the postnatal effect of the environment. Physical, emotional, mental and social characteristics of humans primarily originate from hereditary nature. We can describe it as “nature issues and body follows”. Physical,emotional, mental and social characters of humans are revealed depending on secondary postnatal changing levels during the growth period, and the secondary changes proceed under hereditary nature. We can express it as, “body issues and nature mounts”. We can also explain his theory with the trait of the human body meridian. Every human constitution,the synthetic phenotype of different characters adapted to climate zones,has their own maldistributed meridian principle adapted to climate zones which developed as early humans moved from Africa to new oecumenes in other continents. Their own maldistributed meridian principle of each phenotype is the origin of their different physical,emotional, mental and social characteristics. We can describe it as,“phenotype principle (nature) issues and body meridian follows”. The characters of phenotype are revealed depending on secondary postnatal changing levels of declination between the strong and weak condition of body meridians, and the secondary changes proceed under phenotype principle (nature). We can express it as, “body meridian issues and phenotype principle (nature) mounts”. This secondary postnatal changing level between strong and weak declination conditions of body meridians is the important origin of the disorder and expression level of human emotion and behavior. If the declination of the strong and weak conditions of body meridians grows serious, it can cause not only individual disease but also social side effects like aberrant behavior. Therefore, it is very important to find out the declination level of strong and weak conditions of body meridians as early as possible, and the management of the condition of body meridians has priority over any other method to manage the physical and mental health of the individual and the health of society. Very delicate and non-invasive,magnetic acupuncture can be applied to diagnose and manage the conditions of body meridians differently according to what phenotype principle the subject has. This is the concrete method of applying the theory “principle issues and material follows, material issues and principle mounts” from Yi Hwang for individual and social health.