Color Properties of Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis Woods after Oil Heat Treatment and Air Heat Treatment

( Intan Fajar Suri ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jong Ho Kim ),( Go Un Yang ),( Denni Prasetia ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

This study aimed to determine and compare the wood discoloration of Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis woods after oil heat treatment and air heat treatment to provide valuable information for further utilization of these species. The discoloration of heat treated wood was determined by the CIE-Lab color system. Oil and air heat treatment was carried out at temperatures of 180, 200, and 220℃ for 1, 2, and 3 hours. Lightness (L*) in both heat treatments decreased with increasing temperature and duration. Oil heat treated samples showed a higher reduction in L* value than samples treated with air heat. The great extent of L* change is showed in Paulownia tomentosa. The red/green (a*) chromaticity in both woods increased at 180 and 200℃ and remained nearly the same at 220℃. The yellow/blue chromaticity (b*) in both wood samples treated in hot oil and hot air increased at 180℃, but decreased greatly with increasing duration at 200 and 220℃. Overall color change (ΔE*) in oil heat treatment and air heat treatment increased with increasing temperature, indicating higher values for Paulownia tomentosa compared to Pinus koraiensis. In conclusion, it was revealed that there were several differences in the effect of heat treatment methods on the color change between the two types of wood. Oil heat treatment can reduce processing time and is a more effective method than air heat treatment for improving wood color using low temperatures.

니켈-티타늄 와이어의 열처리에 따른 부하-변위 특성 변화

장수호,임성훈,김광원 대한치과교정학회 2006 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.36 No.5

니켈-티타늄 합금은 높은 spring-back 성질, 초탄성 효과, 형상기억 효과 등의 장점을 가지고 있으나 성형이 어렵다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 니켈-티타늄 와이어의 굴곡을 위한 열처리 시에 나타나는 부하-변위 곡선의 변화 및 상전이 온도 변화와 같은 물성 변화 양상을 조사하고자 하였다. 수종의 니켈-티타늄 와이어를 열처리를 시행하지 않은 군, 전기저항 열처리 장치를 이용하여 와이어 단면적에 따라 제조회사에서 권장하는 전류를 기초로 하여 00.016" ×00.022" (5 A, 7 sec), 0.018" × 0.025" (6 A, 7 sec) 그리고 0.0215" × 0.028" (7 A, 8 sec) 와이어를 열처리만 시행한 실험군, 열처리를 시행하여 굴곡을 부여한 실험군 그리고 열처리 시간을 1초 증가시켜 굴곡을 부여한 실험군으로 분류하여 3점 굴곡 실험과 시차주사열량측정을 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 0.016" × 0.022", 0.018" × 0.025" 그리고 0.0215" × 0.028" 니켈-티타늄 와이어에서 굴곡을 부여하지 않고 열처리만 시행한 실험군이 열처리를 시행하지 않은 대조군에 비해 부하-변위 곡선이 상방 이동되어 초탄성 현상에 의한 평탄역(loading and unloading plateau)의 힘이 더 증가되었다. 0.016" × 0.022", 0.018" × 0.025" 그리고 0.0215" × 0.028" 와이어에서 열처리만 시행한 실험군이 열처리를 시행하지 않은 군보다 더 낮은 austenite finish (A_(f)) 온도를 보였다, 0.018" × 0.025" 및 0.0215" × 0.028" 와이어에서 열처리를 시행하여 굴곡을 부여한 실험군은 열처리만 시행한 실험군과 열처리를 시행하지 않은 대조군에 비해 부하-변위 곡선이 상방 이동되었으며, 열처리 시간을 1초 증가시켜 굴곡을 부여한 실험군에서 가장 높은 부하-변위 곡선을 나타냈다. 0.018" × 0.025" 그리고 0.0215" × 0.028" 와이어에서 A_(f) 온도는 열처리 시간을 1초 증가시켜 굴곡을 부여한 실험군에서 가장 낮게 관찰되었고 열처리를 시행하여 굴곡을 부여한 실험군, 열처리만 시행한 실험군 그리고 열처리를 시행하지 않은 대조군 순으로 높게 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 임상에서 니켈-티타늄 합금 와이어에 굴곡을 부여하기 위해 열처리하는 경우 초탄성 특성은 유지될 수 있으나, 부하-변위 곡선의 상방 증가가 나타나므로, 와이어에 의한 교정력이 증가될 수 있음에 유의하여야 한다. Objective: Nickel-titanium alloy wire possesses excellent spring-back properties, shape memory and super-elasticity. In order to adapt this wire to clinical use, it is necessary to bend as well as to control its super-elastic force. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of heat treatment on the load-deflection properties and transitional temperature range (TTR) of nickel-titanium wires. Methods: Nickel-titanium wires of different diameters (0.016" × 0.022", 0.018" × 0.025" and 0.0215" × 0.028") were used. The samples were divided into 4 groups as follows: group 1, posterior segment of archwire (24 mm) without heat treatment; group 2, posterior segment of archwire (24 mm) with heat treatment only; group 3, anterior segment with bending and heat treatment; group 4, anterior segment with bending and 1 sec over heat treatment. Three point bending test was used to evaluate the change in load-deflection curve and obtained DSC (different scanning calorimetry) to check changes in A_(f) temperature. Results: In the three point bending test, nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment only had higher load-deflection curve and loading and unloading plateau than nickel-titanium wires without heat treatment. Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment had lower Af temperature than nickel-titanium wires without heat treatment. Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment and bending had higher load-deflection curve than nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment and nickel-titanium wires without heat treatment. Nickel-titanium with heat treatment of over 1 sec and bending had the highest load-deflection curve. Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment and bending had lower Af temperature, Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment of over 1 sec and bending had the lowest Af temperature. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be stated that heat treatment for bending of Nickel-titanium wires does not deprive the superelastic property but can cause increased force magnitude due to a higher load-deflection curve.

Properties of Heat-Treated Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis Woods in Oil and Air

( Intan Fajar Suri ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jong Ho Kim ),( Go Un Yang ),( Denni Prasetia ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

The objective of this study was to determine and compare the effects of the heat treatment in oil and air on the physical and mechanical properties of Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis woods. The heat treatment in both oil and air was conducted at 180, 200, and 220℃ for 1, 2, and 3 hours. The characteristic change of the heat-treated woods, such as weight, density, volume shrinkage, compression strength, and hardness, was determined. Heat treatment in oil also caused a considerable increase in weight and density, but the weight and density of air heat-treated wood decreased slightly. Oil heat treatment exhibited lower volume shrinkage compared to air heat treatment. Compressive strength increased by oil heat treatment at all temperatures, while in air heat treatment the compression strength increased at 180 and 200℃ and rapidly decreased at 220℃. The hardness of oil heat-treated Pinus koraiensis wood increased, but vice versa in Paulownia tomentosa woods. In air heat treatment, both wood species showed a decrease in hardness. In conclusion, it is revealed that there were some differences in the effect of physical and mechanical properties caused by heat treatment methods between both wood species and that oil heat treatment is more effective method to improve some properties compare to air heat treatment.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Soybeans With and Without the Gene Expression for the Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor: Chick Growth Assays

Burnham, L.L.,Kim, I.H.,Hancock, J.D.,Lewis, A.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.12

A total of 864 broiler chicks were used at Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska to determine the effects of heat treatment of two soybean genotypes on the growth performance. The soybeans were Williams 82 variety with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Heat treatment (autoclaving at $121^{\circ}C$ and $1.1kg/cm^2$) was applied for 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 min, resulting in a $2{\times}6$ factorial arrangement of treatments. Station and station treatment effects occurred, indicating that response in nutritional value of the soybean genotypes to heat treatment varied from year to year and location to location. However, the interactions were in magnitude of response rather than direction of response, with greater reductions in trypsin inhibitor concentrations for the soybeans heat processed at the Nebraska location. Pooled data indicated that -K supported greater (p<0.001) ADG, ADFI and gain/feed than the +K genotype. As the length of heat treatment increased, the ADG, ADFI, and the gain/feed ratio increased for chicks fed both soybean genotypes (p<0.0001). However, heating the -K soybeans resulted in a greater response in ADG, ADFI, and gain/feed than heating the +K soybeans (genotype heat treatment interaction, p<0.001). Pancreatic weights (mg pancreas/g of BW) of chicks fed -K soybeans were reduced compared to those from chicks fed +K (p<0.001). Increasing heat treatment decreased pancreas weights in chicks fed both soybean genotypes (p<0.001). Chicks fed heated soybeans in the Nebraska experiment had lower pancreatic weights than chicks fed heated soybeans in the Kansas experiment (station heat treatment interaction, p<0.0001). Chick growth performance was improved and pancreatic weights decreased by feeding raw -K soybeans versus raw +K soybeans, and by increasing heat treatment of both soybean genotypes. However, the response to heat treatment was not independent of genotype. Both +K and -K soybeans heated for 24 min supported similar ADG, ADFI, gain/feed, and pancreas weights, although chicks fed raw +K soybeans had lower growth performance than chicks fed -K soybeans. In conclusion, raw -K soybeans supported greater growth performance in broiler chicks than raw +K soybeans, although this advantage was lost when both soybean genotypes were heated for 24 min. Heat treatment of +K soybeans supported similar growth performance to heated -K soybeans, even though +K soybeans supported lower rates and efficiencies of gain than -K soybeans when fed raw.

소나무재선충병 피해를 받은 곰솔 원목의 열처리 소요시간 예측

한연중 ( Yeon Jung Han ),서연옥 ( Yeon-ok Seo ),정성철 ( Sung-cheol Jung ),엄창득 ( Chang-deuk Eom ) 한국목재공학회 2016 목재공학 Vol.44 No.3

제주도 지역에서 소나무재선충병 피해를 받은 곰솔 원목의 이용확대를 위하여 열처리를 수행하였다. 열처리는 처리원목의 중심부가 소나무재선충의 사멸온도인 56℃를 30분간 유지하여야 한다. 곰솔 원목의 초기함수율과 말구지름은 각각 46% ∼ 141%, 180 mm ∼ 500 mm의 범위이고, 기본비중과 전건비중은 각각 0.47, 0.52이었다. 105℃ 조건에서 함수율과 말구지름에 따라 열처리에 소요되는 시간은 7.7 h ∼ 44.2 h의 범위로 측정되었다. 다양한 함수율 및 지름을 갖는 곰솔 원목의 열처리 소요시간을 예측하기 위하여 열처리 진행 중 처리목 내부의 온도분포를 유한차분법을 적용한 2차원 열전달 해석을 통하여 제시하였다. 열전달 해석을 위한 목재의 열적 특성은 함수율에 따른 열전도계수와 비열을 적용하였으며, 자연대류와 강제대류를 합한 형태의 혼합대류에 의한 혼합대류계수를 적용하였다. 실험값과 예측값의 오차는 3 ∼ 45%의 범위로 분석되었다. 곰솔 원목에서 초기함수율이 50%이고, 말구지름이 200 mm, 300 mm,400 mm인 경우, 예측된 열처리 소요시간은 각각 10.9 h, 18.3 h, 27.0 h이었다. 초기함수율이 75%일 때, 지름에 따라 각각 13.6 h, 22.5 h, 32.8 h이고, 초기함수율이 100%일 때, 지름에 따라 각각 16.2 h, 26.5 h, 38.2 h이었다. 이러한 열처리 소요시간의 예측방법에 소나무와 잣나무 등 다른 소나무재선충병 피해목의 물리적 특성을 적용하면, 함수율과 말구지름에 따른 열처리 소요시간을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The black pine logs damaged by pine wilt disease in Jeju-do were heat-treated to extend the utilization of domestic trees damaged by pine wilt disease. The heat-treatment of wood requires wood to be heated to 56℃ for 30 min at the core. The average moisture content and top-diameter of the black pine logs were ranged from 46% to 141% and from 180 mm to 500 mm, respectively. And the basic specific gravity and oven-dry specific gravity of the black pine logs were 0.47 and 0.52, respectively. The time required for heat-treatment at 105℃ temperature was ranged from 7.7 h to 44.2 h, depending on moisture content and top-diameter. The temperature distribution was used to predict the time required for heat-treatment of black pine log with various moisture contents and top-diameters using finite difference method. The thermal properties of wood including the thermal conductivity and specific heat in accordance with moisture content were calculated. Heat transfer coefficient for mixed convection in form of adding natural convection and forced convection was used for heat transfer analysis. The error between the measured and predicted values ranged from 3% to 45%. The predicted times required for heat-treatment of black pine log with 50% moisture content and 200 mm, 300 mm, and 400 mm top-diameter were 10.9 h, 18.3 h, and 27.0 h, respectively. If the initial moisture content of black pine log is 75%, heat treatment times of 13.6 h, 22.5 h, and 32.8 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. And if the initial moisture content of black pine log is 100%, heat treatment times of 16.2 h, 26.5 h, and 38.2 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. When the physical properties of logs damaged by pine wilt disease are presented, these results can be applicable to the heat-treatment of red pine and Korean pine logs as well.

Physical and mechanical properties of oil and air heat-treated Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis Woods

Intan Fajar Suri,Byantara Darsan Purusatama,Denni Prasetia,Jong Ho Kim,Wahyu Hidayat,Nam Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2022 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10

The effects of oil and air heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis woods were determined and compared. Heat treatments were conducted at 180, 200, and 220 °C for 1, 2, and 3 hours. Changes in properties of heat-treated woods including color, weight, density, volume shrinkage, abrasion, compressive strength, and hardness were investigated. The oil heat-treated specimens showed a darker color than the air heat-treated specimens. In oil heat treatment, the weight and density increased significantly, but in air heat treatment, the weight and density decreased slightly. The volume shrinkage by oil heat treatment exhibited lower compared to that by air heat treatment. The oil heat-treated samples showed lower weight loss in abrasion than air heat-treated samples. Compressive strength increased by oil heat treatment at all temperatures, in contrast, the compression strength of the air heat-treated samples increased at 180 and 200 °C and rapidly decreased at 220 °C. The hardness of oil heat-treated Pinus koraiensis wood increased, but vice versa in Paulownia tomentosa wood. In air heat treatment, both wood species showed a decrease in hardness.

Physical and mechanical properties of oil and air heat-treated Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis woods

Intan Fajar Suri,Byantara Darsan Purusatama,Jong Ho Kim,Go Un Yang,Denni Prasetia,Wahyu Hidayat,Fauzi Febrianto,Nam Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

The objective of the study was to determine and compare the effects of the different heat treatment media on the physical and mechanical properties of Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus koraiensis woods. Heat treatment was conducted in oil and air at 180, 200, and 220°C for 1, 2, and 3 hours. The properties of the heat-treated woods including color, weight, density, volume shrinkage, compression strength, and hardness, were investigated. Oil heat-treated wood exhibited a darker color than the air heat-treated wood. Weight and density of oil heat-treated wood showed a remarkable increase, but those of air heat-treated wood slightly decreased. Oil heat-treated wood exhibited lower volume shrinkage compared to air heat-treated wood. Axial compressive strength increased by oil heat treatment at all temperatures, while in air heat treatment the axial compressive strength increased at 180 and 200°C and decreased at 220°C. The hardness of oil heat-treated Pinus koraiensis wood increased, in contrast with Paulownia tomentosa wood. In air heat treatment, both wood species showed a decrease in hardness. In conclusion, there were some differences in the effect of the heat treatment media on the physical and mechanical properties between the two wood species and heat treatment in oil is more effective method to improve some wood properties than heat treatment in air.

Visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiO2-x by heat treatment and plasma-heat treatment

YoonKeun Chae,박진원,Shinsuke Mori,Masaaki Suzuki 한국공업화학회 2012 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.18 No.4

The partial reduction of TiO2 was attempted by heat treatment and plasma-heat treatment and it was carried out to investigate the photocatalytic characteristics of partially reduced TiO2 (TiO2x) in the visible-light region. As a result, the plasma-heat treatment shows significantly stronger than the heat treatment for the visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The red-shifted absorption bands in the visible-light region of TiO2-x by plasma-heat treatment gave broader than one by heat treatment. The TiO2-x by heat treatment and plasma-heat treatment was changed white to beige color, and white to navy, respectively.

열처리 방법에 따른 대두의 이화학적 특성 변화

김순희,정은숙,김소영,박신영,조용식 한국식품저장유통학회 2017 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol. No.

Soybean is one of the most common food materials for making traditional Korean foods such as soybean paste, soy source and soy snack, and their manufacturing processes include heat treatment of soybean. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of soybean. All samples were heat treated under commercial steamed, puffed or air-fried conditions, and then the protein molecular weight distribution, thermal properties, fluorescence intensity, protein solubility, and water and oil holding ability of the heat treated soybeans were examined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that heat treatment caused fragmentation of polypeptide chain in soybean, showing the band of low molecular ranging from 17 to 40 kDa. The differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed the decrease of enthalpy values (ΔH) by heat treatment. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the heat treatment caused lipid oxidation as proved by increasing emission intensity. The protein solubility at pH 3-6, and water holding capacity of heat treated soybeans were the higher than no treatment. These results suggest that the heat treatment resulted in decreased enthalpy values, and increased protein degradation, lipid oxidation and water affinity of soybean. Moreover, the effect of heat treatment on physiochemical properties of soybeans was more significant under air-fried condition.

열처리 방법에 따른 대두의 이화학적 특성 변화

김순희,정은숙,김소영,박신영,조용식,Kim, Sun Hee,Jung, Eun Suk,Kim, So Young,Park, Shin Young,Cho, Yong Sik 한국식품저장유통학회 2017 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.24 No.6

대두는 된장, 간장, 스낵 등 전통식품의 주요 원료이며, 열처리 공정은 대두의 가공과정에서 대부분 수반되는 단위 조작이다. 본 연구에서는 열처리가 대두의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 상업적인 조건에서 대두를 증자, 가열팽화, 튀김 처리한 다음 단백질의 분자량 분포와 용해도, 수분과 유지 흡착력 및 열 특성과 산패도의 변화를 조사하였다. 대두는 가열처리에 의하여 단백질이 10-40 kDa 범위의 작은 분자량으로 분해되는 경향을 나타내었다. 대두의 용융 엔탈피는 199.62 J/g이었으며 열처리에 의하여 123.07-135.90 J/g 범위로 엔탈피가 감소하였고 지질 산화를 보여주는 fluorescence intensity도 열처리로 증가하였으며 열처리 효과는 튀김, 증자, 가열팽화의 순으로 높았다. 또한 대두의 수분 흡착력은 열처리 한 경우가 비열처리 대두보다 상대적으로 높았으며, 단백질의 용해도는 산성 영역(pH 3-6)에서 같은 경향을 보였다. 결과적으로 대두는 가열처리에 의하여 용융 엔탈피가 감소하고 단백질이 분해되며 지질 산화와 용해도 및 수분흡착력이 증가하는데 대두에 대한 열처리의 효과는 튀김 공정에서 뚜렷하였다. Soybean is one of the most common food materials for making traditional Korean foods such as soybean paste, soy source and soy snack, and their manufacturing processes include heat treatment of soybean. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of soybean. All samples were heat treated under commercial steamed, puffed or air-fried conditions, and then the protein molecular weight distribution, thermal properties, fluorescence intensity, protein solubility, and water and oil holding ability of the heat treated soybeans were examined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that heat treatment caused fragmentation of polypeptide chain in soybean, showing the band of low molecular ranging from 17 to 40 kDa. The differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed the decrease of enthalpy values (${\Delta}H$) by heat treatment. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the heat treatment caused lipid oxidation as proved by increasing emission intensity. The protein solubility at pH 3-6, and water holding capacity of heat treated soybeans were the higher than no treatment. These results suggest that the heat treatment resulted in decreased enthalpy values, and increased protein degradation, lipid oxidation and water affinity of soybean. Moreover, the effect of heat treatment on physiochemical properties of soybeans was more significant under air-fried condition.