Establishment of Management System for Radioactive Waste Containings Hazardous Substances

Yunjeong Hong,Dongju Lee,Daeseong Nam,Jonghwa Pack,Yungun Jung,Heungju Cho,Sungjin Han,Wonhyuk Jang,Tackjin Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

As the acceptance criteria for low-intermediate-level radioactive waste cave disposal facilities of Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) were revised, the requirements for characterization of whether radioactive waste contains hazardous substances have been strengthened. In addition, As the recent the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission Notice (Regulations on Delivery of Low- Medium-Level Radioactive Waste) scheduled to be revised, the management targets and standards for hazardous substances are scheduled to be specified and detailed. Accordingly, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) needs to prepare management methods and procedures for hazardous substances. In particular, in order to characterize the chemical requirements (explosiveness, ignitability, flammability, corrosiveness, and toxicity) contained in radioactive waste, it must be proven through documents or data that each item does not contain hazardous substances, and quality assurance for the overall process must be provided. In order to identify the characteristics of radioactive waste that will continue to be generated in the future, KAERI needs to introduce a management system for hazardous substances in radioactive waste and establish a quality assurance system. Currently, KAERI is thoroughly managing chelates (EDTA, NTA, etc.), but the detailed management procedures for hazardous substances related to chemical requirements in radioactive waste in the radiation management area specified above are insufficient. The KAERI’s Laboratory Safety Information Network has a total periodic regulatory review system in place for the purchase, movement, and disposal of chemical substances for each facility. However, there is no documents or data to prove that the hazardous substances held in the facility are not included in the radioactive waste, and there are no procedures for managing hazardous substances. Therefore, it is necessary to establish procedures for the management of hazardous substances, and we plan to prepare management procedures for hazardous substances so that chemical substances can be managed according to the procedures at each facility during preliminary inspection before receiving radioactive waste. The procedure provides definitions of terms and types of management targets for each characteristic of the chemical requirements specified above (explosiveness, ignition, flammability, corrosiveness, and toxicity). In addition, procedure also contains treatment methods of radioactive waste generated by using hazardous substances and management methods of in/out, quantity, history of that substances, etc. As the law is revised in the future, management will be carried out according to the relevant procedures. In this study, we aim to present the hazardous substance management procedures being established to determine whether radioactive waste contains hazardous substances in accordance with the revised the notice and strengthened acceptance criteria. Through this, we hope to contribute to improving reliability so that radioactive waste could be disposed of thoroughly and safely.

경기도 생활계 유해폐기물 관리방안

이정임,전소영,홍이슬 경기연구원 2020 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

The purpose of this study is to For the management of hazardous wastes that may cause diseases to human health and the surrounding environment, such as causing diseases and physical damage among household wastes, the Waste Management Act includes a plan for the disposal of 18 kinds of hazardous wastes from living systems such as mercury. Stipulated to be processed. The Ministry of Environment has established a separate collection box for removing waste pesticides, waste wastes, mercury-containing wastes, and waste medicines according to the 「Guidelines for the Management of Hazardous Wastes for Household Crabs」, and collection, transportation, and disposal costs are borne by local governments. As a result of the survey of cities and counties in this study, there are 4 places that have established treatment plans, and It is analyzed that the management of household hazardous wastes, which is briefly indicated by waste medicines, waste pesticide containers, and waste fluorescent lamps, is inadequate for the items where the discharge location and discharging method of hazardous wastes from living are located. There is a need to prepare detailed guidelines for wastes that do not have guidelines for discharging household hazardous wastes by local governments, and common guidelines including management and collection and disposal systems are required. For mercury-containing products, it is necessary to oblige manufacturers and importers to provide information, and it is necessary to provide and maintain the management status of waste drugs for animals such as companion animals Regional governments need to improve the management system through institutional support, such as providing geographic information services related to the collection and disposal companies of household hazardous waste, and designation of companies by item. The Ministry of Environment needs to establish an infrastructure for the treatment of household hazardous waste and actively promote the method of collecting household hazardous waste. In addition, appropriate evaluation and feedback on the establishment and implementation of the local government’s treatment plan are required. In order to reinforce the management of household hazardous waste, it is necessary to allocate the roles of the resource recycling department and related departments. In addition, it is necessary to designate and manage “targets for establishment of hazardous waste treatment plan” as a target item for joint government evaluation of local governments.

Evaluation of Leaching Behavior of Mixed Waste in the Simulated Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility Environment

Yulim Lee,Eunyeong Choi,Jaeyeong Park 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

In nuclear power plants and nuclear facilities, radioactive waste containing hazardous substances (Mixed waste) is continuously generated due to research such as radiochemical study and nuclide analysis. In addition, radioactive waste including heavy metals and asbestos is generated during the dismantling process of nuclear power plants. Mixed wastes have both radiation hazards and chemical hazards, and there’s a possibility of synergistic effects generation. However, in most countries except the United States, there are no regulatory standards for the chemical hazards of mixed waste. The regulations applicable to mixed waste in Korea include the Nuclear Safety Act and the Waste Management Act. The Nuclear Safety Act prohibits the acceptance of hazardous radioactive waste in disposal facilities, but there is no definition or characteristic identification procedure for “hazardous.” The Waste Management Act also does not state the regulation for radioactive waste. In the Gyeongju disposal facility in Korea, the leachate in the disposal facility is expected to be a groundwater saturated with concrete and is expected to irradiated by radioactive waste. On the other hands, most of the non-radioactive waste landfill facilities are built on the surface, and the leachate is expected to be rainwater that reacts with the soil. Due to the differences in leaching environments, there’s a potential to overestimate or underestimate the leaching properties of hazardous substances if the standard leaching test is applied. To show for this, a leaching test simulating disposal facility’s environment were applied to sample waste containing heavy metals. The leaching solution was groundwater collected from the area near the Gyeongju disposal facility, which is then saturated with concrete and adjusted to pH 12.5. In addition, gamma-ray irradiation was conducted during the leaching test to observe changes in the leaching behavior of heavy metals in the actual radioactive waste disposal environment. As a result, lead showed significantly increased leaching compared to the standard test method, and cadmium was not detected in all experimental conditions except heavy irradiation. This study suggested that regulations on the hazardous of mixed waste should be settled, which should be established in sufficient consideration of the types and characteristics of substances contained in the waste.

국내 유해폐기물의 단계적 품목 추가 방안에 관한 연구

閔達基(Dal-Ki Min) 한국환경관리학회 2010 環境管理學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

This paper is a study on the preparation of the harmonization between national hazardous waste and transboundary movement waste in order to settle the procedure on waste import/export. In Korea, hazardous waste called ‘specified waste’, and items have 11 sorts of specified waste and 86 sorts of transboundary movement waste. And such items on waste import/export seem to be improved ; 1) waste item are subdivided and expanded, 2) waste code are re-arranged, and 3) inland control system are applied to including the transboundary movement waste. In order to coupling the 48 sorts of transboundary movement waste that is not managed by the national specified waste, in this study additional plan on 3-step are suggested ; 2 sorts of red tier waste on OECD are entitled on 1st-step, 13 sorts of amber tier waste that is prepared technical guideline on OECD are entitled on 2nd-step, and 23 sorts of remaining amber tier waste on OECD are entitled on 3rd-step.

Verification Plan for Compliance With Permissible Standards for Clearance of Specified Waste

Yunjeong Hong,Won Hyuk Jang,Hongrae Jeon 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

The types of waste generated in radiation controlled areas of nuclear facilities are very diverse. Among them, the waste containing hazardous materials such as electrical equipment and fire safety equipment that do not directly handle radioactive materials is also primarily classified as radioactive waste because it was used and stored in the radiation controlled area. Such wastes include periodic consumables such as fluorescent lamps, fire extinguishers, batteries, and gas containers after use. The waste is ambiguous and cannot be easily treated as radioactive waste or waste subject to clearance, and has been stored in a radiation controlled area for a long time, and the amount is continuously increasing. The storage space is saturated and has difficulty in management. IAEA ISO-7503-2016 clearly states that surface contamination measurement can be applied to surface contamination substrates (impermeable, non-activated) instead of volume contamination measurement. In order to solve these concerns, some facilities within the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute were selected to explore self-disposal methods based on surface contamination in consideration of the characteristics of waste and facility contamination. The surface contamination degree and qualitative gamma spectroscopic analysis were carried out by the method. First, we examined the characteristics of the facility, the history of the air pollution level of the usage/storage space, and periodic inspection records. Second, we measured the physical properties (area/weight) of the waste in the same treatment way as the existing waste. Third, gamma dose rate and surface contamination (direct/indirect method) are measured for the entire area to confirm contamination is possible. It was confirmed that the concentration standard was satisfied. In order to clarify the presence of contamination, a qualitative method of gamma nuclide analysis was also performed. All surveys/measurements of 4 types of waste at 7 facilities were performed and it was confirmed that all waste satisfies the permissible concentration standard for clearance which conservatively set at 0.1 Bq/g as the permissible concentration standard. In the future, We hope that you will use this as a reference to search for easier disposal methods for regulatory bodies and specified waste disposal methods, and contribute to reducing the amount of radioactive waste generated.

Strategic environmental assessment for effective waste management in Korea: A review of the new policy framework

Um, Namil,Kang, Young-Yeul,Kim, Ki-Heon,Shin, Sun-Kyoung,Lee, Youngkee Elsevier 2018 Waste management Vol.82 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study examines the new policy framework, which includes effective environmental assessment procedure to manage waste in Korea.</P> <P>Concept of this framework pursues the important strategies toward the waste reduction, preservation of landfill area, stabilization and removal of hazardous substance in wastes, and optimal treatment for energy and material recovery from wastes. Therefore, it has begun on three points. First, activating the effective recycling system to reuse wastes will be essential to waste reduction. Second, the utilization of substitute resource can be expected through the optimal transforming the wastes into the recycled product, raw material, thermal energy, etc. Third, the characteristics of waste must be evaluated by strategic environmental assessment.</P> <P>To realize this concept, the strategic environment assessment with reinforcement of hazardous property, categorization of recycling type, and classification of environmental assessment procedure depending on the recycling type was provided. In addition, based on this environment assessment, the new policy framework was built through the established and revised Wastes Control Act by focusing on simple systematic procedure for decision of the possible recycling and strengthening the safety of the wastes to a higher level with promoting recycling activities.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> New policy framework for effective waste management in Korea was examined. </LI> <LI> New policy framework includes the national strategic environmental assessment. </LI> <LI> Strategy pursues waste reduction, preservation, stabilization, and optimal use. </LI> <LI> Government applied the new framework to establish and revise the Wastes Control Act. </LI> </UL> </P>

국내 산업분류별 유해물질 함유 폐기물 배출실태연구

장미정,전태완,김용준,손지환,강준구,신선경 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.34 No.7

Hazardous waste is also becoming more important as opportunities for industrial waste recycling are extended. Some hazardous industrial wastes that contain many inorganic materials and heavy metals can be reused as resources: Heavy metal recovery, heat energy, etc. To facilitate the waste-to-energy system, waste generation characteristics should be defined and managed by analyzing hazardous material content. This study examines the inorganic materials (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, F, and Ba) of industrial wastes and the generation process (case of the Korean Standard Industrial Classification) using Absolutely Hazardous (AH) Waste Lists (LoW and EU). In particular, manufacture classification was a main waste generation process (82% for “AH”). Moreover, these 10 components (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, and F, but not Ba) are compared with the regulatory limits on heavy metals in soil: Hg and As must be under the limit of the 3 Level (0.3 ~ 7.3 mg/kg).

사업장 방치폐기물 적정처리를 위한 형사법적 주요 대책

권기원,한생일 대검찰청 2020 형사법의 신동향 Vol.0 No.69

Wastes are rapidly increasing in line with economic development and changes in lifestyles. As a result, waste is becoming a social problem. Recently, abandoned waste has been highlighted intensively in the media. The ‘Uiseong Garbage Mountain’ incident is a case in point. To solve these problems above all, policies to curb waste generation itself should come first, such as reducing the use of disposable products in our society and producing recyclable products. Next, the person who provided the cause of the waste should solve it first. The person responsible for the neglect of waste shall succeed to the obligation to dispose of waste, and waste shall be disposed of through administrative orders, such as orders to dispose of abandoned wastes. And if it is impossible to solve it through this, it can be solved ultimately through imposition of fines and criminal punishment. However, if the business operator can not deal with it in reality due to the bankruptcy of the waste disposal company, ultimately the state will have to deal with it. Among various measures to solve social problems caused by abandoned waste, this paper aims to examine the current system's status and problems, domestic similar cases and overseas cases in terms of criminal law, and provide reference materials for the establishment of efficient measures. Major criminal law measures include the establishment of punishment regulations for negligence, the increase of the amount of fines corresponding to imprisonment, and the establishment of weighted punishment regulations. Above all, it is urgent to establish a penalty punishment regulation for negligence in the current waste management law considering the behavior of crime caused by abandoning actual waste. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the effective response to related crimes by defining the crime as a serious crime under act on regulation and punishment of criminal proceeds concealment. 경제발전과 생활양식의 변화에 따라 폐기물 발생량이 늘어나고 있다. 이로 인하여 환경오염, 건강권 침해 등 사회적 문제가 주목받고 있다. 최근 언론에서 집중적으로 조명된 ‘의성 쓰레기산’ 사건과 같은 방치폐기물로 인한 폐해가 대표적이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 재활용 가능 제품을 생산하는 등 폐기물 발생 자체를 억제하는 정책이 우선되어야 한다. 다음으로는 발생한 폐기물에 대해서는 재활용하거나 에너지로 사용하여 폐기물 처리로 인한 환경오염을 최소화해야 한다. 또한 방치폐기물 등 폐기물 원인 제공자에 대해서는 처리의무 승계, 처리명령 등 행정명령으로 1차적으로 처리하고 이를 통하여 해결이 불가능한 경우 과징금 부과, 형사처벌 등을 통하여 책임을 추궁할 수 있다. 그러나 폐기물처리업자의 파산 등으로 현실적으로 사업자가 처리하는 것이 불가능하다면 궁극적으로 국가가 해결해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 방치폐기물로 인한 사회적 문제를 해결하기 위한 분야별 대책 가운데 형사법적 측면에서 현행 제도의 실태 및 문제점, 해외 법제 및 사례를 살펴보고 효율적인 대책 수립을 위한 참고자료를 제공하고자 한다. 폐기물 방치행위를 차단하기 위한 다양한 대책 중 형사법적 측면에서는 엄중한 처벌이 가능하도록 법률을 개정하여 위반자는 철저히 처벌하고, 잠재적 범죄자에 대해서는 사전에 예방적 효과를 높이는 방안이 있다. 관련 대책으로는 과실범 처벌규정 신설, 징역형에 상응하는 벌금형 액수의 상향, 가중 처벌규정 신설, 불법 수익의 철저한 환수 등이 있다. 무엇보다 실제 폐기물을 방치하여 발생하는 범죄의 태양을 고려하여 현행 폐기물관리법에 과실범 처벌규정을 신설하는 것이 시급하다. 더 나아가 범죄수익은닉규제법상 중대범죄로 규정하여 관련 범죄에 보다 효율적으로 대응하여야 할 것이다.

열처리공정에서 발생된 폐기물의 신규 재활용 제도 적용성 연구

김용준,김교근 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.34 No.3

Slag and coal ash were selected to evaluate the recyclability of waste generated during the heat treatment processes. A list of waste types and recyclable types of the two wastes were identified. A recycling environmental hazardous assessment was reviewed step by step. In addition, the hazardous properties of slag and coal ash were investigated, and the chemical components, leaching, and content of harmful substances in the waste were analyzed. The two selected wastes were classified as general wastes. As a result of chemical analysis with XRF, the two wastes did not produce toxic gases in contact with water and show leaching toxicity from the analysis of harmful substances. In addition, waste is often brought into contact with the soil when recycled, so the content of slag and coal ash is analyzed and compared with the 2 region standard of soil; two samples were within the standard. Therefore, the surveyed wastes can be recycled in non-matrix contact types and the recycling purpose and method permitted by the new law is excluded from the recycling environmental hazardous assessment. However, to recycle wastes for new uses, the recycling environmental hazardous assessment is required.

사업장폐기물 유해특성 발현여부에 따른 관리대상 업종 확대 연구 - 폐촉매 및 부식성폐기물을 중심으로

강장현,이선주,장수한,강영렬,윤영삼,유흥민 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2023 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.40 No.2

The hazardous wastes generated in process industries cause numerous incidents that can damage the human body andenvironment. This study aimed to investigate hazardous characteristics (HC) and expand the current industrial classificationfor the HC of waste. To this end, the leaching toxicity, substances in contact with water, emission of flammable gases,flammable, corrosive, oxidizing, pyrophoric, and explosive characteristics of industrial wastes were evaluated. For theanalysis, 85 samples were collected from 60 industries and 6 types of wastes (acid waste, alkali waste catalysts, adsorbents,absorbents, and spent batteries). The results confirmed that the samples exhibited the following characteristics: leachingtoxicity (8 samples), flammable (16 samples), corrosive (23 samples), explosive (3 samples), and pyrophoric (3 samples)characteristics. However, oxidizing characteristics, substances in contact with water, and emission of flammable gases werenot observed. Additionally, the leaching ratios of metals based on elements and industries were evaluated using leachingtests, and the relationship between the leaching concentration and metal contents was determined using normality tests. The leaching ratios of arsenic was statistically significant with an adequate p-value (= 0.746), and the leaching ratios ofmetals for the publishing industry was statistically significant with an adequate p-value (= 0.154). The results revealedthat 34 new industries generated waste with HC. The results of this study can provide quantitative information on theHC for safe waste disposal and recycling.