Modeling Human Gonad Development in Organoids

Pryzhkova Marina V.,Boers Romina,Jordan Philip W. 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.6

BACKGROUND: Our learning about human reproductive development is greatly hampered due to the absence of an adequate model. Animal studies cannot truthfully recapitulate human developmental processes, and studies of human fetal tissues are limited by their availability and ethical restrictions. Innovative three-dimensional (3D) organoid technology utilizing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offered a new approach to study tissue and organ development in vitro. However, a system for modeling human gonad development has not been established, thus, limiting our ability to study causes of infertility. METHODS: In our study we utilized the 3D hPSC organoid culture in mini-spin bioreactors. Relying on intrinsic selforganizing and differentiation capabilities of stem cells, we explored whether organoids could mimic the development of human embryonic and fetal gonad. RESULTS: We have developed a simple, bioreactor-based organoid system for modeling early human gonad development. Male hPSC-derived organoids follow the embryonic gonad developmental trajectory and differentiate into multipotent progenitors, which further specialize into testicular supporting and interstitial cells. We demonstrated functional activity of the generated cell types by analyzing the expression of cell type-specific markers. Furthermore, the specification of gonadal progenitors in organoid culture was accompanied by the characteristic architectural tissue organization. CONCLUSION: This organoid system opens the opportunity for detailed studies of human gonad and germ cell development that can advance our understanding of sex development disorders. Implementation of human gonad organoid technology could be extended to modeling causes of infertility and regenerative medicine applications.

Cyclic variations of gonad development of an air-breathing fish, Channa striata in the lentic and lotic environments

Nasim Al Mahmud,Hassan Md. Hafizur Rahman,Golam Mohammod Mostakim,Mohd. Golam Quader Khan,Md. Shahjahan,Nahid Sultana Lucky,M. Sadiqul Islam 한국수산과학회 2016 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.19 No.1

The study was conducted to know the cyclic changes in gonadal maturation and to investigate the developmental stages of oocytes and testicular germ cells of an air-breathing fish, Channa striata. Fish were sampled monthly from lentic and lotic environments of three geographical locations of Bangladesh from December to November and the histological analysis of their gonad was done to evaluate the objectives. The highest mean GSI was 5.95 ± 0.20 for female in July and 0.14 ± 0.01 for male also in July showing that the gonadal development reached its peak during this month. The highest mean oocyte diameter was 1257.50 ± 24.17 μm observed in July implying that the oocyte reached maturity in this month. Histological study of ovary revealed the evidence of early yolk granule stage and late yolk granule stage from April to July. In case of male four stages of spermatogenesis were distinguished and spermatozoa were highly abundant in June and July. So the monthly pooled values of GSI and the analysis of gonadal histology indicated that the peak breeding season of C. striata occurred in July in the lentic and lotic environments. Samples collected from lentic and lotic habitats are suggestive of no difference in the development of the gonad. The results of the present study will be useful for selective breeding programme, conservation and sustainable fishery management of C. striata in its natural habitat.

Transcriptome analysis to characterize the genes related to gonad growth and fatty acid metabolism in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Heng Wang,Jun Ding,Siyu Ding,Yaqing Chang 한국유전학회 2019 Genes & Genomics Vol.41 No.12

Background Sea urchin gonads of both sexes, commonly termed “roe”, are highly valued seafood delicacies, and Strongylocentrotus intermedius is considered one of the tastiest sea urchins. In order to produce high-quality gonads for consumption and clarify the mechanism of gonad growth and development of the sea urchin, more genetic information, especially at the transcriptome level, is needed. Objective A more thorough understanding of sea urchin gonad growth and development in both sexes could enable regulation of these processes at several stages with the aim of suppressing gametogenesis in order to produce high-quality gonads for consumption. Methods The adult sea urchins S. intermedius were cultured for 3 months, and were sampled for the gonadal transcriptome analysis which has been performed on the RNAs of three male and female adults of S. intermedius in each gonad development stage. Results Illumina sequencing raw sequence data was deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (PRJNA532998). It generated 560,196,356 raw reads and 548,956,944 clean reads were acquired, which were assembled into 107,850 transcripts with 44,124 genes. Comparative analysis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 114 to 2566. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were used to determine the functional significance of these DEGs. We have selected 9 genes related to growth and 12 genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism in sea urchin gonads. Conclusion These data for sea urchins were intended to provide markers for gonad growth and development that can be accumulated for use in aquaculture applications.

미세조류 3종에 따른 피조개 Scapharca broughtonii의 생식소 발달과 성숙

민병희,김병학,김성연,신윤경,허성범 한국패류학회 2011 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.27 No.2

Even though ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii is commercially important species, its artificial seed production is not yet fully developed. This study was carried out to understand the effect of three microalgal species on gonadal development and sex maturation of S. broughtonii in terms of broodstock management and food organism. Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Tetraselmis tetrathele were supplied to S. broughtonii broodstock in single or mixed. And condition index, gonadal development, sexual maturation and survival of the broodstock were analysed. After 45 rearing days, frequency of ripe stage of gonadal phases, rate of induced sexual maturation and survival of S. broughtonii broodstock fed mixed diet with 3 microalgal species or single diet of T. tetrathele were the highest. 본 연구는 양질의 피조개 수정란 확보와 안정적 종묘생산을위하여 피조개 모패의 먹이생물로 미세조류 3종 (Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrathele, Phaeodactylum tricornutum) 을 단독 또는 혼합 공급하여 먹이생물에 따른피조개 모패의 비만도, 생식소발달, 성숙유도율 및 생존율을조사하였다. 사육 45일 경과 후 피조개 모패의 완숙기 출현율,성숙유도율 및 생존율은 3종의 미세조류를 혼합 공급하거나T. tetrathele를 단독공급한 실험구에서 가장 높았다. 미세조류 3종에 따른 피조개의 생식소 발달과 성숙

분홍성게(Pseudocentrotus depressus)의 생식소 발달과 생식주기

김재우,이영돈,정상철,이치훈 한국발생생물학회 2010 발생과 생식 Vol.14 No.4

Gonadal development and reproductive cycles of red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus were investigated based on the monthly variations of gonadosomatic index (GSI), gametogenesis and developmental phases of gonad. The specimens were sampled monthly in the north coastal waters of Ongpo and the south coastal waters Bubhwan of Jeju Island, Korea, from December 1994 to December 1995. Monthly changes of GSI values and reproductive cycles showed similar trends in Ongpo and Bubhwan. In females GSI values were reached the maximum in December (17.8±4.04 in Ongpo, 13.8±1.51 in Bubhwan). In males GSI values were reached the maximum in December (15.4±1.53 in Ongpo, 13.6±1.32 in Bubhwan). In both Ongpo and Bubhwan major spawning probably occurred between November and February when water temperatures and daylengths decrease. The histological observations of the gonads suggested that this species seemed to have a synchronous gametogenesis and one spawning season a year in Jeju Island costal waters.

The Gonadal Development and Sex Differentiation in the Spotted Sea Bass, Lateolabrax maculatus

이원교,곽은주,양석우,김정우 한국발생생물학회 2000 발생과 생식 Vol.4 No.2

점농어, Lateolabrax maculatus의 성분화 과정을 밝히기 위해 부화 직후부터 365일령까지 생식소의 분화 및 발달을 조사하였다. 원시생식세포와 생식융기는 부화 후 30일령(전장: 11.7~13.2 mm)에 나타났으며,40일령 자어(12.5~14.0 mm)에서 서로 융합되어 미분화 생식소를 형성하였다. 60일령 치어(23.6~27.0 mm)에서는 생식소 양쪽 끝의 체세포조직이 분열·신장되어 난소의 분화가 개시되었고, 80일령 치어(33.1~ Sex differentiation process of the spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, was investigated by histological method. The fish samples were collected from just after hatching to 365 days later. The primordial germ cells and genital ridge were appeared separately hanging under air bladder in 30-day larva (total length: 11.7~13.2 mm), and were unified into the undifferentiated gonads in 40-day larva (12.5~14.0 mm). The ovarian differentiation was started in 60-day juvenile (23.6~27.0 mm). The somatic tissues were elongated in tip of both ends of undifferentiated gonad and were fused each other. The complete ovarian cavity was appeared in 80-days juvenile(33.1~42.5 mm). The testicular differentiation was initiated in 70-day juvenile (24.8~31.6 mm). The rudiment of sperm duct was appeared in the center of the undifferentiated gonad. The meiosis of germ cells in the ovary was started in 168-day juvenile (88.0~115.4 mm). In 287-day juvenile (175.1~233.6 mm), the ovary was filled with both of chromatin stage and perinucleolus stage oocytes. The meiosis of male germ cells was started in 245-day juvenile (124.4~168.3 mm). However, the seminiferous tubules of testis were filled with numerous sperm in 365-day juvenile (162.5~253.8 mm). The sex ratio of male and female was 1:1.38. Considering these results, the spotted sea bass was showed differentiated type in sex differentiation and gonochorism in sexuality.

Patients with disorders of sex development

Markosyan Renata 대한소아내분비학회 2021 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.26 No.2

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of congenital conditions of the urogenital tract and reproductive system. Time and spatially controlled transcription factors, signal molecules, and an array of different hormones are involved in the development of sex characteristics, and variations in their pathways and actions are associated with DSD. These conditions may be caused by numerical or structural variations in sex chromosomes as well as autosomes, variations in genes involved in gonadal and/or genital development, and changes in gonadal and/or adrenal steroidogenesis. Endogenous or exogenous (maternal) and possibly endocrine disruptors may also interfere with genital development.

한국 특산종 눈동자개, Pseudobagrus koreanus의 생식소 발달과 성분화

박진석,이원교,박충국,허승준,기세운,최낙현 한국발생생물학회 2008 발생과 생식 Vol.12 No.3

Sex differentiation process of the spotted Black Bullhead, Pseudobagrus koreanus, was investigated using fish samples of different age after hatching. The primordial germ cells appeared separately under air bladder in 1-day larva(total length: 6.63~6.95 mm). The primordial gonad with a genital ridge developed in 5-day prelarva(7.50~9.36 mm). The ovarian differentiation started in about 25-day juvenile(11.58~13.21 mm). The somatic tissues enlongated in the tip of one end of undifferentiated gonad and fused each other. Thus a small ovarian cavity appeared. The testicular differentiation was initiated in 30-day juvenile(12.19~13.72 mm). The rudiment of sperm duct was appeared in the lower part of the undifferentiated gonad. In 50-day juvenile(16.28~17.06 mm), the ovary started to fill with peri-nucleolus oocytes, and the spermatogonia started to develop. In 250-day juvenile(35.49~51.12 mm), the ovary became bigger and filled with oocytes, and the number of spermatogonia started to increase. Considering these results, the spotted Black Bullhead could be a differentiated type in sex differentiation and gonochorism in sexuality.

Histological Analysis of Early Gonadal Development and Sex Differentiation in Chameleon Goby, Tridentiger trigonocephalus

조현철,황인준,백혜자 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.1

This study describes the developmental process of gonads in chameleon goby, Tridentiger trigonocephalus from the stage of hatching to 100 days after hatching (DAH). Based on histological observation, the primordial germ cells were observed in mesentery between mesonephric duct and gut at 15 DAH (total length, TL: 6.8±0.2 mm). At 20 DAH (TL: 7.9±0.1 mm), the primordial gonad began to protrude into peritoneal cavity and developed between mesonephric duct and gut. Initial ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and oogonia in the gonads at 55 DAH (TL: 21.1±1.3 mm). Testicular differentiation started at 65 DAH (TL: 23.7±0.9 mm) with appearance of spermatogonial cells in the gonads. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in T. trigonocephalus occurs earlier in females than males, suggesting that this species can be classified as an undifferentiated gonochorist.

Histological Analysis of Early Gonadal Development and Sex Differentiation in Chameleon Goby, Tridentiger trigonocephalus

Cho, Hyun Chul,Hwang, In Joon,Baek, Hea Ja The Korean Society of Developmental Biology 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.1

This study describes the developmental process of gonads in chameleon goby, Tridentiger trigonocephalus from the stage of hatching to 100 days after hatching (DAH). Based on histological observation, the primordial germ cells were observed in mesentery between mesonephric duct and gut at 15 DAH (total length, TL: $6.8{\pm}0.2mm$). At 20 DAH (TL: $7.9{\pm}0.1mm$), the primordial gonad began to protrude into peritoneal cavity and developed between mesonephric duct and gut. Initial ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and oogonia in the gonads at 55 DAH (TL: $21.1{\pm}1.3mm$). Testicular differentiation started at 65 DAH (TL: $23.7{\pm}0.9mm$) with appearance of spermatogonial cells in the gonads. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in T. trigonocephalus occurs earlier in females than males, suggesting that this species can be classified as an undifferentiated gonochorist.