흰쥐 망막에서 glycine성 신경원의 연접회로에 대한 면역세포화학적 연구

엄승룡,김인범,이문용,천명훈 대한해부학회 1997 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.30 No.2

흰쥐 망막의 신경원에서 GABA와 Glycine의 공존

손욱현,오수자,김인범,천명훈,정진웅 대한해부학회 1997 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.30 No.6

흰쥐의 깨물근 감마 운동신경원에 연접하는 GABA 및 glycine 면역양성 신경종말의 정량적 분석

배용철,박국필,이효정 대한해부학회 2000 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.33 No.5

Glycine이 적출 정상 및 자발성 고혈압 백서 대동맥 평활근의 수축성에 미치는 효과

강석한,신태순,고상돈,김기순 한양대학교 의과대학 1992 한양의대 학술지 Vol.12 No.1

Glycine has been known to possess significant cardiovascular effects. Electrophysiological effects of glycine were demonstrated in the rabbit sinus node cells. Recently it was also reported that glycine induced endothelium-dependent contractions in the isolated rabbit aorta. On the other hand, it has been generally agreed that the vascular reactivity was also altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR). The present study was performed to investigate effects of glycine on the vascular smooth muscle in the 16 week old Wistar-Kyoto rats(WKY) and in the age-matched SHR. The systolic pressures of WKY and SHR were 123.9±9.4mmHg and 198.5±8.5mmHg, respectively. Glycine(10-100mM) produced endothelium-dependent contractions in the isolated aortic rings of both WKY and SHR. At concentration of 50mM glycine increased vascular tension respectively by 60.2±6.9%(percentage to contraction induced by 1×10 M) and 89.4±2.9% in WKY and SHR. After denudation the vascular responmses to 50mM glycine solution were respectively 25.4±1.8 and 34.2±1.4% in WKY and SHR. Also hyperosmolarity provoked vascular contractions. Following superfusion with 370mOsm Krebsmannitol solution which ws equimolar with 50mM glycine solution, vascular tension increased by 24.5±4.7% in both animal groups. The results indicate that glycine may produce endothelium-dependent contractions in the isolated aorta of SHR, and that vascular responses to glycine are more sensitive in SHR.

Glutamate, Glycine and Kynurenate에 의한 흰쥐 대뇌피질의 변화

김경용,이원복,김동창 대한해부학회 1992 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.25 No.4

Presynaptic glycine receptors facilitate spontaneous glutamate release onto hilar neurons in the rat hippocampus

Lee, Eun-Ah,Cho, Jin-Hwa,Choi, In-Sun,Nakamura, Michiko,Park, Hye-Mi,Lee, Jong-Ju,Lee, Maan-Gee,Choi, Byung-Ju,Jang, Il-Sung Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Journal of Neurochemistry Vol.109 No.1

<P>Abstract</P><P>Although glycine receptors are found in most areas of the brain, including the hippocampus, their functional significance remains largely unknown. In the present study, we have investigated the role of presynaptic glycine receptors on excitatory nerve terminals in spontaneous glutamatergic transmission. Spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) were recorded in mechanically dissociated rat dentate hilar neurons attached with native presynaptic nerve terminals using a conventional whole-cell patch recording technique under voltage-clamp conditions. Exogenously applied glycine or taurine significantly increased the frequency of sEPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. This facilitatory effect of glycine was blocked by 1 &mgr;M strychnine, a specific glycine receptor antagonist, but was not affected by 30 &mgr;M picrotoxin. In addition, Zn<SUP>2+</SUP> (10 &mgr;M) potentiated the glycine action on sEPSC frequency. Pharmacological data suggested that the activation of presynaptic glycine receptors directly depolarizes glutamatergic terminals resulting in the facilitation of spontaneous glutamate release. Bumetanide (10 &mgr;M), a specific Na-K-2C co-transporter blocker, gradually attenuated the glycine-induced sEPSC facilitation, suggesting that the depolarizing action of presynaptic glycine receptors was due to a higher intraterminal Cl<SUP>−</SUP> concentration. The present results suggest that presynaptic glycine receptors on excitatory nerve terminals might play an important role in the excitability of the dentate gyrus-hilus-CA3 network in physiological and/or pathological conditions.</P>

CeO₂ 슬러리에서 Glycine의 흡착이 질화규소 박막의 연마특성에 미치는 영향

김태은,임건자,이종호,김주선,이해원,임대순 한국세라믹학회 2003 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.40 No.1

수용액 내에서 질화물 박막의 산화저항성 흡착 피막의 형성을 확인하기 위하여 Si$_3$N$_4$분말 표면의 glycine 흡착 거동을 조사하였다. 염기성분위기에서 glycine은 Si$_3$N$_4$ 분말 표면에 포화 흡착되었으며 이러한 흡착거동은 Si$_3$N$_4$ 박막의 경우에도 동일하게 일어날 것으로 예상되었다. Glycine을 첨가한 CeO$_2$ 슬러리를 제조하고 PH에 따른 Si$_3$N$_4$와 SiO$_2$ 박막의 연마시험을 수행하여 연마율은 감소하고 선택비는 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 실험에서 얻은 최대 선택비는 pH=12에서 35 이상이었다. 이는 염기성 분위기에서 glycine이 해리하여 막 표면에 화학흡착하고 산화와 용해를 억제함으로써 연마율을 낮추고 선택비 향상에 기여하였기 때문으로 판단된다. 아미노산 계열의 첨가제를 CeO$_2$계 CMP용 슬러리에 적용하는 경우 산화물/질화물 박막의 선택비를 향상시키는데 효과적임을 확인하였다. Adsorption of glycine on$Si_3N_4$powder surface has been investigated, which is supposed to enhance the formation of passive layer inhibiting oxidation in aqueous solution. In the basic solution, multinuclear surface complexing between Si and dissociated ligands was responsible for the saturated adsorption of glycine. In addition, $CeO_2$-based CMP slurry containing glycine was manufactured and then applied to planarize$SiO_2$and$Si_3N_4$thin film. Owing to the passivation by glycine, the removal rates, Rh, were decreased, however, the selectivities, RE(SiO$_2$)/RR($Si_3N_4$), increased and showed maximum at pH=12. The suppressed oxidation and dissolution by adsorbate were correlated with the dissociation behavior of glycine at different pH and subsequent chemical adsorption.

인체에 약물운반을 위한 Glycine-Fe₃O₄-Chitosan 나노입자 전달체의 제조

박종민 ( Jong-min Park ),강익중 ( Ik-joong Kang ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2019 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Recently, drug delivery system (DDS) which has been a major interesting area means the biomedical method that can maximize curative value and minimize side effect for the treatment of the sick by controlling drug releasing amount and velocity over time for the targeting drug to affected part. Chitosan from chitin has amine group having positive charge which can show great role of drug carrier. Chitosan nanoparticles which are biodegradable, biocompatible, and harmless to human body could be made nontoxic drug carrier. Glycine is the simplest possible amino acid that has only one hydrogen atom as an alkyl side group. It is one of the protein genic and achiral amino acid. Glycine is a crystalline powder and an important neurotransmitter in the central neuron system, particularly brain, spinal cord, retina such as a symptom of hyperactivity, convulsive, depressive disorder. In this research, Chitosan nanoparticles were used to prepare Glycine-CNP by adsorption of glycine and crosslinking of TPP (tripolyphosphate), and magnetic Glycine-Fe₃O₄-CNP was finally fabricated for applying to glycine delivery system. From the DLS and SEM analysis it was known the size of glycine-Fe3O4-CNP 191 nm and round circle shaped. FT-IR and XRD could show molecular bonding and its magnetic property. By Ninhydrin test optimal glycine releasing conditions were identified that pH 7~7.4, 95^oC, and 2 wt% of Nynhydrin. The maximum releasing ratio of glycine was 18.13% at the optimal condition.

선회생쥐(circling mouse) 청각 뇌줄기에서 Glycine 수용체(α1+α2)에 대한 면역염색학적 분포

최인영(In-young Choi),정선용(Sun Young Chung),김소연(So Youn Kim),김명주(Myeung Ju Kim) 대한해부학회 2008 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.41 No.1

청각기능이 상실되는 귀먹음(deafness)은 인간에서 가장 흔한 감각결손으로 성인에서 주로 강렬한 소리, 기계적 외상 또는 질병에 의한 달팽이(cochlea)의 손상에 의해 초래된다. 청각 상실시 뇌의 청각로가 변화해 중심 청각로의 신경연접에 구조적인 변화가 생기게 되며, 이런 구조적 변화는 신경연접에서 신경 전달의 세기를 변화시키는데 달팽이가 손상되면 일시적 혹은 지속적인 청각뇌줄기의 glutamate성, glycine성, GABA성의 조절 경로가 변화한다. 이런 흥분성과 억제성의 입력은 주파수별로 구성되어 서로가 완벽하게 조율되어 있다. 포유류의 청각 뇌줄기의 가쪽위올리브핵(LSO)과 안쪽마름섬유체핵(MNTB)은 많은 억제성 투사를 갖고 있는 곳으로 억제성 연접 발달을 연구하는데 유용한 모델이다. 그러나, 중추신경계통에서 억제성 신경연접에 대해선 연구된 바가 많지 않다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 태어난 지 16일째의 정상군과 속귀의 이상이 있는 돌연변이 선회생쥐의 청각 뇌줄기(auditory brainstem)에서 glycine성 억제성 투사가 일어나는 신경핵인 LSO와 MNTB에서의 glycine 수용체의 상대적 분포를 면역조직화학 기법을 이용해 처음으로 비교했다. 각 군의 상대적인 LSO 신경핵에서의 면역반응성의 세기는 정상군, 이형접합체군, 그리고 동형접합체군에서 각각 86.4±7.2, 76.7±10.7, 그리고 61.1±4.1이었으며, MNTB에서는 정상군이 97.6±8.7, 이형접합체군이 91.7±8.9, 그리고 동형접 합체군은 74.9±7.8으로 관찰되었다. 이처럼 LSO와 MNTB 모두에서 glycine 수용체에 대한 면역반응성이 줄어든 것은 신경연접 이후 억제성 glycine 수용체의 숫자가 줄어드는 것에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 본 실험에 사용한 자연발생적 돌연변이 선회생쥐는 청각세포와 나선신경절세포의 손상에 의해 청각신경의 활성도가 붕괴된 것으로 인간에서 발생하는 귀먹음의 병태생리에 관한 중추에서의 기전을 연구하는데 가치가 있을 것으로 생각되며, 이 결과는 인간에서 유전적으로 발생한 귀먹음에서 중추에서의 신경연접 변화를 연구하는데 기초적인 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. Hearing loss in adults can stem from damage to the cochlea and the cochlear nerves inflicted by intense noise, mechanical trauma, or disease. Hearing loss is associated with degenerative changes in central auditory pathways, and hearing deficits are often accompanied by changes in the synaptic organization of the central auditory pathways. In addition to structural rearrangements, hearing loss may induce changes in the strength of synaptic transmissions. These effects may alter both transient and persistent regulation of transmitter release from glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic pathways in the auditory brain stem. The converging excitatory and inhibitory inputs are exquisitely organized topographically and are aligned perfectly with each other. The LSO and MNTB in the mammalian auditory brain stem provide and receive many glycinergic inputs. Thus, this auditory system is a useful model to study inhibitory synaptic development. However, little is known about the inhibitory synapses in the central nervous system. First, we used immunohistochemistry to compare the glycine receptor (GlyR) distribution in the LSO and MNTB, which project glycinergic inhibitory input into the auditory brainstem, in circling mice (P16), which have a spontaneous mutation in the inner ear, with wild-type mice. The relative immunoreactive density of the LSO was 86.4±7.2 in wild-type, 76.7±10.7 in heterozygous, and 61.1±4.1 in homozygous mice. The relative immunoreactive density of the MNTB was 97.6±8.7 in wild-type, 91.7±8.9 in heterozygous, and 74.9±7.8 in homozygous mice. These results reveal a decreased GlyR immunoreactivity in both the LSO and MNTB, which may be attributable to a postsynaptic decrease in GlyR number. Our model uses congenitally deaf mice, in which both spontaneous and evoked auditory nerve activity are disrupted because of dysfunctional hair cell-spiral ganglion cell transmission. This provides a naturally occurring model that may provide valuable insights into the central aspects of human congenital deafness in addition to the central consequences of a lack of auditory nerve activity. Our results are likely to be relevant to our understanding of the central changes underlying human hereditary deafness.

Glycine에 의한 가토심방근 및 동방결절세포의 활동전압의 변동

최경훈,김진혁,고상돈,신흥기,김기순,Choe, Kyung-Hoon,Kim, Jin-Hyuk,Koh, Sang-Don,Shin, Hong-Kee,Kim, Kee-Soon 대한생리학회 1988 대한생리학회지 Vol.22 No.2

The effect of glycine, structurally the most simple amino acid was investigated on the electrophysiological characteristics of the isolated superfused atrial muscle and sinus node cells of the rabbit heart. Superfusion of the sinus node cell with glycine solution (3, 5 and 8 mM) produced concentration-dependent increments of OS (overshoot potential) and MDP (maximum diastolic potential). Generally action potential amplitude increased as a result of greater increment of OS than that of MDP. The changes in action potential of the sinus node cell peaked in $7{\sim}10{\;}minutes$ after onset of superfusioin. On the contrary to the response to intravenously administered glycine, the rate of spontaneous firing of sinus node cell was invariably increased following superfusion with glycine. Action potential duration manifested as $APD_{60}$ (time to 60% repolarization) was significantly shortened by glycine. And the electrophysiological effects of glycine on the atrial muscle cell were similar to that on the sinus node cells. The results of present study suggest that glycine can exert direct effects on the atrial muscle and sinus node cells of the rabbit heart.