일측 전정기관 손상 후 전정신경핵에서 c-Fos 단백발현에 대한 Ginkgo biloba의 영향

최동옥,김선경,최명애,이문영,김민선,박은호,박병림 대한평형의학회 2003 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.2 No.2

은행잎 제제의 급여제한 정책효과 분석

권혜영,이태진 한국보건행정학회 2011 보건행정학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Since May 1st in 2008, the products of ginkgo biloba extract have had to be used with the patient’s out-of-pocket payment due to reimbursement restriction guidelines. This study aims to analyze the policy effects of reimbursement restriction on pharmaceutical expenditures using interrupted time series(ITS) analysis. We retrieved monthly NHI claims data for the period between May, 2005 and December 2009. The ingredients identified as a substitute for ginkgo biloba have similar indications based on the similar pharmacological activities. The effects of changes in reimbursement scope were evaluated both for all relevant pharmaceuticals within the same therapeutic class and for 2 separate groups : ginkgo biloba’s and its substitutes. According to the study results, restrictions on reimbursement scope resulted in savings of the drug expenditures in the targeted therapeutic class. Direct restriction on ginkgo biloba was associated with a decrease in expenditure level by 60.1% and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 1.4% to an average decrease rate of 1.5% for the therapeutic class, with a dramatic decrease in expenditure level(-191.5%) for ginkgo biloba itself, but with an increased expenditure level(+50.1%) and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 2.0% to an average decrease rate of 1.0% for the substitute group. Further policy to restrict nicergoline was associated with additional decrease in expenditure level for the therapeutic class. Additionally, we could identify the balloon effect - a new policy squeezing one part results in bulging out elsewhere. After the restriction of ginkgo biloba, the utilization of and expenditures on its substitutes increased significantly. In conclusion, we demonstrated that consecutively introduced policies effectively reduced overall expenditures on the therapeutic class of interest. Some ingredients played as a substitute while others did not. Further studies need to be conducted to identify which factors determine a substitute.

은행엽 함유 한방화장품(韓方化粧品)과 경락마사지가 인체 피부 상태에 미치는 영향(影響)연구

김은주,이진영,이해광,박준성,박성일,권이경,박혜윤,박광옥,김재우,Kim, Eun-Joo,Lee, Jin-Young,Lee, Hae-Kwang,Park, Jun-Seong,Park, Sung-Il,Kwon, Lee-Kyoung,Park, Hye-Yoon,Park, Kwang-Ok,Kim, Jae-Woo 대한한의정보학회 2008 大韓韓醫情報學會誌 Vol.14 No.1

Objectives: We investigated the physical effects of the cosmetics containing Ginkgo biloba. with meridian massage on human skin by using non-invasive instruments. Methods: We made cosmetics containing the extract of Ginkgo biloba. and measured physiological effects such as skin moisturization, blood flow, skin color, sebum secretion, skin evenness of volunteers applied the cosmetic products with meridian massage for 2 weeks. Results: Topical applications of w/o cream that 1 % Ginkgo biloba. was emulsified, showed significant improvement of blood flow, water contents and $L{\ast}$ value of the face skin. And the skin evenness, sebum contents and skin surface smoothness were improved after 2 weeks. Conclusions: The combination of cosmetics containing the extract of Ginkgo biloba. with meridian massage improved the physical properties of human skin during a treatment. Especially the meridian massage played a role of enhancing the effect of the cosmetics containing Ginkgo biloba.

Monocrotaline에 의해 유발된 폐고혈압 흰쥐에 있어 Enalapril 및 Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761)의 병용 투여시 억제효과

이영미(Young Mi Lee),안형수(Hyung Soo Ann),임세진(Se Jin Lim),안령미(Ryoung Me Ahn) 대한약학회 1999 약학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) on the anti-pulmonary hypertensive action of enalapril were evaluated in rats. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by monocrotaline treatment (60mg/kg, I.p.) in normotensive rats. In the systolic pulmonary artery pressure, the control group was 33 +/- 2mmHg, comparing to the normal group of 19 +/- 1 mmHg. That of enalapril group(20mg/kg/day, p.o.) was 26 +/- 2 mmHg, and that of combined group of enalapril and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761;60mg/kg/day, p.o.) was 20 +/- 2 mmHg. In the isolated lung preparation, acetylcholine, which was endothelium dependent vasodilator, induced the decrease of pulmonary artery perfusion pressure(-2.0 +/- 0.7mmHg) in normal group, but the increase of that of 3.4 +/- 0.6 and 3.0 +/- 0.9mmHg in control and enalapril group, respectively. And that of the combined group was -0.5 +/- 0.2mmHg. In the isolated pulmonary artery, acetylcholine(10-5M) induced the relaxation of 65 +/- 6% in normal group, but 15 and 8% in control and enalapril group, respectively. And that of the combined group was resulted 55 +/- 2%. These results suggested that co-administration of Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) potentiated the anti-pulmonary hypertensive effects of enalapril through the increase of pulmonary vasodilation due to the protection of endothelial cell by antioxidant action of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761).

Ginkgo biloba Administered Singly and Combined With Antioxidants in Tinnitus Patients

Chauhan Bhushan,Arya Shantanu,Chauhan Komal 대한청각학회 2023 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.27 No.1

Background and Objectives: Tinnitus, or ear ringing, involves impulsive and spontaneous activity in the auditory neurons. Its prevalence is high in the elderly, but 10%–15% of adults suffer from tinnitus, affecting their quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> administered singly and in combination with antioxidants in tinnitus patients.Subjects and Methods: Patients were randomly allocated to Placebo (T0, n=22), Treatment 1 (T1, n=24), and Treatment 2 (T2, n=23) groups. The patients were educated on the study’s methodology and were instructed to visit at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 14 weeks. The placebo group received starch capsule supplements. Conversely, the treatment groups received <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> (60 mg twice a day) singly and in combination with antioxidants. We enrolled 69 patients aged 40–70 years (41 men, 28 women). The Tinnitus Handicap Index (THI), Visual Analogue Score (VAS), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Scores were determined pre- and post-treatment at each visit.Results: Supplementation of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>, along with antioxidants, provided marked improvement (<i>p</i><0.05) in post-treatment THI and VAS scores in the T2 group compared to those in the T1 and T0 groups. The greatest (<i>p</i><0.05) percent difference was observed in the pre- and post-treatment THI (-36%) and VAS scores (-22.6%) of T2 patients. Likewise, the SF-36 scores improved significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) in the T2 group in varied parameters.Conclusions: <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>, along with antioxidants, can be a promising therapy for tinnitus patients, providing marked improvement in THI, VAS, and SF-36 scores.

Combination Therapy of Choline Alfoscerate With Ginkgo biloba Monotherapy in Age-Related Hearing Loss: Effects and Outcomes

Kim Dae Hyun,Seo Young Joon 대한청각학회 2024 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.28 No.1

Background and Objectives: <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> and choline alfoscerate are used as adjuvant treatment for presbycusis, but studies on how the monotherapy differs from the combination therapy are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the audiologic outcomes between <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> monotherapy and <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> and choline alfoscerate combination therapy.Subjects and Methods: The study groups are divided into three: negative control, monotherapy, and combination therapy groups. All groups’ pure tone audiometry was measured by dividing the study period into Initial, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15 months, and checked whether differences between groups were present.Results: The combination therapy showed less gradient gap than the monotherapy, indicating less hearing loss rate than the monotherapy. Based on the Kaplan–Meier curve, the combination therapy showed better results in terms of survival time of hearing.Conclusions: As a pharmacological treatment for presbycusis, combination therapy shows better results than monotherapy.

Qualitative Anatomical Characteristics of Compression Wood, Lateral Wood, and Opposite Wood in a Stem of Ginkgo biloba L.

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Yun-ki Kim ),( Woo Seok Jeon ),( Ju-ah Lee ),( Ah-ran Kim ),( Nam-hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

This study was conducted to understand and to compare the qualitative aspects of anatomical characteristics in compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in a stem of Ginkgo biloba. The qualitative analysis was examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CW in Ginkgo biloba disks were dark brown in color, and the OW and LW were light brown in color. CW and OW showed abrupt transitions from earlywood to latewood, while LW showed a gradual transition. Cross sections of CW presented circular tracheids with angular outlines, many intercellular spaces, and varying sizes of lumens. Cross sections of LW and OW showed rectangular tracheids, fewer intercellular spaces, and varying sizes of lumens. In radial sections, CW showed an irregular arrangement of tracheids in earlywood, while LW and OW showed comparatively regular arrangements. Slit-like bordered pits on the tracheid cell wall, piceoid pits in the crossfield, and a few spiral checks were present in CW. LW and OW showed bordered pits with slightly oval-shaped apertures, as well as cuppresoid pits in the crossfields. Rays were primarily uniseriate, with few biseriate rays in the tangential sections of CW, LW, and OW. The tips of the tracheids were branched in CW but had a normal appearance in LW and OW.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of a cDNA Encoding Ginkgo biloba Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase

Kexuan Tang,Peng Wang,Zhihua Liao,Liang Guo,Wenchao Li,Min Chen,Yan Pi,Yifu Gong,Xiaofen Sun 한국분자세포생물학회 2004 Molecules and cells Vol.18 No.2

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS; EC2.5.1.1/EC2. 5.1.10) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate, and provides precursor for biosynthesis of sesquiterpene and isoprenoids containing more than 15 isoprene units in Ginkgo biloba. Here we report the cloning, characterization and functional analysis of a new cDNA encoding FPS from G. biloba. The full-length cDNA (designated GbFPS) had 1731 bp with an open reading frame of 1170 bp encoding a polypeptide of 390 amino acids. The deduced GbFPS was similar to other known FPSs and contained all the conserved regions of trans-prenyl chain-elongating enzymes. Structural modeling showed that GbFPS had the typical structure of FPS, the most prominent feature of which is the arrangement of 13 core helices around a large central cavity. Southern blot analysis revealed a small FPS gene family in G. biloba. Expression analysis indicated that GbFPS expression was high in roots and leaves, and low in stems. Functional complementation of GbFPS in an FPS-deficient strain confirmed that GbFPS mediates farnesyl diphosphate biosynthesis.

Anatomical Characteristics of Compression Wood, Lateral Wood and Opposite wood in A Stem wood of Ginkgo biloba L.

Byantara Darsan Purusatama,Nam Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2018 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.09

This study was conducted to investigate and to compare the anatomical characteristics among compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba. To analyze the anatomical characteristics, optical and scanning electron microscopy and an X-ray diffraction method were used. The CW showed circular tracheid with angular outline, numerous intercellular spaces, varying of lumen size, slit-like bordered pits, piceoid pits in the crossfield, and a few spiral checks. The LW and OW showed rectangular tracheid, a few intercellular spaces, varying of lumen size, bordered pit and cuppersoid pit in the crossfield. Rays were mainly uniseriate, with a few biseriate rays in tangential section of CW, LW, and OW. The CW and OW showed similar tracheid lengths in the 5th and 10th growth rings; however, the CW was the shortest in the 15th to 20th growth rings. The CW showed the highest ray height and lowest ray number in each growth ring. The MFAs of the CW were greater than those in the LW and OW from both measurement methods. The MFAs obtained from the iodine method were smaller than that of the MFAs obtained from the pit aperture measurements. The CW had the lowest relative crystallinity in each growth ring, whereas the crystal width of the CW was the smallest in the 5th and 15th to 20th growth rings. Consequently, there were some significant differences in anatomical characteristics among CW, LW, and OW in a stem of Ginkgo biloba.

Screening of Taxol-producing Endophytic Fungi from Ginkgo biloba and Taxus cuspidata in Korea

Kim, Soo-Un,Strobel, Gary,Ford, Eugene 한국응용생명화학회 1999 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.42 No.2

Endophytic fungi from Ginkgo biloba and Taxus cuspidata in Korea were screened for production of taxol. Eighteen and twelve fungal isolates from G. biloba and T. cuspidata, respectively, were shown to produce immunologically detectable amount of taxol. The highest production of taxol at 260 ng/l was achieved by stationary culture of an Alternaria isolate from G. biloba. The strain also produced unidentified antifungal agent(s) against Pythium ultimum. However, the activity gradually decreased when the strain was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 6 months.