유전자연구에 있어서 제기되는 관련 당사자의 기본권

김수갑(Kim, Su-Kab) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2011 法學硏究 Vol.22 No.1

본고에서는 현대 인권형성의 새로운 동력으로서 평가되기도 하는 유전학적 연구, 특히 인간을 대상으로 하는 유전학적 연구에 있어서 제기되는 인권 내지 기본권의 문제를 다루었다. 인간유전학의 발전이 기본권차원에서 어떠한 의미를 가지는지, 그리고 이러한 새로운 지식에 대하여 ‘전통적인’ 기본권이 어느 정도 대답을 할 수 있는지, 그리고 새로운 기본권해석은 가능한지를 고찰하는 것은 매우 의미있는 일이라 생각한다. 유전자연구에 있어서 관련당사자로서 연구자 측인 학자와 이러한 연구를 의학에 적용하는 의사를 비롯한 의료인이 한 축이 될 수 있으며, 한편 유전자연구의 대상이 되는 개인(지원자 및 환자)과 그의 유전적 친척이 그 나머지 축을 이룬다. 학자나 의료인의 측면에서의 기본권으로는 우선 학문･연구의 자유의 문제가 제기될 수 있다. 그러나 직접 유전자연구의 대상이 되는 개인과 영향을 받을 수밖에 없는 유전적 친척의 측면에서 제기되는 기본권의 문제는 기존의 기본권적 관점만으로는 해결하기 어려운 과제를 우리에게 던져 주고 있다. 유전자 연구에 자발적으로 참여하거나 유전자치료(gene therapy) 및 줄기세포연구에 참가하거나 또는 의학적 배경에서 유전자검사의 의무를 지는 개인에게 생기는 인권을 밝히는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 유전정보는 모든 인간에 의하여 크고 작은 정도로 공유되기 때문에 집단이익과 미래세대의 이익도 유전학에 있어서는 중요하다. 그러므로 유전학에 있어서는 개인뿐만 아니라 집단이익을 보호하는 법리 구성이 필요하다. 본고에서는 먼저 유전학적 연구 영역과 발전현황을 간략히 살펴보고, 유전자 연구의 대상이 되는 개인과 유전적 친척에게서 제기될 수 있는 인권 내지 기본권을 중심으로 고찰하고자 한다. 유전학에 있어서 지원자(candidate)의 인권에서는 인권의 새로운 근거로서 유전적 동일성(Genetic Identity)의 보호, 유전 프라이버시에 대한 권리, 유전적 다양성의 보호(인간게놈의 집단화)를 다루고, 유전적 친척(relatives)의 이익을 보호하기 위한 법적 구성에서는 유전검사의 결과의 공개 문제와 역학연구에 있어서 권리부여(entitlement)의 집단화 문제를 다루었다. This study deals with human rights emerging in genetic research(especially, human genetics) which is evaluated as the new 'engine' of modern construction of human rights. The parties concerned in genetic research are constituted with researcher/ physician on the one hand and patient/genetic relatives on the other hand. This study aims to identify the human rights accruing to the individual volunteering in genetic research, participating gene therapy and stem cell research, or undertaking genetic testing in medical settings. However, because genetic information is shared to a lesser or greater extent by all human beings, group interests and the interests of future generations are at stake in genetics. A coherent legal construction is therefore needed that protects not only individual but also group interests in genetics. The content of this thesis is as follows. Part 1 sketched the research sphere and development situation of genetics. In Part 2, I analyzed the protection of genetic identity as new rationale for human rights, the right to genetic privacy, protection of genetic diversity as candidate human rights in genetics. Thereafter, in part 3, I explored. the legal construction at hand to protect the interests of genetic groups.

유전자 검사 및 연구의 윤리적 문제와 유전치료의 문제: 유전자 결정론을 중심으로

최경석 ( Kyung Suk Choi ),김중호 ( Joong Ho Kim ),이경상 ( Kyung Sang Lee ),구인회 ( In Hoe Ku ) 한국의료윤리학회 2006 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Advances in the life sciences have increased our knowledge of the human genome, which in turn has given rise to worries as well as expectations over future societies. Genetic determinism is one of the philosophical sources of these worries and expectations. The purpose of this study is to describe two types of genetic determinism, strong and moderate, and then analyze the causal power of genes from the point of view of both of these theories. Genetic determinism holds that genotypes determine phenotypes. Strong and moderate genetic determinism differ on the question of whether there exist possible defeating factors. However, neither type of genetic determinism is plausible because of the complicated nature of the causal relationships between genotypes and phenotypes. Only when genes function as sufficient conditions, and not merely as necessary conditions, can they determine phenotypes. In addition, since defeating factors may exist, it is unlikely that each genotype determines its relevant phenotype. If genetic determinism is not plausible, the common view of genes must be corrected. Most research on the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes are about correlations, expressed with probabilities, rather than casual relations. This means that the interpretations of genetic experts are necessary. In addition, whether genetic determinism is plausible or not, individuals should not be stigmatized for having certain genotypes. If genetic research is about correlations, gene therapy research should be carried out with great caution based initially on animal studies. We may learn more about the complicated causal roles of genes from these correlations. From such knowledge, we may intervene in the causal chains in which genes are involved. In doing such research, patient confidentiality must be protected.

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF LOGICAL RELATIONS

( Osawa?mitsuru ) 한국감성과학회 2000 춘계학술대회 Vol.2000 No.-

Discriminant analysis is a method to relate whether the objects have a specific characteristic or not with their ``continuous`` attribute values and, for given objects, to estimate whether they have a specific characteristic or not bytheir values of discriminant scores gotten from their attribute values. The author developed the new ``computational`` method of discriminant analysis without specific hypotheses or assumptions and, by this new method, we can find ``feasible`` solutions under the conditions required by our actual problems. In this paper, the author tried to apply this new method to the discrimination of logical relations. If this trial could be a success, we can apply this new method of discriminant analysis to the problems about relating the specific characteristic of the objects with their ``discrete`` attribute values. The result was successful and the applicability of discriminant analysis could be expanded as a method for constructing the models for estimating impressions.

다중 출력을 가지는 퍼지 관계 기반 퍼지뉴럴네트워크 설계 및 최적화

박건준(Keon-Jun Park),김현기(Hyun-Ki Kim),오성권(Sung-Kwun Oh) 대한전기학회 2009 전기학회논문지 Vol.58 No.4

In this paper, we introduce an design of fuzzy relation-based fuzzy neural networks with multi-output. Fuzzy relation-based fuzzy neural networks comprise the network structure generated by dividing the entire input space. The premise part of the fuzzy rules of the network reflects the relation of the division space for the entire input space and the consequent part of the fuzzy rules expresses three types of polynomial functions such as constant, linear, and modified quadratic. For the multi-output structure the neurons in the output layer were connected with connection weights. The learning of fuzzy neural networks is realized by adjusting connections of the neurons both in the consequent part of the fuzzy rules and in the output layer, and it follows a back-propagation algorithm. In addition, in order to optimize the network, the parameters of the network such as apexes of membership functions, learning rate and momentum coefficient are automatically optimized by using real-coded genetic algorithm. Two examples are included to evaluate the performance of the proposed network.

A Design of Dynamically Simultaneous Search GA-based Fuzzy Neural Networks: Comparative Analysis and Interpretation

Park, Byoung-Jun,Kim, Wook-Dong,Oh, Sung-Kwun The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.3

In this paper, we introduce advanced architectures of genetically-oriented Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNNs) based on fuzzy set and fuzzy relation and discuss a comprehensive design methodology. The proposed FNNs are based on 'if-then' rule-based networks with the extended structure of the premise and the consequence parts of the fuzzy rules. We consider two types of the FNNs topologies, called here FSNN and FRNN, depending upon the usage of inputs in the premise of fuzzy rules. Three different type of polynomials function (namely, constant, linear, and quadratic) are used to construct the consequence of the rules. In order to improve the accuracy of FNNs, the structure and the parameters are optimized by making use of genetic algorithms (GAs). We enhance the search capabilities of the GAs by introducing the dynamic variants of genetic optimization. It fully exploits the processing capabilities of the FNNs by supporting their structural and parametric optimization. To evaluate the performance of the proposed FNNs, we exploit a suite of several representative numerical examples and its experimental results are compared with those reported in the previous studies.

A Design of Dynamically Simultaneous Search GA-based Fuzzy Neural Networks

Byoung-Jun Park,Wook-Dong Kim,Sung-Kwun Oh 대한전기학회 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.3

In this paper, we introduce advanced architectures of genetically-oriented Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNNs) based on fuzzy set and fuzzy relation and discuss a comprehensive design methodology. The proposed FNNs are based on ‘if-then’ rule-based networks with the extended structure of the premise and the consequence parts of the fuzzy rules. We consider two types of the FNNs topologies, called here FSNN and FRNN, depending upon the usage of inputs in the premise of fuzzy rules. Three different type of polynomials function (namely, constant, linear, and quadratic) are used to construct the consequence of the rules. In order to improve the accuracy of FNNs, the structure and the parameters are optimized by making use of genetic algorithms (GAs). We enhance the search capabilities of the GAs by introducing the dynamic variants of genetic optimization. It fully exploits the processing capabilities of the FNNs by supporting their structural and parametric optimization. To evaluate the performance of the proposed FNNs, we exploit a suite of several representative numerical examples and its experimental results are compared with those reported in the previous studies.

혈연적 질서로부터 비혈연적 질서로 : 춘추전국시대와 제자백가의 대응

김기주(Kim, Kee-joo) 대한철학회 2020 哲學硏究 Vol.153 No.-

이 논문은 춘추전국시대가 혈연적 질서체계로부터 비혈연적 질서체계로의 확장기이자, 그것으로부터 시작된 혼란기였고, 제자백가의 문제의식 역시 이것과 연결해 이해할 수 있음을 전제로, 도가와 유가, 법가가 이 변화에 어떻게 대응했는지를 확인하고 있다. 이 점과 관련해 이 논문의 목표와 주요 내용은 다음과 같은 세 가지로 요약된다. 첫째 춘추전국시대와 제자백가의 등장과정에 대한 기존의 이해방식을 정리하고, 그 이해에서 무엇이 문제인지를 확인하는 것, 둘째는 춘추전국시대에 대한 새로운 이해의 가능성을 찾아보고 검증하는 것, 셋째는 이 새로운 춘추전국시대에 대한 이해를 토대로 제자백가의 문제의식과 좌표를 이해하는 것이다. 일반적으로 춘추전국시대는 예악禮樂으로 규정되는 주周나라 문화가 흔들리며 와해되는 과정이었고, 그와 같은 상황이 제자백가의 문제의식이었다고 이해되었다. 그런데 주나라의 예악문화 혹은 예악적 질서는 흔히 유가의 선구로 이해되었지만, 보다 근원적인 측면에서 그것은 혈연적 질서였다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이것에 근거할 때, 춘추전국시대는 유가가 지향했던 예악적 질서가 와해되는 과정일 뿐만 아니라, 혈연적 질서체계의 영향력이 축소되고, 비혈연적 질서체계의 영향력이 확대되는 시기로 이해할 수 있게 된다. 아울러 유가, 도가나 법가 등 제자백가의 좌표나 문제의식 역시 자신만의 분명한 좌표를 드러내게 된다. 이처럼 이 논문에서는 춘추전국시대를 ‘혈연적 질서’로부터 ‘비혈연적 질서’, ‘유전적 친족’관계로부터 ‘문화적 친족’관계로 확대되는 전환기로 이해한다. 이방인과 함께 하나의 공동체를 구성하며, 혈연 너머를 향한 본격적인 발걸음이 시작된 시기로 이해하는 것이다. 이런 시각에 기초할 때, 도가의 입장이나 주장은 그 같은 변화에 반대하며, 기존의 혈연적 질서체계를 계속 유지할 것을 주장하는 것으로 이해된다. 반면에 묵가와 법가는 혈연적 질서를 부정하고, 혈연 너머의 새로운 질서를 적극적으로 추구한 입장이다. 유가는 기존 혈연적 질서의 계승과 함께 일정한 변화를 수용하는 태도, 곧 혈연적 질서와 함께 혈연 너머의 질서를 동시에 추구한 것으로 이해할 수 있다. This study examines how Taoist School, Confucian School, and Law School responded to the transition to the Warring States period that began with the collapse of the ordered system based on blood ties on the assumption that the Hundred Schools" awareness of this issue could be understood in the same context. In this regard, the objective and main contents of this study can be summarized with three points below: First, the previous way of understanding on the Warring States period and the process of the Hundred Schools" emergence will be summarized with problems of this understanding clarified. Second, the possibility of a new understanding of the Warring States period will be sought and verified. Third, based on this new understanding of the Warring States period, it will be sought to understand the Hundred Schools" awareness of this issue and it’s coordinate. In general, the Warring States period is understood as a process in which the Zhou Dynasty featuring its ritual and music was shaken and collapsed, inducing the Hundred Schools to become keenly aware of the situation. While the ritual and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty or its order of ritual and music was understood as the initiative of the Confucian School, it is noteworthy that this order was based on blood ties in a more fundamental perspective. In this view, the Warring States period should be understood as a process that the ordered system based on blood ties collapsed, rather than a process that the order of ritual and music Confucian School pursued. In addition, the coordinate of the Hundred Schools including Taoist school, Confucian School, and Law School or their awareness of the issue revealed their own distinctive coordinate. As such, this study presents the idea that the Warring States period was a transition from the ‘order based on blood ties’ to an ‘order not based on blood ties’ or ‘a genetic relation" to ‘a cultural relation.’ In other words, this period was a beginning in the forming of a community with aliens and a new footstep to go beyond the boundary of blood ties. In this perspective, it seems that the position or assertion of the Taoist School resisted such changes, and that they insisted on maintaining the existing order system based on blood ties. In contrast, Mohist School and Law School denied the order based on blood ties and actively pursued the new order beyond blood ties. The Confucian School can be understood as pursuing the attitude accommodating certain changes on the basis of the existing order based on blood ties, that is, the order based on blood ties in harmony with another order beyond it.

A Sequencing Problem with Fuzzy Preference Relation and its Genetic Algorithm-based Solution

이건명(Keon-Myung Lee),손봉기(Bong-Ki Sohn) 한국지능시스템학회 2004 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.14 No.1

A sequencing problem is to find an ordered sequence of some entities which maximizes (or minimize) the domain-specific objective function. As some typical examples of sequencing problems, there are traveling salesman problem, job shop scheduling, flow shop scheduling, and so on. This paper introduces a new type of sequencing problems, named a sequencing problem with fuzzy preference relation, where a fuzzy preference relation is provided for the evaluation of the quality of sequences. It presents how such a problem can be formulated in terms of objective function. It also proposes a genetic algorithm applicable to such a sequencing problem.

A Genetic Relation Algorithm with Guided Mutation for the Large-Scale Portfolio Optimization

YanChen,Chuan Yue,Shingo Mabu,Kotaro Hirasawa 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

The survey of the relevant literature showed that the rehave been many studies for portfolio optimization problem and that the number of studies which have investigated the optimum portfoliousing evolutionary computation is quite high. But almost none of these studies deals with genetic relation algorithm(GRA). This study presents an approach to large-scale port folio optimization problem using GRA with a new operator, called guided mutation. In order to pickup the most efficient portfolio, GRA considers the correlation coefficient between stock brands as strength, which indicates there lation between nodes in each individual of GRA. Guided mutation generates off spring according to the average value of correlation coefficients in each individual. A genetic relation algorithm with guided mutation(GRA/G) for the portfolio optimization is proposed in this paper. Genetic network programming(GNP), which was proposed in our previous research, is used to validate the performance of the portfolio generated with GRA/G. The results show that GRA/Gap proach is successful in portfolio optimization.

Relative Genetic Effects of Duroc and Taoyuan Breeds on the Economic Traits of Their Hybrids

Yen, N.T.,Tai, C.,Cheng, Y.S.,Huang, M.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.4

For determining the relative genetic effects of Duroc (D) and Taoyuan (T) breeds on the economic traits of their hybrids, 72 litters of pigs, from four mating types, namely TT (T♂$\times$T♀), DD (D♂$\times$D♀) and D-T hybrids (TD, T♂$\times$D♀ and DT, D♂$\times$T♀) were used in this study. The various crossbreeding parameters were estimated by comparisons among mating types using linear contrasts of least-square analysis. The results of reproductive traits analysis showed that T breed had contributed superior genetic effects on the total number of piglets at birth (TBN) (p<0.10) and number of live piglets at 21 days (LP21) (p<0.05) to the D-T hybrids. Estimates of maternal genetic effects showed that the T females were superior in TBN (p<0.05), but inferior in average birth weight (ABW) and average litter birth weight (LBW) (p<0.01) to the D females. Direct heterosis effects were significant for LBW, LP21 and LWT21 (p<0.01). Least-squares analysis of other economic traits showed that T breed had relative negative effects on all growth traits, withers height (WH), body type index (BTI), average backfat thickness (ABF), carcass length (LENG), loin eye area (longissimus) (LEARA), and lean percentage (LEAN) of D-T hybrids (p<0.05). Estimates of direct genetic effects showed that the D breed was superior to the T breed in all growth and carcass traits except the average backfat (BF). Estimates of maternal genetic effects showed that average body weight at 180 days (WT180) of progenies from T sows were lighter than from D sows. Progenies from D females had larger and leaner carcass than those from T females. Direct heterosis effects were significant for average daily weight gains from 150 to 180 days ($ADG_{150-180}$) (p<0.05) and for average body weights at 150 (WT150), and 180 days (WT180), average daily weight gains from birth to 150 and 180 days ($ADG_{150}$ and $ADG_{180}$, respectively), WH, body length (BL), ABF, BTI, and LENG (p<0.01). The results showed that D-T hybrids tended to have superior TBN and LP21 than D breed, and to be superior in all growth and most conformation and carcass traits to the T breed.