위·식도 역류증상이 있는 환자의 바륨조영검사에서 방사선학적 소견 및 발생에 관한 연구

이경록(Kyong Lok Lee),장동혁(Dong Hyuk Jang),노수범(Soo Boem Roh),한승희(Seung Hee Han) 대한영상의학기술학회 2006 대한영상의학기술학회 논문지 Vol.2006 No.1

Our object for this research was to make the data, sorted by gender and age, for the patients who came to hospital with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms by checking the presence of gastroesophageal reflux and degree of reflux. From July 19, 2004 to June 30, 2005, we checked the records of the patients who visited OPD of our hospital with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. There were 537 patients who visited during this period, and we used all patients records except 1 patient who did not go through the barium reflux study because of trachea aspiration. We sorted the data by gender, age, presence of gastroesophageal reflux and degree of reflux. By gender, male (89.0%) had more gastroesophageal reflux disease than female (83.1%)(p<0.05). In case of male patients (total 217 patients), 23 patients (10.6%) had normal reflux, 111 patients (51.2%) had minor reflux, and 83 patients (38.2%) had major reflux. In case of female patient (total 319 patients), 54 patients(14.4%) had normal reflux, 195 patients (61.1%) had minor reflux, and 70 patients (21.9%) had major reflux (p<0.01). Presence of gastroesophageal reflux by age, 60s patients had 89.7% of patients had disease, 30s patients had 89.0% of patients had disease, and 50s patients had 86.8% of patients had disease (p<0.05). By age, under age 10(37.7%) were the highest rates for normal reflux, 30s (70.3%) and 40s (61.1%) were the highest rates of minor reflux. For major reflux, 60s (42.6%) and 70s (38.5%) had highest rates. We found that occurrence frequency and degree of reflux were different by gender and age. It is concerned that the study for different diagnosis, treatment, and prevention will be needed for the gastroesophageal reflux disease patients by gender and age.

위식도역류질환 환자에서 산역류의 양상

장데레사(The Re Sa Jang),김백선(Baek Sun Kim),김선명(Sun Myung Kim),추교영(Kyo Young Choo),오정환(Jung Hwan Oh),현영근(Young Geun Hyun),박수현(Soo Heon Park),최명규(Myung Gyu Choi),한준열(Jun Yeol Han),김재광(Jae Kwang Kim),정인식(In 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2000 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.6 No.2

N/A Background/Aims : Generally, it is recommended for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease to sleep with the head of the bed elevated; however, many patients in Korea do not have heartburn symptoms during the night. Methods: We investigated the pattern of acid reflux in patients who were diagnosed as having definite pathological acid reflux on 24-hour pH monitoring. Results : One hundred patients were categorized into 3 groups; upright refluxer (68%), supine refluxer (2%), or combined refluxer (30%). Acid reflux was rare in supine positions but instead, usually occurred in upright positions. Acid reflux was found to occur most commonly after meals. The reflux symptoms occurred during pH monitoring with the average frequency of 5.5 times (total of 254 times) in 46 patients. The acid related symptoms were more common in the upright period and postprandially than the supine period. The presence of an esophagitis, an esophageal motility disorder, or the LES pressure did not make a significant difference between upright refluxer and supine refluxer. Conclusions : Gastroesophageal reflux was found to be rare in supine positions but usually occurred in upright positions. Gastroesophageal reflux occurred most commonly after meals, and was frequently associated with reflux symptoms.

위식도역류질환에서 십이지장위식도역류 - 장시간 보행성 식도내 pH및 빌리루빈의 동시측정에 의한 평가

최명규(Myong Gyu Choi),박수헌(Soo Heon Park),방춘상(Choon Sang Bang),한준열(Joon Yul Han),김재광(Jae Kwang Kim),최규용(Kyu Yong Choi),정인식(In Sik Chung),정규원(Kyu Won Chung),선희식(Hee Sik Sun),박두호(Doo Ho Park) 대한소화기학회 1996 대한소화기학회지 Vol.28 No.4

N/A Background/Aims: Esophageal reflux damage may be produced by agents other than acid and the term alkaline esophagitis has been applied. Methods using esophageal pH monitoring to assess duodenogastroesophageal reflux have been suggested but gastric neutralization has made these methods difficult to prove conclusively. The purpose of this study were to investigate the role of duodenogastroesophageal reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) and to understand the relationship between pH and duodenogastroesophageal reflux. Methods: we performed simul- taneous esophageal pH and bilirubin rnonitoring(Bilitec 2000, Synetics) in 14 symptomatic patients with gastroesophageal reflux and 10 healthy controls. Abnormal gastroesophageal reflux was defined when the percent total time of pHC4 or bilirubin absorbance 0.14 exceeded the 95th percentile of the range obtained in healthy volunteers. Results: Abnormal gastroesophageal reflux was diagnosed in 12(85.7%) of 14 patients, who could be categorized into 3 acid refluxers, 1 bile refluxer or 8 combined acid and bile refluxers. All 6 patients with severe esophagitis(grade 2 by Savary Miller classification) were combined acid and bile refluxers and had markedly prolonged acid and bile reflux compared to 8 patients with normal or mild esophagitis(% total time of pH 4(mean+SE): 13.4+2.96 vs 5.0+1.8, p<0.05; % total time of bilirubin absorbance 0.14(mean+SE): 25.2+4.6% vs 7.9+3.8%, p<0.05). Mean pH of esophageal refluxate during bile reflux episode lasting longer than 5 minutes was 6.0(7.1% for pH C4, 8.8% for pH 4 5, 26.6% for pH 5-6, 47% for pH 6-7 and 8.3% for pH7). 4) 8 patients with a symptom index greater than 25% experienced 24 reflux symptoms of which 12(50.0%) were associated with acid reflux, 5(20.8%) were associated with bile reflux and 7(29.2%) were not associated with bile or acid reflux. Conclusions: Alkaline esophageal reflux is a misnomer. Esophageal pH monitoring does not adequately identify symptomatic non-acidic duodenogastroesophageal reflux. Patients with com- bined acid and bile reflux are more likely to develop severe esophagitis. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1996; 28:469 - 476)

위식도 역류와 폐 흡인 진단 방법으로서 위식도 역류 신티그래피의 유용성

강성길,현인영,임대현,김정희,손병관,Kang, Sung-Kil,Hyun, In-Young,Lim, Dae-Hyun,Kim, Jeong-Hee,Son, Byong-Kwan 대한소아소화기영양학회 2008 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.11 No.1

목 적: 영유아에서 위식도 역류는 흔한 질환이며, 위식도 역류의 합병증으로 위 내용물의 폐 흡인에 의한 만성 호흡기 질환이 생길 수 있으나 이를 진단하기 위한 표준적인 검사 방법이 없다. 본 연구에서는 위식도 역류와 폐 흡인 진단 방법으로서 위식도 역류 신티그래피의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법: 위식도 역류로 인한 흡인 폐렴이 의심된 35명의 환아와 정상 대조군 5명을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 대상아에게 $^{99m}Tc$-tin colloid를 첨가한 우유를 수유한 후 위식도 역류 신티그래피를 시행하였다. 위식도 역류를 진단하기 위해 1시간 동안 동적 영상을 촬영하였고, 폐 흡인을 진단하기 위해 6시간과 24시간 후 지연 영상으로 정적 영상을 얻었다. 폐 흡인의 진단을 위해 육안분석과 함께 양쪽 폐에 관심 영역을 설정하여 정량 분석을 시행하였다. 흡인 지수는 관심 영역에서 배경 영역의 계수치를 뺀 값으로 정의하였다. 결 과: 35명의 환아 중 23명에서 신티그래피상 위식도 역류가 관찰되었고, 정상 대조군 5명에서는 위식도 역류가 발견되지 않았다. 환아군 35명 중 24명에게 24시간 하부 식도 pH 검사를 시행하였고, 7명에서 산성역류가 확인되었다. 신티그래피와 하부 식도 pH 검사를 동시에 받은 24명 중 8명에서 두 검사의 결과가 일치하여 두 검사는 위식도 역류의 진단에 있어 일치하지 않았다. 환아군 35명 중 16명에게 흉부 전산화 단층 촬영을 시행하여 13명의 환아에서 의존성 위치에 폐 경화가 발견되어 흡인 폐렴으로 진단하였고, 이 환아들이 신티그래피에서도 폐 흡인이 있었는지 그 일치도를 알아보았을 때, 두 검사는 폐 흡인의 진단에 있어 일치하지 않았다. 한 명의 환아에서 6시간 후 지연 영상에 우폐로 역류된 방사능이 육안적으로 관찰되었다. 대조군과 비교하였을 때, 30명(85.7%)의 환아에서 흡인 지수가 결정점인 0.3보다 높아 폐 흡인의 가능성이 높은 것으로 진단하였다. 역류군과 비 역류군을 비교하였을 때, 6시간 후 지연 영상에서 흡인 지수는 역류군에서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 결 론: 위식도 역류 신티그래피는 비 침습적이고 안전한 검사로 위식도 역류의 진단에 있어서는 24시간 하부 식도 pH 검사에 비하여 부족하지만 역류로 인한 소량의 폐 흡인을 진단하는데 유용하며, 앞으로 통계학적으로 의미 있는 수의 대조군 연구가 수행된다면 폐 흡인을 확진할 수 있는 진단 기준이 나올 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: Chronic pulmonary disease may be caused by aspiration of gastric contents secondary to gastroesophageal reflux. At present, there is no gold standard for documenting pulmonary aspiration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of radionuclide scintigraphy in the detection of gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration. Methods: Thirty-five patients with suspected aspiration pneumonia, and five normal control subjects, were included in the study. All subjects underwent gastroesophageal reflux scintigraphy after the ingestion of a $^{99m}Tc$-tin colloid mixture. Dynamic images to detect gastroesophageal reflux were obtained for 1 hour. Additional static images of the chest, to detect lung aspiration, were obtained at 6 and 24 hours after oral ingestion of the tin colloid. In addition to visual analysis, pulmonary aspiration was quantitated by counting the number of pixels labeled with radioactive isotope in the region of interest (ROI) of both lung fields. Aspiration index (AI) was obtained by subtracting the pixel counts of the background from the pixel counts of the ROI. Results: Among 35 patients with suspected aspiration pneumonia, 23 proved to have gastroesophageal reflux by scintigraphy. One patient showed definite pulmonary accumulation of activity by visual analysis of the 6-hour image. Thirty of 35 (85.7%) patients showed higher AI beyond the upper limit of AI in the healthy controls. When we compared the reflux group with the non-reflux group, there was a significantly higher AI at 6 hours in the reflux group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that radionuclide scintigraphy is useful in detecting small pulmonary aspiration in patients with suspected aspiration pneumonia secondary to reflux.

위식도역류질환 한약제제 임상시험 가이드라인 개발을 위한 관련 국내 가이드라인 분석 및 기존 한약임상시험과의 비교

한가진,임정태,김진성,이준희,Han, Ga-jin,Leem, Jung-tae,Kim, Jin-sung,Lee, Jun-hee 대한한방내과학회 2016 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

Objectives: This study aimed to learn what should be considered in the Guidelines of Clinical Trials with Herbal Medicinal Products for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) by analyzing the existing guidelines and clinical trials.Methods: The development committee searched the existing guidelines for herbal medicinal products or GERD. Then, clinical trials related to GERD using herbal medicine were selected. The chosen trials were analyzed in terms of their inclusion and exclusion of participants, intervention, comparators, outcome, and trial design. Then, we compared the results of the analysis according to the regulations and guidelines of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to suggest the issues that we will have to consider when developing the Guidelines of Clinical Trials with Herbal Medicinal Products for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).Results: As a result, few guidelines for GERD and clinical trials with herbal medicinal products were located in the national institution homepage. In addition, 8 articles were found using the following combination of search terms: “Gastroesophageal reflux disease”, “GERD”, “herbal medicine”, “herbal therapy”, “Korean Medicine”, “Traditional Chinese Medicine”, and “TCM”. Even though all trials had their own unique research questions, all studies were performed using a randomization method. Most trials included participants with reflux esophagitis, but two trials targeted proton pump inhibitor-refractory GERD. The type of intervention varied, such as decoction, granules, and capsules. Additionally, individualized herbal medicines were used in two studies. Comparators were diverse, such as placebo, Western medicine, and electro-acupuncture. The most frequently used outcome for efficacy was the effectiveness rate. In addition, the outcome for evaluating quality of life, esophageal mucosa and pressure, esophageal acid reflux, and recurrence rates were used. Safety was investigated by recording adverse events and carrying out laboratory tests.Conclusions: We identified some issues by reviewing the existing guidelines and comparing them with clinical trials for GERD and herbal medicinal products. These results will be utilized for developing the Guidelines of Clinical Trials with Herbal Medicinal Products for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

Anti-reflux Surgery Versus Proton Pump Inhibitors for Severe Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Cost-Effectiveness Study in Korea

( Susan Park ),( Sungsoo Park ),( Joong-min Park ),( Soorack Ryu ),( Jinseub Hwang ),( Jin-won Kwon ),( Kyung Won Seo ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2020 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.26 No.2

Background/Aims The economic burden for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has recently increased in Asian countries. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness between anti-reflux surgery and medication, with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for GERD in Korea. Methods We used a decision tree and Markov model to obtain the costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of the surgical and medical strategies. Our target cohort was the severe GERD patients aged 50 years old who required a continuous double dose of PPIs. The time horizon was 10 years and all estimates were discounted at 5% per year. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the anti-reflux surgery compared with medication with PPIs was calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed on all relevant variables. Results The cost-utility analysis indicated anti-reflux surgery was more cost-effective than medication among severe GERD patients over a 10- year period. The model predicted that the surgical strategy had a cost savings of $551 and the QALYs had a gain of 1.18 as compared with the medical strategy. The break-even point in costs of the anti-reflux surgery over the medication was estimated to be 9 years. Sensitivity analyses using the varying parameter assumptions demonstrated the robustness of the study results. Conclusions This study showed anti-reflux surgery was less expensive and more effective therapy over the PPI medication after 9 years of follow-up. This suggests the surgical strategy is a cost-effective alternative to PPI medication among patients who need long-term management for GERD in Korea. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020;26:215-223)

위식도 역류질환의 최신지견

신철민 대한연하장애학회 2015 대한연하장애학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when the reflux of gastric contents causes troublesome symptoms or complications. Typical symptoms are heartburn and acid regurgitation; extraesophageal manifestations include chronic cough, reflux laryngitis, asthma, non-cardiac chest pain and dental erosion. GERD can be presented as esophagitis or Barrett’s esophagus; nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) is defined as no visible esophageal erosions but objective evidence that a patient’s symptoms are caused by gastro-esophageal reflux. Transient LES relaxations (tLESRs) and hiatal hernia are the main mechanisms underlying gastroesophageal reflux, and the acid pocket relative to the diaphragm is a major determinant of the acidity of the refluxate. Especially, in patients with NERD, increased permeability due to impaired mucosal barrier may contribute to symptom generation. The mainstay of pharmacologic therapy for GERD is gastric acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and PPIs are superior to histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RAs) for mucosal healing of erosive esophagitis and achieving symptom control. Prokinetics, cytoprotective agents and tLESR inhibitors such as baclofen also may be effective, but have only limited data. GERD could be a chronic relapsing disease, so maintenance therapy (either continuous or on-demand therapy) may be required following successful initial treatment.

전형적인 위식도역류 증상을 가진 환자에서 십이지장위식도역류와 위배출능과의 상관관계

전성국,이풍렬,김재준,고광철,백승운,이종철 大韓消化器病學會 1998 大韓消化器病學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

JNM : Original Article ; Obesity Is Associated With Increasing Esophageal Acid Exposure in Korean Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms

( Hee Sun Jung ),( Myung Gyu Choi ),( Myong Ki Baeg ),( Chul Hyun Lim ),( Jin Soo Kim ),( Yu Kyung Cho ),( In Seok Lee ),( Sang Woo Kim ),( Kyu Yong Choi ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2013 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.19 No.3

Background/Aims Obesity is regarded as an important contributor to the increasing occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The aims of this study were to determine whether obesity is associated with gastroesophageal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and to identify the factors affecting increased acid exposure in obese patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and esophageal manometry at Seoul St. Mary`s Hospital. Obesity was classified according to the Asia-Pacific criteria. Results A total of 366 patients were analyzed; 18 were underweight, 152 normal weight, 104 overweight, and 92 obese. Obesity was more frequent in men and younger patients. The percentage time of pH< 4 in the total, upright, and postprandial periods was significantly higher in obese patients than in normal or underweight patients. The DeMeester score was also higher in obese patients. Body mass index correlated positively with reflux parameters. Multivariate analysis showed that being male and obesity were significantly associated with abnormal acid exposure (P< 0.005). The total lower esophageal sphincter length shortened as body mass index increased (P< 0.005). The gastroesophageal pressure gradient increased as body mass index increased (P< 0.05). Conclusions Obesity is associated with increasing esophageal acid exposure. The mechanism responsible for the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity may be associated with shortening of the lower esophageal sphincter length and increasing the gastroesophageal pressure gradient. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19:338-343)

위식도역류질환에 대한 국내 인터넷 의료 정보 평가

이준상 ( June Sang Lee ),문태건 ( Tae Gun Moon ),김회진 ( Hoi Jin Kim ),이현정 ( Hyun Jeong Lee ),이준행 ( Jun Haeng Lee ),심상군 ( Sang Goon Shim ),이풍렬 ( Poong Lyul Rhee ),김재준 ( Jae J. Kim ),이종철 ( Jong Chul Rhee ) 대한소화기학회 2007 대한소화기학회지 Vol.49 No.4

목적: 인터넷상에서 위식도역류질환에 대해서 검색되는 웹사이트들이 정확한 의료 정보를 제공하고 있는지 평가하였으며 이를 통해 위식도역류질환에 대한 인터넷 정보의 지향점을 제시하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: "위식도역류질환"과 "역류(성) 식도염"을 핵심 단어로 2006년 7월 1일부터 9월 2일까지 7개의 검색엔진에서 검색된 각각 상위 15개 웹사이트(총 108개)를 대상으로 JAMA 핵심기준과 대한소화기 운동학회의 위식도역류질환의 진단, 치료 가이드라인을 참조하여 만든 점검표를 이용해서 평가하였다. 결과: 전체 108개의 사이트 중 개인 병의원의 검색 빈도가 가장 높았고(21.3%) 대부분 환자나 일반인을 대상으로 하고 있었다(87.0%). JAMA 기준에 3개 이상 부합하는 사이트는 11개(9.3%)였고 3개 미만으로 만족시킨 웹사이트보다 정보의 불확실성이 유의하게 더 낮았다(p=0.002). "Heartburn"에 대한 정의는 50%의 웹사이트에서 비교적 정확히 언급되었고 진단 시 초기에 위내시경 검사를 시행한다고 언급한 사이트는 48.1%, 내시경 검사 없이 24시간 pH 검사 등을 초기에 시행한다는 언급은 26.9%, 식도내압 검사나 번스타인 검사, 식도조영술을 일반적으로 시행한다고 언급한 웹사이트는 28.7%였다. 치료에서는 65.7%에서 생활습관 조정을 언급하였고 생활습관 조정 단독만으로 증상 관해를 유도할 수 있다는 웹사이트는 47.2%였다. 치료약물 중 양성자펌프억제제를 언급한 웹사이트는 57.3%였는데 임상적으로 가벼운 경우에 양성자펌프억제제 4주 투여 후 필요 시 투여나 단계적 하향 투여에 대한 언급은 8.3%, 임상적으로 심한 경우에 양성자펌프 억제제 8주 투여 후 지속 투여에 대한 언급은 11.1%의 웹사이트에서 있었다. 결론: 일반인들이 검색엔진을 통하여 접근할 수 있는 인터넷에서 사이트에서 제공되는 위식도역류질환 진단과 치료에 대한 정보는 대부분 기초적인 수준에 머물러 있었고, 구체적인 부분에서는 사이트마다 정보의 양과 내용에서 차이가 많았다. 이는 인터넷에서 정보를 구하고자 하는 환자에게 적지 않은 혼란을 초래할 수 있을 것으로 판단한다. Background/Aims: Internet has become an important source of medical information not only for medical personnels but also for patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of internet based medical information about ``gastroesophageal reflux`` or ``reflux esophagitis`` in Korea. Methods: The first 15 internet sites using the key words ``gastroesophageal reflux`` or ``reflux esophagitis`` were retrieved from the 7 most frequently used internet search engines. The quality of information from a total of 108 websites was evaluated using a checklist. Results: Among total 108 sites related to ``gastroesophageal reflux`` or ``reflux esophagitis``, fifty-six sites (51.8%) were made by hospitals or clinics and 94 sites (87.0%) were made for patients. Of the 108 sites, eleven web sites (10.1%) had more than three JAMA benchmarks (authorship, references, currency, and disclosure). Higher quality sites (at least three JAMA benchmarks) were less likely to contain inaccurate information than lower quality sites (fewer than three JAMA benchmarks)-3/11 (27.2%) vs. 60/97 (61.9%) (p<0.01). Despite the fact that articles in the literature emphasized an insufficient evidence to support an association between the lifestyle, dietary behaviors, and GERD, such guidelines continue to be recommended as first-line therapy in most websites. Conclusions: Informations about gastroesophageal reflux disease were incomplete in the majority of medical web sites. These would bring about confusion to patients seeking for an information about GERD through the internet. There is a need for better sources in evidence based informations about gastroesophaeal reflux diseases on the web. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2007;49:231-237)