利益衡量의 입장에서 바라본 행정법: 不確定槪念

이비안 경북대학교 법학연구원 2012 법학논고 Vol.0 No.38

Several issues of the administrative law, for example, amorphous concepts, administrative discretion and public right, have been dealt with for a long time They are mainly related with protection of property and liberty. State seeks to realize the fundamental rights as much as possible. However, limited resources often cause conflicts between fundamental rights. State's limited capacity of realizing all fundamental rights which the constitutional law enumerates forces itself to make lists of them according to priority. Interests-balance is required for prioritizing fundamental rights. As a society has changed, new roles of governments should be considered. Especially the new role or function of the administrative government should be considered and proposed. Therefore, this paper focuses on ‘legal effects or enforce of amorphous concept’ and ‘discretion’ in the administrative law. Stressing that the legislative, National Assembly, should keep an authority to establish general standards for interests-balance, this paper focuses on the legislative's limited capacity of providing one-fit-all standard. As a result, the legislative inevitably uses amorphous concepts, which could not have predictability and clarity. These concept s could protect only property and liberty. Therefore, as long as the legislative is intended to delegate its legislative authority to the executive, the amorphous concepts should be allowed to have the effect of the law. On the other hand, the amorphous concepts also must be subject to judicial review. Only when the decision of a court could outweigh that of an agency, the latter could be illegal. Amorphous concepts are results of ideological disputes among liberty, property, equity, and environmental interests. Therefore, when the executive enforces the law with amorphous concepts, it should identify which fundamental right National Assembly intended to prioritize. 이 글은 이익형량의 관점에서 불확정개념의 효력여부, 사법심사의 가능성 및 심사강도에 대하여 다루고 있다. 우선, 불확정개념의 효력 여부는 예측가능성이라는 잣대가 아니라 기본권 사이의 이익형량의 관점에서 판단하여야 한다. 입법 및 행정 사이의 이익형량 관련 업무분장 결과 입법이 이익형량을 위한 일반․추상적 기준을 만들기 위한 최선의 노력을 다한 경우였다 판단할 수 있는 경우인지 여부가 주된 잣대가 되어야 한다. 다음으로 우리나라의 학설 중에는 불확정개념의 경우 사법심사의 대상에서 제외된다고 보는 견해들이 적지 아니하지만, 입법이 이익형량이 필요한 장소를 모두 예측할 수 없어 효과재량 규정이나 불확정개념 규정을 사용하였을 뿐이고, 행정에게 이른바 “형성의 자유”를 부여한 것은 아니라는 점을 생각하여 본다면, 설사 입법이 의도하는 바가 명확히 읽히지 아니하는 경우라 하더라도 행정이 특정한 사안에 당하여 적절한 이익형량을 하고 있는지 여부를 사법이 심사할 필요성이 있음을 부인할 수 없다. 심사의 강도와 관련하여 우리나라의 경우 재량의 일탈, 남용이론과 유사한 논의가 있을 수 있고, 미국의 경우 재량의 남용 규정이 적용되고 있기는 하지만, 일탈․남용이라고 하는 개념 모두가 법관의 基本權에 대한 選好體系를 가장하기 위한 假裝개념에 불과한 면이 없지 않다. 더 나아가 불확정개념 該當與否, 불확정개념의 有無效與否, 불확정개념의 사법심사 기준으로서의 임의성, 자의성(우리식으로 말하면 逸脫․濫用), 사법심사의 强度 등이 모두 법관의 기본권선호체계와 연동되어 있다. 그러므로 위와 같은 각 논점에 대한 객관적이고 통일된 이론 구성은 어찌 보면 의미 없는 시도가 될 가능성이 적지 않다.

Three patterns of the concept of real numbers

박홍경 장전수학회 2012 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.15 No.1

Recently it has been suggested fundamental concepts in theory of real numbers in [Pa3]. As a subsequent research the present paper treats with certain patterns of the concept of real numbers. The concept of real numbers is divided three patterns - intuitive, logical and formal concepts.

소수(prime) 개념 발전의 역사 분석에 따른 교수학적 논의

강정기 한국수학교육학회 2019 수학교육논문집 Vol.33 No.3

In order to help students to understand the essence of prime concepts, this study looked at the history of prime concept development and analyzed how to introduce the concept of textbooks. In ancient Greece, primes were multiplicative atoms. At that time, the unit was not a number, but the development of decimal representations led to the integration of the unit into the number, which raised the issue of primality of 1. Based on the uniqueness of factorization into prime factor, 1 was excluded from the prime, and after that, the concept of prime of the atomic context and the irreducible concept of the divisor context are established. The history of the development of prime concepts clearly reveals that the fact that prime is the multiplicative atom is the essence of the concept. As a result of analyzing the textbooks, the textbook has problems of not introducing the concept essence by introducing the concept of prime into a shaped perspectives or using game, and the problem that the transition to analytic concept definition is radical after the introduction of the concept. Based on the results of the analysis, we have provided several pedagogical implications for helping to focus on a conceptual aspect of prime number. 소수의 개념적 측면에 대한 학생들의 이해 부족 현상이 목격되는바 본 연구는 학생들이 소수 개념의 본질을 바르게이해하도록 돕고자, 소수 개념 발전 역사를 조망하고 교과서의 개념 도입 방법을 분석하였다. 고대 그리스에서 소수는 곱셈 원자였다. 당시 단위는 수가 아니었지만, 소수 표기 개발로 단위가 수로 통합되면서 1의 소수성이 문제시 되었다. 소인수분해의 유일성을 근거로 1이 소수에서 배제되었으며, 이후 발전을 거듭하여 prime 개념과 irreducible 개념이 자리 잡게 되었다. 소수 개념 발전의 역사는 소수가 곧 곱셈 원자라는 사실이 개념의 본질임을 명백히 드러낸다. 교과서 분석 결과, 교과서는 소수 개념을 결정론적 시각 혹은 게임으로 도입하여 개념 본질을 드러내지 못하는문제, 개념 도입 후 분석적 개념 정의로 급진적 전개가 이루어지는 문제 등이 있었다. 분석 결과에 기초하여 소수의개념적 면에 주목하도록 돕는 것과 관련하여 몇 가지 교수학적 시사점을 제공하였다.

Fundamental concepts in theory of real numbers

박홍경 장전수학회 2011 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.14 No.3

In the present paper we establish fundamental concepts in theory of real numbers. In order to do this, the criterion - global property - on fundamental concepts suggested in [Uh] for the case of linear algebra is improved by adding another criteria, that is theoretical system and historical order. With respect to such criteria the completeness is suggested as an appropriate candidate for fundamental concepts in theory of real numbers.

간호대학생의 핵심기본간호술 수행자신감 영향요인

양진향,박경연,김민주,양영옥 한국자료분석학회 2012 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.14 No.5

The purpose of this study was to explore the confidence on performance and educational needs of core fundamental nursing skills and professional self concept and identify factors influencing the confidence on performance of core fundamental nursing skills among nursing students. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 508 students who attend nursing college. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test and regression analysis. The factors influencing confidence on performance of core fundamental nursing skills were professional self concept (β=.23, p<.001), educational needs of core fundamental nursing practice (β=.23, p<.001), the satisfaction on practice education (β=.22, p<.001), grade (β=.13, p=.001) and gender (β=-.11, p=.004). These factors explained 33.9% of confidence on performance of core fundamental nursing skills (F=56.05, p<.001). To improve nursing students’ confidence on performance of core fundamental nursing skills, educators should consider not only educational needs and satisfaction but also the students’ professional self concept from the initial stage of practical lecture planning. 본 연구는 한국간호교육평가원에서 제시한 간호대학생들의 핵심기본간호술에 대한 수행자신감과 실습교육 요구도 및 전문직 자아개념을 조사하고 핵심기본간호술 수행자신감에 영향을 주는 요인을 확인하고자 시도하였다. 자료수집은 임상실습 교과목을 2개 학기 이상 이수한 508명의 3, 4학년 간호대학생들을 대상으로 하였고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 19.0 프로그램을 이용하여 서술통계, t-검정, ANOVA 및 Scheffé 검정, 피어슨 상관계수 그리고 단계적 회귀분석을 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 대상자들의 핵심기본간호술에 대한 수행자신감은 2.91±0.45점이었고, 수행자신감에 영향을 주는 요인은 전문직 자아개념(β=.357, p<.001), 실습교육 요구도(β=.267, p<.001), 성별(β=-.114, p=.002) 그리고 학년(β=.086, p=.021)이었고, 이들 요인들은 30.3%의 설명력을 나타내었다(F=56.05, p<.001). 간호대학생들의 핵심기본간호술 수행자신감의 향상을 위해서는 교육자들이 초기 실습교육 계획단계에서 교육적 요구 외에도 간호 전문직 자아개념 향상을 함께 고려하는 교육방법이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

국어과 창의성 교육의 기본 개념

김은성 ( Kim Eun Seong ) 한국어교육학회 2004 국어교육 Vol.- No.113

Overview and Development of Digital SignalProcessing

Zhang, Chun-Xu,Shin, Yun-Ho Korea Institute of Electronic Communication Scienc 2008 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.3 No.2

Digital signal processing (DSP) is the process of taking a signal and performing an algorithm on it to analyze, modify, or better identify that signal.[1] To take advantage of DSP advances, one must have at least a basic understanding of DSP theory along with an understanding of the hardware architecture designed to support these new advances. There are several programming techniques that maximize the efficiency of the DSP hardware, as well as a few fundamental concepts used to implement DSP software. This article introduced some of these underlying functions that are the building blocks of complex signal processing functions, and It will touch on the fundamental concepts of DSP theory and algorithms and also provide an overview of the implementation and optimization of DSP software, and discuss the development of DSP.

Overview and Development of Digital SignalProcessing

Chun-xu Zhang,Yun-ho Shin 한국전자통신학회 2008 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.3 No.2

Digital signal processing (DSP) is the process of taking a signal and performing an algorithm on it to analyze, modify, or better identify that signal.[1] To take advantage of DSP advances, one must have at least a basic understanding of DSP theory along with an understanding of the hardware architecture designed to support these new advances. There are several programming techniques that maximize the efficiency of the DSP hardware, as well as a few fundamental concepts used to implement DSP software. This article introduced some of these underlying functions that are the building blocks of complex signal processing functions, and It will touch on the fundamental concepts of DSP theory and algorithms and also provide an overview of the implementation and optimization of DSP software,and discuss the development of DSP

일본 소학교 사회교과서 학습지도안에 나타난 경제관련 개념 분석

김용민 한국경제교육학회 2020 경제교육연구 Vol.27 No.1

This study aims to analyze the concepts related to Economics in teaching plans for Social Studies Textbooks in Japanese Primary Schools to be applied, starting in 2020. The Course of Study to be applied in 2020 claims to support the Curriculum open to society, associated and cooperated with it. To implement the Curriculum open to society, three main axes of qualifications and abilities are 1) the acquisition of knowledge and functions; 2) the cultivation of expressive ability, judgment and thinking skills; and 3) the strength to learn, and humanity. These are defined as follows: “What to learn”, “How to learn” and “What can the students do?” As for the characteristics, English and Ethics, previously test-operated became subjects, and programming education was introduced. This study analyzed the impact of the revision of the Course of Study like these on the Unit of Economics of Social Studies Textbooks in Primary Schools. As a result of the analysis, social changes according to the development of communications technologies have been added to the Curriculum, and in terms of the contents of Economics Education, more concepts closely related to everyday life are used rather than the theoretical concepts of Economics. In addition, the Unit of Economics Education is concentrated in the Curriculum for the third and fifth grades, and the concepts related to Economics have repetitively been used. 본 연구는 2020년 적용되는 일본 소학교 사회교과서의 학습지도안에 나타난 경제관련 개념을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 2020년 적용될 학습지도요령은 학교가 사회와 연계, 협력하는 ‘사회에 열린 교육과정’을 표방하고 있다. 학습지도요령에서 사회에 열린 교육과정을 실현하기 위해 3가지 중심축을 설정하고 있다. 그것은 자질과 능력을 함양하기 위해 지식 및 기능을 습득, 표현력·판단력·사고력을 육성, 학습하려는 힘, 인간성이다. 이는 무엇을 학습할 것인가, 어떻게 학습할 것인가, 무엇이 할 수 있게 되는가에 규정된다. 연구는 학습지도요령의 개정이 소학교 사회교과서 경제단원에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지 분석하였다. 그 결과 통신기술의 발달에 따른 사회변화가 교육과정에 추가되었고, 경제교육 내용 측면에서는 경제학의 이론적 개념보다 일상생활 밀착형의 개념이 많이 사용되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 경제교육 단원이 3학년과 5학년 교육과정에 편중되어 있고 경제관련 개념이 반복적으로 사용되고 있었다. 일본의 소학교 경제교육은 지역밀착형이라고 할 수 있다는 점에서 한국에 시사하는 바가 크다고 할 수 있다. 초등학교 단계에서 경제에 대한 흥미유발이 우선되어야 하며 일상생활 속에서 경제개념을 이해하는 것이 필요하다는 것이다.

호펠드의 권리범주에 대한 법철학적 연구(Ⅰ)

김연미 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2003 法學論集 Vol.7 No.2

Hohfeld characterized the fundamental legal conception with the categories of four rights, for examples, ‘claim-rights’, ‘liberty-rights’, ‘power’, and ‘immunities’. His classical analysis about the categories of four rights produced the jural relation of opposition and correlation. He produced four distinct types of jural relation, that is, fundamental legal conception(rights category /jural opposites/jural correlatives; claim-right/no-right/duty; privilege/duty/no-right; power/disability/liability; immunity/liability/disability). We use the single term ‘right’ to cover four quite different entitlements. But Hahfeld thought that the different usage of the term ‘right’ caused confusion. He himself called claim-rights ‘rights in the strict sense’ Because only claim-right has the correlation to duty. Hohfeld characterized a right as a relation between two persons. If A is the right-holder, B has a duty. So all rights are not rights in rem(rights to a thing) but rights in personam. My study on Hohfeld’s rights resides in the distinct between claims and privileges. Privilege means the absence of duty. Hohfeld’s central goal was to clarify the fundamental difference between legal liberties and legal rights. Hohfeld demonstrated that it was a logical error to deduce rights from liberties. Hofeld suggested that there is an unprotected domain within legal system. It means the division(splitting) between permissible activities and inviolability, or between permissibility and empowerments that is the basic these of will theory according to Kantian rights-theory. A legal power is usually defined as the legal ability to change a legal relation. To possess an immunity is to be not subject to another’s power. In Hohfeld’s analysis, immunity stands to powers as liberty-right(privilege) stands to claim-right. To possess an immunity is to be free of another’s power. Hohfeld did not see his analysis of rights as resolving of questions that might interest the formalist scholar. For in this respect, Hohfeld is regarded as a forerunner of the American legal realist. Some critics who depart from Hohfeldian scheme, see the rights as the complex system. Indeed, I think that rights must be analysed and identified as complex assemblages of Hohfeldian rights-category.