과학옵서버 조사에 의한 인도양 수역 한국 다랑어 선망선 FAD 조업의 부수어획실태

이성일,김두남,이경훈 한국수산해양기술학회 2020 수산해양기술연구 Vol.56 No.4

In order to understand characteristics on bycatch of Korean tuna purse seine fishery, especially operations associated with Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) in the Indian Ocean, we conducted analyses related to bycatch by school association type (unassociated school, FAD associated school and log associated school) using the data collected by scientific observers from 2016 to 2018. The FAD used by Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the Indian Ocean was a drifting FAD, which belongs to non-entangling FADs according to the category proposed by the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF). The target species of Korean tuna purse seine fishery are skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tunas, accounting for 99% of the total catch. The ratio of bycatch was 0.97% in total catch and the discard accounted for less than 1%, indicating that most catch was retained on board. In terms of bycatch ratio by school association type, it accounted for 0.12% for unassociated school, 1.09% for FAD associated school and 1.25% for log associated school. As for the catch proportion of shark species by school association type, it accounted for 0.01% for unassociated school, 0.11% for FAD associated school and 0.10% for log associated school, which showed that unassociated school type was the lowest to affect bycatch of non-target and shark species. Given the proportion of bycatch compositions, however, it is considered that FAD associated school of Korean tuna purse seine fishery has less caught bycatch species of non-target and shark, compared to other fleets operating in the Indian Ocean. 본 연구에서는 인동양 우리나라 선망선의 FAD 조업에 의한 부수어획실태를 파악하고자 2016년부터 2018년까지 과학옵서버 조사를 통해 조업형태별(부상군 조업, 자연유목군 조업, FAD 조업) 부수어획실태를 조사하였다. 인도양에서 우리나라 선망선이 사용하고 있는 선망 어군유집장치는 부유식 FAD로 ISSF가 제시한 분류 기준에 따르면 얽힘 없는 FAD에 속하였다. 인도양에서 조업하는 우리나라 선망선의 목표종은 가다랑어, 황다랑어, 그리고 눈다랑어이었고, 이들이 총 어획량의 99%를 차지하였다. 우리나라 선망어업에 의한 부수어획(목표종 제외) 비율은 0.97%였으며, 폐기량은 총 어획량의 1% 미만으로 폐기처리 없이 거의 전량 어획물로 이용하였다. 조업형태별 부수어획 비율은 부상군 조업이 0.12%, FAD 조업이 1.09%, 자연유목군 조업이 1.25%이었고, 상어의 부수어획 비율은 부상군 조업이 0.01%, FAD 조업이 0.11%, 자연유목군 조업이 0.10%로 부상군 조업이 다른 조업에 비해 부수어획 비율이 낮았다. 그러나 한국 선망 FAD 조업에 의한 부수어획 및 상어 어획 비율은 인도의 다른 선망 FAD 조업에 비해 낮은 것으로 추정된다.

Arabidopsis thaliana로부터 지방산 불포화효소 유전자의 분석

박희성,임경준 한국식물생명공학회 1997 식물생명공학회지 Vol.24 No.2

For the molecular genetic study of cold tolerance mechanism in plants, a cDNA encoding fatty acid desaturase (fad3), converting linoleic acid (18:2, $\omega$-6) to linolenic acid (18:3, $\omega$-3), was isolated from $\lambda$ZAPII Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA expression library by plaque hybridization using fad3 cDNA probe derived from Brassica napus. A 1.8 kb-EcoRI fragment from a lambda clone showing a strong positive hybridization signal was subcloned into pGEM7 and analyzed for its nucleotide sequence. From deduced amino acid sequences, the fad3 gene was revealed to have an open reading frame(ORF) consisting of 386 amino acids with a molecular mass of 44,075 Da. The fad3 gene was compared to chloroplast $\omega$-3 fatty acid desaturase (fad7) and endoplasmic reticulum Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (fad2) to show 70% and 58% amino acid sequence homology, respectively, Especially, amino acids of internal (82 to 151) and carboxy terminal (276 to 333) regions were highly conserved, implying their requisite role for enzymatic functioning of fatty acid desaturases. IPTG-induced fad3 cDNA expression in E. coli cells was suggested to be toxic to bacterial growth. Linoleic acid를 linolenic acid로 전환시키는 지방산불포화효소의 유전자(fad3)를 유채의 fad3 DNA probe를 이용한 plaque hybridization방법으로 $\lambda$ZAPII Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA expression library로부터 분리하였으며 1.8 kb-EcoRI DNA조각을 지니는 lambda clone을 pGEM7으로 subcloning하여 염기서열을 분석하였다. 그 결과로부터의 아미노산서열분석에 의하면 fad3 유전자는 open reading frame이 386개의 아미노산으로 이루어졌으며 44,075 Da의 분자량이 예측되고 있다. 엽록체의 $\omega$-3 지방산불포화효소(fad7)와 endoplasmic reticulum의 지방산불포화효소(fad2)와의 비교시 각각 70%와 58%의 유사성이 나타났다. 특히 82-151의 아미노산서열과 276-333의 아미노산지역은 보존성이 높았으며 이는 불포화지방산효소의 기능에 필수적인 지역으로 보여진다. 한편 대장균을 이용한 IPTG에 의한 Fad3단백질의 유도생성은 대장균의 생육에 독성효과를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다.

Fad2vec: 판매 데이터 임베딩 기반 패션 산업 단발성 유행 탐지

안승섭,진소연,이학연 대한산업공학회 2022 대한산업공학회지 Vol.48 No.2

In the fashion industry, fads, a phenomenon in which demand for specific items surges in a short time and then disappears, are often observed. However, the conventional demand forecasting methods have limitations in predicting fads because it focuses on long-term trends. This paper presents a new approach called Fad2Vec, which adapts the Item2Vec approach to detect fads effectively. Hot periods composed of a hot point and a preceding period for each product are identified based on time-series sales data. Products are embedded into vectors representing the time points when they are temporarily fashionable. Then, they are clustered into a fad group where fashion items belong to the same cluster and show similar fad patterns. A case study of four famous fashion brands is provided to show how Fad2Vec works and verify its validity. The proposed Fad2Vec approach is expected to be practically utilized for the production planning of fast fashion companies.

Decreased Expression of FADS1 Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Du, Yong,Yan, Shu-Mei,Gu, Wan-Yi,He, Fan,Huang, Li-Yun,Li, Mei,Yuan, Yan,Chen, Ren-Hui,Zhong, Qian,Li, Man-Zhi,Li, Yong,Zeng, Mu-Sheng Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.12

FADS1 (fatty acid desaturase 1) plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism, and it was recently reported to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, the role of FADS1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the expression and clinical pathologic and prognostic significance of FADS1 in ESCC. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that 58.2% (146/251) of the ESCC tissues had low levels of FADS1 expression, whereas 41.8% (105/251) exhibited high levels of FADS1 expression. In positive cases, FADS1 expression was detected in the cytoplasm of cells. Correlation analyses demonstrated that FADS1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor location (p=0.025) but not with age, gender, histological grade, tumor status, nodal status or TNM staging. Furthermore, patients with tumors expressing high levels of FADS1had a longer disease-free survival time (p<0.001) and overall survival time (p <0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that, along with nodal status, FADS1 expression was an independent and significant predictive factor (p<0.001). In conclusion, our study suggested that FADS1 might be a valuable biomarker and potential therapeutic target for ESCC.

북한 기근의 원인 분석: FAD, FED 접근법에 대한 비판적 고찰

문경연,이수철,백인립,정소민,강환우,윤설화 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2015 아태연구 Vol.22 No.1

북한 식량위기의 원인에 대해 지금까지 매우 다양하고 복잡한 논의들이 존재해 왔다. 보통 기근에 대한 논의는 크게 식량 가용량 감소로 인한 기근을 의미하는 FAD(Food Availability Decline)적 접근과 식량 획득력의 감소에 의한 기근을 의미하는 FED(Food Entitlement Decline)적 접근으로 나뉜다. 그동안 한국 내에서의 북한 식량위기에 대한 분석은 이 두 접근방식을 기반으로 하였다. 하지만 북한 기근의 해결책에 대한 모색은 양 접근법을 바탕으로 하는 균형적 관점을 기초로 기근의 원인을 총체적으로 이해할 때 가능할 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 첫째, 기아 관련 이론의 두 축인 FAD 접근법과 FED 접근법이 무엇인지 보다 자세히 고찰한 이후, 둘째, 북한 기근의 원인에 대한 다양한 분석들을 FAD와 FED 접근법을 중심으로 구분하여 정리해 보았다. 셋째, 시기별로 북한 기근의 원인을 분석한 연구자 및 기관의 주요 분석틀을 분석하였다. 즉 특정 시기별로 FAD와 FED 중 어떠한 이론적 프레임이 연구자 혹은 기관들에 의해 선호되었는지 분석하고자 하였다. 결론적으로 본 논문은 북한 식량위기를 주제로 하는 기존연구에 대한 전수 조사를 통해 원인을 분석하는 이론적 접근법에 있어 시기별로 우세한 접근틀이 있었음을 증명하였다. There are very complicated and confronting approaches to the analysis of North Korean famine. Two dominant approaches on the issue of famine are food availability decline approach (FAD) and food entitlement decline approach (FED). The desirable analysis of famine cause is possible when it balanced between FAD and FED approaches. In North Korean famine studies, however, there have been a tendency that it was divided into FAD and FED. This paper examines FAD and FED approaches as two dominant analytical framework for famine analysis. Based on FAD and FED framework, we categorized the existing papers and reports on North Korean famine and found relationship between the administration of South Korea and a preferred approach.

Efficiency verification of CRISPR–Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of target gene sgRNA using soybean protoplasts

Seol Min-A,Cho Sunghee,Jung Young Jun 한국식물생명공학회 2022 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.16 No.5

CRISPR–Cas9 gene-editing technology enables efficient genome editing in various plants, but entails difficulties and inef- ficiencies in transforming allotetraploid soybeans. Therefore, for producing transgenic soybeans using high-efficiency CRISPR–Cas9, a method for verifying the mutation efficiency of the target gene guide RNA is essential. Here, we present an experimental method using soybean protoplasts to confirm the effectiveness of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and sgRNA clones used for target gene mutagenesis to produce CRISPR–Cas9-mediated transgenic soybeans. In addition, we propose a method to improve the time-consuming process of producing CRISPR–Cas9-mediated transgenic soybeans. First, the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) gene was selected as a target gene for CRISPR–Cas9 application, and each of the three sgRNAs of the FAD2 isoforms (A, B) was produced based on the corresponding gene sequence. The sgRNAs of the three FAD2 genes were transfected into soybean protoplasts, and next-generation sequencing was performed using the isolated genomic DNA. The two FAD2-1A-1 and FAD2-1B-1 sgRNAs exhibited the highest insertion and deletion (indel) efficiency. Next, the selected FAD2-1A-1 and FAD2-1B-1 sgRNAs were cloned into three different binary vectors, and genomic DNA was isolated after transfection into the protoplast. Indel efficiency was high when pECO202 for FAD2-1A-1 and pECO201 for FAD2-1B-1 were used. Transgenic soybean was produced using the FAD2-1A-1::pECO202 and FAD2-1B-1::pECO201 sgRNA clones. The presented soybean protoplast transformation method can verify the mutation effect of specific sgRNAs and sgRNA clones of the soybean target gene used for CRISPR–Cas9 in a short period of time and reduce the time consump- tion of transgenic soybean production.

돼지회충 근육조직의 FAD의존성 α-Glycerophosphate 탈수소 효소의 정제 및 성상

이희성,안관순,이근배 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1981 中央醫大誌 Vol.6 No.3

Ascaris suum muscle was fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions. The activity of mitochondrial FAD-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase(cytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.99.5) was determined by the procedure of Dowson and Thorne, and the activity of cytoplasmic NAD-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase(NAD 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) was assayed according to the method of Gonzalez-Cerozo and Dalziel. Mitochondrial FAD-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was purified by sodium deoxycholate solubilization and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The distribution of FAD-linked α-glycerophospliate dehydrogenase in the subcellular organells showed that 62% of the activity was in mitochondrial, 29% in cytoplasmic and about 9% was in nuclear fraction. The specific activities were 1.26, 0.30, and 0.05, respectively. 2. The activity of FAD-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in Ascaris suum muscle was 153.25 units/g. The specific activity of NAD-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in cytosol was found to be about 2 fold greater than that of FAD-linked dehydrogenase in mitochondria. 3. It was demonstrated that there were two types of isozyme in the mitochondrial FAD-linked dehydrogenase, Enzyme Ⅰ and Enzyme Ⅱ. Enzyme Ⅰ and Ⅱ were purified about 87 and 854-fold increase in specific activities after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 4. The specific activity of Enzyme Ⅱ was found 9.8 times as high as Enzyme Ⅰ, and Enzyme Ⅰ and Ⅱ were contained 87.7% and 12.3% respectively. 5. The optimal temperature of Enzyme Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 35℃ and the optimal pH of Enzyme Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 7.6. 6. The Km values for α-glycerophosphate of Enzyme Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 2.33 mM and 0.82 mM, respectively.

Linseed oil supplementation affects fatty acid desaturase 2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Szalai Klaudia,Tempfli Károly,Zsédely Eszter,Lakatos Erika,Gáspárdy András,Bali Papp Ágnes 아세아·태평양축산학회 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.4

Objective: Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated. Methods: The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group. Objective: Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated.Methods: The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (<i>FADS2</i>), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (<i>PPARγ</i>), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (<i>IGF1</i>) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results: The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic <i>FADS2</i> levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The <i>PPARγ</i> expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas <i>IGF1</i> was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in <i>FADS2</i>, <i>PPARγ</i>, and <i>IGF1</i> gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control.Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased <i>FADS2</i> expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased <i>PPARγ</i> expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased <i>IGF1</i> expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.

식이지방에 첨가한 Conjugated Linoleic Acid가 지방산 조성, delta-5 Desaturase(D5D)와 Fatty Acid Desaturase2(FADS2) 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향

황윤희(Yun?Hee Hwang),강금지(Keum?Jee Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 2007 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.36 No.10

본 연구에서 4주령 ICR 수컷 마우스에 쇠기름과 어유에 단독 또는 0.5% CLA를 첨가한 식이로 4주동안 사육하여 혈장과 간의 지방산 조성과 D5D와 FADS2의 유전자 발현을 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. CLA는 C18:2와 경쟁적으로 지방산의 elongation과 desaturation에 참가하며, CLA의 첨가는 BTC군에서 C20:4수준을 높여주는 효과가 있었다. 또, 지방산의 β-산화에 의해 생성되기도 하는 C22:6은 BTC군에서 간의 C22:6의 함량이 BT군보다 증가하였다. D5D와 FADS2는 쇠기름섭취군(BT, BTC)에서 발현이 유의적으로 증가하였는데, 특히 D5D의 발현은 BTC군이 다른 군보다 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이에 대한 지방산 전환 또한 BTC군이 C18:2로부터 C20:4로 불포화하고 elongation하는 비율이 혈장과 간 모두에서 가장 높았다. 결론적으로 BT에 CLA를 첨가한 경우에 지방산 조성의 변화와 FADS2와 D5D의 발현을 증가시켜 지방산의 불포화도를 높여서 eicosanoids 합성과 항상성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 FO에 CLA첨가시에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. We investigated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the fatty acid composition in the plasma and liver, and the expressions of delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and fatty acid desaturase2 (FADS2) genes in ICR male mice using two different sources of fats in the diets. The experimental groups were divided into four groups: beef tallow (BT) and fish oil (FO), BT with CLA supplementation (BTC), and FO with CLA supplementation (FOC) groups. Ten mice in each group were fed with the experimental diets for 4 weeks. All mice were fed experimental diets containing 12% of total dietary fat (w/w) either with or without 0.5%CLA (w/w). Fatty acid compositions were analyzed in the plasma and liver using gas chromatography. The levels of D5D and FADS2 expression were analyzed by RT-PCR in the liver. The results showed that CLA participates competitively with C18:2 in the elongation and desaturation processes, leading to significant increase in the levels of C20:4 and C22:6 in BTC group (p<0.05). The expression levels of D5D and FADS2 were higher in BT and BTC group than those of FO and FOC group. In particular, the expression of D5D gene was greatly upregulated in BTC group. Furthermore, the conversion ratios from C18:2 to C20:4 in the liver were higher in BTC group than those in other groups. Thus our results suggest that increased expressions of D5D and FADS2 genes may be responsible for the enhanced CLA effects on the desaturation in the BT containing saturated fatty acids rather than the FO rich in n-3 PUFA.

Efficient Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a Novel FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase from Aspergillus terreus in Pichia pastoris

( Yu Feng Yang ),( Lei Huang ),( Ju Fang Wang ),( Xiao Ning Wang ),( Zhi Nan Xu ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2014 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.24 No.11

Flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) can utilize a variety of external electron acceptors and also has stricter substrate specificity than any other glucose oxidoreductases, which makes it the ideal diagnostic enzyme in the field of glucose biosensors. A gene coding for a hypothetical protein, similar to glucose oxidase and derived from Aspergillus terreus NIH2624, was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 under the control of an AOX1 promoter with a level of 260,000 U/l in the culture supernatant after fed-batch cultivation for 84 h. After a three-step purification protocol that included isopropanol precipitation, affinity chromatography, and a second isopropanol precipitation, recombinant FAD-GDH was purified with a recovery of 65%. This is the first time that isopropanol precipitation has been used to concentrate a fermentation supernatant and exchange buffers after affinity chromatography purification. The purified FAD-GDH exhibited a broad and diffuse band between 83 and 150 kDa. The recombinant FAD-GDH was stable across a wide pH range (3.5 to 9.0) with maximum activity at pH 7.5 and 55°C. In addition, it displayed very high thermal stability, with a half-life of 82 min at 60°C. These characteristics indicate that FAD-GDH will be useful in the field of glucose biosensors.