Artificial diets determine fatty acid composition in edible Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Karlmax Rutaro,Geoffrey M. Malinga,Robert Opoke,Vilma J. Lehtovaara,Francis Omujal,Philip Nyeko,Heikki Roininen,Anu Valtonen 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.4

There are increasing interests in rearing edible insects in Africa, but information on how the feeds modify their fatty acids is largely lacking. In this work, the influence of artificial diets on the fatty acid contents and composition in the edible Ruspolia differens (Serville, 1838), in Uganda was assessed. R. differens was reared on the mixtures of six gradually diversified diets of two, three, four, six, eight and nine feeds. The diets were formulated from rice seed head, finger millet seed head, wheat bran, superfeed chicken egg booster, sorghum seed head, germinated finger millet, simsim cake, crushed dog biscuit pellet and shea butter. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared using direct transesterification method, and analysed using gas chromatography. The contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid differed significantly among the diets. The more diverse diets resulted in increased content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The n6:n3 ratio differed significantly among the diets and between the sexes, with R. differens fed on the four-feed diet having a higher n6:n3 ratio than those fed on other diets. Also, the fatty acid composition differed significantly among the diets, and diet diversification corresponded with the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. Overall, our results demonstrate that higher levels of essential fatty acids can be achieved by rearing R. differens on highly diversified diets. These findings are important in informing the design of future mass-rearing program for this edible insect.

사료중 Blended Essential Oil(CRINA^(�)) 첨가가 육계의 생산성과 영양소 이용률, 소장 내 미생물 균총 및 계육내 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향

석종찬,임희석,백인기 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.5

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary Blended essential oil(CRINA^(�)) on the performance, nutrient availability, fatty acid composition of leg muscle, small intestinal microflora and blood parameters in broiler chickens. One thousand unsexed day-old broiler chickens were assigned to five treatments : control(T1), 5? avilamycin(starter diet) & 5? flavomycin(grower diet) T2, 5? avilamycin(starter diet) & 50? CRINA^(�)(grower diet) T3, 50? CRINA^(�)(starter & grower diet) T4, 50? CRINA^(�) +500? lactic acid^(�) (starter & grower diet) T5. Each treatment had four replications of 50 birds each. Growth performance was significantly improved by dietary supplements(T2-T5). There were no significant differences among treatment T2, T3, T4 and T5. Feed intake was not significantly different among treatments. Dietary supplementation of CRINA^(�) (T3, T4, T5) resulted in significant(p<0.05) improvement in feed/gain(F/G) during finishing period (4-5 weeks). The birds fed CRINA^(�) supplemented diet(T4) showed significantly(p<0.05) higher availability of crude fat, menthionine and methionine + cystine than those fed antibioties supplemented diet(T2). Mortality was not significantly affected by treatments. The colony forming unit(CFU) of E. coli in small intestinal content was significantly lower in antibioties & CRINA^(�)(T3) compared to CRINA^(�) treatment(T4)(P<0.05). CFU of CI. perfringens was low in CRINA^(�)(T4) but not different significantly with other treatments. Serum triglyceride level of birds fed CRINA^(�) + lactic acid diets(T5) was significantly lower(p<0.05) than those fed antibiotics supplemented diet(T2). Cholesterol level of the birds fed antibiotics(T2) or CRINA^(�) + lactic acid supplemented diet(T5) was significantly higher(p<0.05) than other treatments. HDL level of birds fed control diet was significantly lower(p<0.05) than that of others. The levels of serum IgG were not significantly different among treatments. Major fatty acids composition of leg muscle fat was significantly influenced by treatments. Control group showed significantly higher palmitic acid(C_(16:0)) and steraric acid(C_(18:0)) content than other treatments(p<0.05). Content of oleic acid(C_(18:1)), however, was significantly lower in the control than others treatments. Content of linolenic acid(C_(18:3)) was significantly higher in CRINA^(�) + lactic acid(T5) than antibiotics & CRINA^(�)(T3) treatments. Total saturated fatty acids content was higher and total unsaturated fatty acids were lower in the leg muscle fat of the control than that of other treatments. It is concluded that CRINA^(�) supplementation improved growth rate and F/G ratio in broilers. The combination of CRINA^(�) with either antibiotics or lactic acid did not show any additive or synergistic effects in broiler chickens.

Seasonal Variation in the Nutritional Content of Mideodeok Styela clava

Nacional Loda M.,Lee Jong-Soo,Kang Seok-Joong,Choi Byeong-Dae The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2006 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.9 No.2

We evaluated changes in the nutritional composition of Mideodeok Styela clava harvested during the months of January, March, and May 2005. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, leucine, and lysine were the most dominant amino acids present. Ratios of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids were comparable to those of many fish species, with values ranging from 0.55 to 0.61 and 0.66 to 0.67 for muscle of Mideodeok from Geoje and Tongyeong, respectively. Mideodeok seems to be a suitable source of important fatty acids as it contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eicosapentanoic acid EPA; 20:5n-3 and docosahexanoic acid DHA; 22:6n-3 were the most dominant fatty acids, ranging from 20.0 to 22.3% and 16.5 to 17.9% in muscle, and 20.3 to 23.2% and 15.2 to 18.8% in tunic, respectively. The total mineral fraction of Mideodeok was 22.2-27.3% of dry matter. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium were the most dominant minerals in both muscle and tunic.

Nutritional value of bee-collected pollens of hardy kiwi, Actinidia arguta (Actinidiaceae) and oak, Quercus sp. (Fagaceae)

ghosh sampat,정철의 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.1

Bee-collected pollens have gained attention as natural dietary supplement for human nutrition over the honeybee feed, and become important commercial hive products for beekeepers. Oak trees, Quercus sp. (Family: Fagaceae) and hardy kiwi, Actinidia arguta (Family: Actinidiaceae) are important pollen sources for honey bees. During collection and storage through the addition of nectar and salivary secretions the chemical composition of pollen is changed. We analyzed nutrient contents of bee collected oak and hardy kiwi pollens and compared with recommended requirement of essential amino acids for honey bee brood development. The results revealed that protein content was found 23.2% for oak and 26.5% for hardy kiwi pollen. All the determined essential amino acid contents of both oak and kiwi pollen satisfied theminimumindividual amino acid requirement of honey bee. Threoninewas present inmarginal level in hardy kiwi pollen. Fat content of oak and hardy kiwi pollen were found 7 and 4.5% respectively. The higher value of polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid - stearic acid, lower AI and TI value, presence of essential fatty acid n-3 linolenic acid indicated these pollens as superior sources of fat. The most abundant mineral was found potassium in both the pollens followed by phosphorus. In contrast sodium content was found very less. In vitro digestibility of oak and kiwi pollen were found 69.5 and 37.8% suggesting the difficulty of nutrient uptake directly from pollen grains.

구운 마늘의 이화학적 성분

이재준 ( Jae Joon Lee ),이현주 ( Hyun Joo Lee ) 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2011 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.18 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the major chemical components of dried baked garlic powder. The proximate compositions of baked garlic powder as a dry-matter basis were 5.30% moisture, 36.89% crude protein, 12.60% crude fat, 4.36% crude ash, 2.88% dietary fiber, and 37.97% carbohydrate, respectively. The major free sugars were identified as fructose and galactose. In the analysis of the total amino acids, 18 kinds of components were isolated from baked garlic powder. The essential amino acid contained in baked garlic powder accounted for 36.60% of total amino acids, while the non-essential amino acids accounted for 63.40%. The major unsaturated fatty acids of total lipids were linoleic acid. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (P/S ratio) was 5.77. Oxalic acid was the major organic acids. The contents of vitamin A, C, and E were 0.064, 1.452, and 0.037 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of baked garlic powder were greater, in order of K>Mg>Ca>Na>Zn>Fe. The total polyphenol, flavonoids and thiosulfates contents of baked-garlic ethanol extract were 2.85±0.05 mg/100 g, 0.97±0.04 mg/100 g and 0.61±0.02 OD/g, respectively.

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of fish oil from rainbow trout intestines and purification with adsorbents

Mai Thu Thi Hoai,Choi Youngjoo,Park Hanbyul,Cheon Jae Lyoung,Choi Jae-Seok,Park Donghwan,Kim Hekap 한국응용생명화학회 2023 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.66 No.-

This study explored the application of green ultrasound-assisted technology for the extraction of oil from the intestines of rainbow trout. Purification methodologies were incorporated using adsorbents in order to enhance the quality of the extracted oil, which was evaluated based on its color, peroxide value (POV), free fatty acids, organic pollutants, and fatty acid composition. The extraction condition for maximum oil recovery was 60 °C for 30 min, with the addition of 1 g of sodium chloride and a water-to-sample ratio of 0:2. The analysis indicated that silica gel exhibited the highest efficiency as an adsorbent for the elimination of peroxides from extracted oil, with optimal results achieved after adsorption for 60 min. Despite undergoing purification, the POV of fish oil still exceeded the quality standard established by the CODEX Alimentarius Commission. In order to optimize the extraction process, the incorporation of antioxidants, including gallic acid, tannic acid, and Aronia (black chokeberry) powder, was implemented before the oil refining process. The integration of antioxidants and purification further lowered the POV and mitigated the production of organic pollutants, concurrently enhancing oil quality compared to without antioxidants. Notably, the incorporation of antioxidants during the initial stages of the extraction process resulted in a significant increase in the average concentrations of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the final products. Overall, this study revealed that Aronia has the potential to serve as a natural, less-costly antioxidant alternative to pure antioxidants, such as tannic acid and gallic acid. Furthermore, the potential nutritional value of the final refined oil sample derived from rainbow trout intestines can be improved in terms of ω-3 fatty acid content by the developed method.

Rapid induction of edible lipids in <i>Chlorella</i> by mild electric stimulation

Choi, Sun-A,Lee, Soo Youn,Lee, Jiye,Cho, Jun Muk,Lee, Jin-Suk,Kim, Seung Wook,Kim, Dong-Yeon,Park, Se-Kook,Jin, Chang-Soo,Oh, You-Kwan Elsevier 2019 Bioresource technology Vol.292 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, a new stress-based method for rapid induction of triacylglycerol (TAG) and total and polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulations in <I>Chlorella</I> sp. by mild electric stimulation is presented. When a cathodic current of 31 mA (voltage: 4 V) was applied to the algal cells for 4 h, the TAG content of the electro-treated cells was sharply increased to a level 2.1 times that of the untreated control. The contents of the polyunsaturated linoleic (C18:2n6) and linolenic (C18:3n3) acids in the electro-treated cells were also 36 and 57% higher than those in the untreated cells, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry and various biochemical analyses indicate that TAG and fatty acid formations are electro-stimulated via <I>de novo</I> fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolic transformation in the <I>Chlorella</I> cells.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Rapid induction of lipids in <I>Chlorella</I> by mild electric treatment (31 mA and 4 h). </LI> <LI> 2.1-fold improvement of triacylglycerol (TAG) content relative to the control. </LI> <LI> Promotion of biosynthesis of polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids. </LI> <LI> Electric lipid stimulation through transformation and <I>de novo</I> biosynthesis. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

국내 육성 조와 기장 품종의 영양성분 특성

최지명,곽도연,최명은,송석보,박장환,고지연 한국작물학회 2019 한국작물학회지 Vol.64 No.2

본 연구는 우리나라에서 육성된 조 8 품종과 기장 4 품종의 영양성분을 비교 분석한 결과이다. 조 품종의 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질 함량은 73.90~77.58%, 6.39~9.57%, 3.69~영양성분을 비교 분석한 결과이다. 조 품종의 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질 함량은 73.90~77.58%, 6.39~9.57%, 3.69~ 4.24% 범위로 나타났고, 기장은 73.40~75.61%, 9.74~12.06%, 2.83~3.40%로 나타나 조가 기장보다 단백질 함량은 낮고, 지방 함량은 높은 경향을 보였다. 조와 기장의 단백질 함량이 높은 품종은 단아메(조), 금실찰(기장)이고, 지방 함량이높은 품종은 조황메(조), 만홍찰(기장)이었다. 전체 다량 무기질 함량은 조가 기장보다 높고, 측정 무기질 중 K 함량이가장 높았다. 조 품종 중에서 경관 1호의 Ca, K 함량이 가장 높았고, 경관 2호는 Mg 함량이 높았다. 기장은 품종 간에 Ca 함량이 가장 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 필수 아미노산함량은 조, 기장 모두 leucine, phenylalanine, valine이 가장높았으며, 조가 기장 보다 단백질 함량이 낮은 반면에 전체적인 필수 아미노산의 함량이 높았다. 경관1호(조), 황실찰(기장)이 필수 아미노산 함량이 가장 높은 품종이었다. 조와 기장 모두 linoleic acid의 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 국내에서 육성된 조, 기장 품종에 대한 영양성분에 관련한연구를 지속적으로 수행하여 신품종 육성 및 부가가치 향상을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) were not the major cereal crops in Korea. Although, they are attracting attention due to their nutritional excellence. This study focused on nutritional composition of Korean foxtail millet and proso millet varieties. The protein content of foxtail millet is lower than that of proso millet, and the fat content tends to be higher. Especially, Daname (foxtail millet) and Geumsilchal (proso millet) showed the highest protein content. Also, among these, Chohwangme (foxtail millet) and Manhongchal (proso millet) were the highest fat content, respectively. In the essential amino acids content results, these crops were rich in leucine, phenylalanine and valine. Also, lipids were composed of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), gadoleic acid (C20:1), and behenic acid (C22:0). Especially, linoleic acid content was the highest.

감마지방산: 리뷰

박병성 ( Byung Sung Park ) 한국유화학회 2008 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.25 No.4

The fatty acid composition of edible grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding on diversifying diets of host plants

Karlmax RUTARO,Geoffrey M.MALINGA,Vilma J. LEHTOVAARA,Robert Opoke,Anu VALTONEN,Justus KWETEGYEKA,Philip Nyeko,Heikki ROININEN 한국곤충학회 2018 Entomological Research Vol.48 No.6

Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is a highly valued edible grasshopper species in Africa. However, the effects of plant diets on lipid content and fatty acid composition of R. differens are not well understood. We tested the effects of four diets on the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of R. differens. Sixth instar nymphs of R. differens were reared on one, and mixtures of two, three, and six natural plant inflorescences. Individuals collected from the field constituted a control treatment. We extracted lipids and analyzed the fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We analyzed if the total lipid content, body weight, and fatty acid composition differed among diets and between the sexes using two‐way ANOVAs and a PERMANOVA model, respectively. The total lipid content and weight of R. differens did not differ among the diets. The nine common fatty acids were palmitic (mean across treatments, 26%), oleic (22%), palmitoleic (18%), linoleic (13%), stearic (7%), myristic (6%), myristoleic (4%), α‐linolenic (2%) and arachidic acid (1%). The composition of fatty acids and the proportion of essential fatty acids significantly differed among the diets. The proportion of essential fatty acids was highest in the control treatment (21%) but low in less diversified (one to three feed) diets (12–13%). This study demonstrates that the fatty acid composition in R. differens can be influenced through diet. Thus, with dietary manipulations, using local plants in Africa, it is possible to produce R. differens with preferred high quality essential fatty acids for human consumption.