녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안(Ⅱ)

김현노,신동원,강성원,안소은,최아름,정인섭,이종한,홍승헌,김성부,한혜진 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ❏ 환경-경제-사회의 조화로운 발전을 위한 녹색경제에 대한 중요성이 지속적으로 증대됨에 따라, 녹색경제 관련 환경규제도 증대되는 추세에 있음 ㅇ 녹색경제가 지향하는 목적은 환경에 미치는 부정적 영향력을 최소화하면서, 경제적·사회적 측면의 녹색산업과 녹색일자리 등을 창출하는 것이어야 함 ㅇ 하지만 녹색경제 관련 환경규제가 녹색경제에 미치는 실질적인 영향을 고려하여 설계 및 집행되고 있는지는 확실치 않음 ❏ 본 연구는 1차 연도 연구로드맵에 기반하여, 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 피규제자 측면의 환경규제 순응도 제고 및 규제의 실효성 확보 방안에 대해 모색하고자 함 ㅇ 녹색경제로의 전환을 위한 국내외적 관심과 함께 관련 환경규제도 증대되고 있는 실정이며, 녹색산업은 환경규제에 순응하는 과정에서 환경오염 저감기술을 적용한 제품과 서비스의 수요 동기에 의해 발전하므로 이해관계자들의 규제 순응 정도와 규제의 질적인 실효성을 높이는 노력이 필요함 ㅇ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제를 대상으로 규제의 사후영향평가 관점에서 환경규제 순응도 제고 및 환경규제 파급효과 분석을 실시함으로써, 환경규제 순응도 제고 및 실효성 확보 방안에 대해 제시하고자 함 Ⅱ. 환경규제 순응도 분석 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화와 관련된 환경규제 순응도를 조사하고, 환경규제 개선 차원에서 규제 순응도 제고를 위한 정책방안을 제시하고자 함 ㅇ 정책의 목표 달성을 위해 규제집행기관의 효율적 집행뿐만 아니라 규제대상 집단의 규제 순응도 중요한 요인으로 작용함 ㅇ 녹색경제를 활성화하려면 전통적인 규제방식으로는 환경친화적인 기술 개발 등에 한계가 있을 것으로 판단되므로, 규제대상인 기업들의 자발적인 참여와 순응을 이끌어 내는 것이 중요함 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제 중 건설폐기물과 관련된 환경규제를 선정하고, 규제 이해관계자(정부, 피규제집단, 이해관계자)를 대상으로 규제 순응도 조사를 실시함 ㅇ 설문조사를 위하여 단계별(진입, 생산 및 공정, 사용) 규제인 건설폐기물 처리기준, 건설폐기물 처리업, 순환골재 의무사용, 순환골재 품질기준 및 인증과 관련된 규제를 선정하고 분석함 - 규제별 집행기관 이해관계자, 피규제집단을 대상으로 설문조사 실시 - 피규제집단(이해관계자 포함) 300명, 규제 집행 공무원 50명을 대상으로 설문 실시 - 조사방법은 전화조사와 온라인 조사를 병행 ㅇ 순응도 조사 항목으로 규제인지도, 규제명확도, 규제의 필요성, 규제내용의 적절성, 규제수준의 적절성, 규제목적 달성도(환경-경제-사회적), 규제준수도, 규제집행의 적정성, 처벌수준의 적절성, 규제 개선방안으로 구성함 ❏ 건설폐기물과 관련된 규제의 경우, 규제의 필요성과 규제의 목적(환경-경제-사회적 목적)에 대해서는 긍정적으로 평가하는 것으로 나타나지만, 규제 집행과정에서 자원순환의 활성화를 저해하는 요인이 일부 나타났고, 이는 녹색경제로의 이행을 막는 요소로 작용할 수 있음 ㅇ 규제 순응도를 높이기 위한 방안으로, 규제정보를 용이하게 접할 수 있도록 하는 접근성 제고, 교육 및 홍보 등을 통한 순환골재 활용 관련 인식 전환을 추진해 순환골재 사용을 활성화할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 또한 규제 설계의 합리성, 기준의 명확성, 규제 이해의 용이성에 대한 고려, 규제집행을 위한 예산과 인력 등에 대한 논의도 필요할 것으로 판단됨 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제가 녹색경제 활성화에 기여하기 위해서는, 현행 규제의 성과를 측정할 수 있는 성과지표와 연계해 규제 성과를 정기적으로 평가 및 개선할 필요성이 있음 Ⅲ. 환경규제 파급효과 분석 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제 시행 이후, 규제를 통해 달성하고자 했던 목표를 이루었는지 여부와 녹색경제에 미치는 파급효과 분석을 실시함 ㅇ 녹색경제 활성화를 주요 목표로 상정하고, 규제가 지향하는 환경, 경제, 사회적 목적달성 여부를 확인하고, 녹색경제 지표의 영향력을 살펴봄으로써 규제의 실효성을 점검하고자 함 ㅇ 규제의 효과성 여부를 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 측면을 고려하여 분석 ㅇ 규제로 인한 녹색산업 및 녹색일자리에 대한 영향요인 분석 ❏ 순환골재 관련 규제 강화 이후 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 측면에서 긍정적인 영향이 나타남 ㅇ (환경) 천연골재 채취량 감소, 천연재활용률이 증대되는 효과가 나타남 ㅇ (경제) 순환골재 사용 증대로 인하여 재활용시장이 활성화되고 관련 분야의 산업 및 고용이 증대되는 효과가 나타남 - 순환골재를 생산하는 중간처리업체와 건설폐기물의 수집운반업체가 규제 강화 이후 증가 ㅇ (사회) 건설폐기물의 재활용에 대한 사회적 관심은 지속적으로 증대되고 있으며, 이를 위한 정부의 노력도 지속적으로 이루어짐 - 건설폐기물을 순환골재로 재활용할 경우, 매립비용의 절감과 사회적 편익 발생 ❏ 순환골재 의무사용과 순환골재 인증 관련 규제는 녹색경제에 긍정적인 역할을 한 것으로 나타남 ㅇ 순환골재 사용 활성화를 통해서 관련 분야의 고용자 수와 자산총계가 증가한 것으로나타나 녹색산업과 일자리 측면에서 긍정적인 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있음 ㅇ 인증 수가 증가할수록 업체의 자산이 증가하는 것으로 나타나 업체의 전문성 강화를 통해 기업 성과에 긍정적인 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있음 ❏ 녹색경제에 대한 관심이 국내외적으로 증대됨에 따라, 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 경우 규제 집행의 적절성에 대한 고려뿐만 아니라 효과성 분석을 통하여 규제의 개선방안을 제시할 필요가 있음 Ⅳ. 녹색경제로의 전환을 위한 환경규제 개선방안 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제에서 환경영향뿐만 아니라 경제적·사회적 영향력을 고려함에 따라, 기존 환경규제를 규제의 적절성과 효과성 측면에서 검증하고, 그 결과를 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 규제 개선에 반영할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 사례 연구에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 경우 전통적인 방식으로는 친환경 기술개발 등에 한계가 있으므로 이를 개선하여 규제 대상자의 순응도를 제고할 필요성이 있음 ㅇ 또한 녹색경제 관점에서 규제의 효과성 및 파급효과 분석을 통하여, 규제 목적 달성 여부를 점검하고 녹색경제의 활성화에 기여하였는지 판단하는 것이 중요함 ❏ 본 연구는 피규제집단의 측면에서 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제의 개선방안을 제시하기 위하여, 규제 순응도 분석(정성적 분석)과 규제 파급효과 분석(정량적 분석)방법을 통한 사례분석을 실시하고, 규제사후영향평가를 위한 가이드라인을 제시함 ㅇ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 경우, 가이드라인에 기반한 주기적인 재검토를 통하여 규제에 대한 순응도를 제고하고, 규제의 목적 달성 여부 및 파급효과에 대해 살펴봄으로써 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 규제의 실효성을 점검하여야 함 ㅇ 또한 규제사후영향평가에 대한 관심이 증대됨에도 불구하고 활성화되지 못하는 원인으로 평가체계의 부재, 규제집행기관의 부담 등이 제시됨에 따라, 가이드라인 제시를 통하여 규제사후영향평가의 활성화를 제시하고자 함 Ⅴ. 결론 ❏ 본 연구는 3년차 연속사업으로, 2차 연도에는 피규제자의 규제 순응도 제고 및 규제 실효성 확보방안에 대해 제시함 ㅇ 1차 연도의 연구로드맵에 기초하여 단계별 연구를 실행함으로써, 최종적으로 피규제자 및 규제자 모두에 대한 포괄적 환경규제 영향평가도구를 개발하여 녹색경제 활성화를 모색하고자 함 - 1차 연도에는 녹색경제의 개념 및 범위 제시, 환경규제 분석(행정학적 측면, 녹색경제 측면), 녹색경제 관련 환경규제 사례연구를 통한 시사점 도출, 환경규제 DB구축, 녹색경제지표 활용에 대한 검토 및 지표 제시 - 2차 연도에는 피규제자 입장에서 규제 순응도 제고 및 규제 실효성 확보 방안 제시 - 3차 연도에는 규제자 입장에서 규제 효율성 제고 방안 마련 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제의 경우, 전통적인 규제방식이 아닌 피규제집단에 대한 동기 부여와 녹색경제 관점(환경-경제-사회적)의 목적 달성을 위한 자발적인 참여 유도가 중요하므로, 규제 순응도 조사를 통해 규제 집행의 적절성을 점검할 필요가 있음 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화에는 환경적 영향뿐만 아니라 경제적, 사회적 측면의 영향요인에 대한 고려도 필요하므로, 규제의 효과성 및 파급효과 분석을 통한 규제 개선방안이 제시되어야 함 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안 제시를 목적으로 사례분석을 실시하고, 규제사후영향평가를 위한 가이드라인을 제시함 ㅇ 향후 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 효과성 검증을 통한 규제 개선 방향이 제시될 필요성이 있음 ㅇ 규제사후영향평가의 중요성이 증대되고 있음에도 불구하고 활성화되지 못하는 원인으로 규제집행기관의 부담, 평가체계와 교육 및 매뉴얼 부재 등이 제시되었고, 본 가이드라인 활용이 사후영향평가 활성화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단됨 ❏ 본 연구는 피규제자 입장에서 규제의 순응도 제고와 규제의 실효성을 확보하기 위한 방안으로 규제의 사후영향평가를 제안하고, 이를 평가하기 위한 가이드라인을 제시하였음 ❏ 3차 연도 연구에서는 규제자 입장에서 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안에 대해 제시하기 위하여 규제관리시스템, 규제의 생성과 집행 차원의 문제에 대해 살펴봄으로써, 최종적으로 피규제자와 규제자 측면을 모두 고려한 녹색경제 활성화 방안에 대해 제시하고자 함 Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research ❏ Environmental regulations related to the green economy are on the increase in line with the growing importance of the green economy envisioned for the harmonious development of the environment, economy, and society. ㅇ While minimizing environmental impact, the green economy should also contribute economically and socially to areas including green industries and green jobs. ㅇ However, it is uncertain whether environmental regulations related to the green economy are designed and enforced by fully considering the green economy's actual impacts. ❏ Based on the research road map established in the first year of research, the study aims to seek measures for improving regulatory compliance by reviewing from the perspective of the regulated group and find ways for ensuring the effectiveness of regulations, as they are needed for promoting the green economy. ㅇ Environmental regulations are increasing in line with the rising interest in the transition to the green economy at national and international levels. Considering that green industries grow depending on the motivation to require products and services that use pollution reduction technologies, there is a need to enhance stakeholders' compliance with environmental regulations and improve the qualitative effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ By studying environmental regulations related to the green economy with a post impact assessment in mind, we analyzed measures to improve regulatory compliance and the spillover effect of environmental regulations, thereby proposing measures to improve the compliance with and the effectiveness of environmental regulations. Ⅱ. Analysis of Compliance with Environmental Regulations ❏ The research surveyed compliance with environmental regulations related to promoting the green economy and presented policy suggestions for improving regulatory compliance from the perspective of improving environmental regulations ㅇ In achieving policy objectives, compliance of the regulated group is as important as the effective enforcement of enforcement agencies. ㅇ As conventional regulatory measures have limitations in promoting the green economy, for example by encouraging the development of environmentally-friendly technologies, it is crucial to induce the voluntary participation and compliance of businesses subject to regulations. ❏ Among various environmental regulations related to the green economy, those imposed on construction waste were selected, and a survey on regulatory compliance was conducted by involving stakeholders (the government, the regulated group, and stakeholders). ㅇ For the survey, criteria for processing construction waste in each phase (of entry, production, processing, and use), regulations on construction waste treatment businesses, obligatory use of recycled aggregate, quality standards for recycled aggregate, and regulations related to certification were selected and analyzed. - The survey targeted stakeholders in enforcement agencies and the regulated group. - Three hundred people in the regulated group (including stakeholders) and fifty enforcement officials participated in the survey. - The survey was conducted via telephone and online ㅇ In order to study regulatory compliance, survey questions covered awareness of regulations, clarity of regulations, need for regulations, adequacy of regulations, adequacy of regulation standards, level of achievement of regulatory objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives), level of regulatory compliance, appropriateness of regulatory enforcement, adequacy of imposed penalties, and suggestions for regulatory improvement. ❏ When asked about regulations imposed on construction waste, respondents positively assessed the needs and objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives). Still, the survey revealed a number of factors undermining the vitalization of resource circulation in the enforcement process, which may impede the transition to the green economy. ㅇ Concerning measures for enhancing regulatory compliance, there is a need to encourage active use of recycled aggregate, which can be achieved by changing the perception towards using recycled aggregate through efforts such as making regulatory information more accessible, training, and awareness-raising activities. ㅇ Moreover, it is necessary to discuss the rationality of regulatory design, the need to explain regulations in plain terms, the clarity of criteria, and the budget and human resources needed for enforcement. ❏ In order for environmental regulations related to the green economy to contribute to the vitalization of the green economy, there must be performance indicators capable of measuring the achievements of currently-imposed regulations so that achievements are evaluated on a regular basis, and improvements can be made. Ⅲ. Analysis of Spillover Effect of Environmental Regulations ❏ Considering that environmental regulations related to the green economy are currently in place, the study looked into whether the regulations achieved their objectives and their spillover effect on the green economy. ㅇ Under the main objective of promoting the green economy, this study reviewed the effectiveness of regulations by looking into the environment for successful regulation, the achievement of environmental, economic, and social objectives, and the impact of green economy indicators. ㅇ We analyzed from environmental, economic, and social perspectives whether regulations achieved their intended effectiveness. ㅇ The effect regulations have on green industries and green jobs were investigated. ❏ The strengthening of regulations on recycled aggregate had positive environmental, economic, and social impacts. ㅇ (Environment) The extraction of natural aggregate decreased, and the recycling rate of natural resources increased. ㅇ (Economy) Active use of recycled aggregate resulted in revitalizing the recycling market and promoting related industries and employment. - After the reinforcement of regulations, more interim disposal businesses that produce recycled aggregate and businesses that collect and transport construction waste were established. ㅇ (Social) Society is growing more interested in recycling construction waste, and the government is continuously working to that end. - Producing recycled aggregate with construction waste saved landfill costs and created social benefits. ❏ Regulations related to the obligatory use of recycled aggregate and the certification of recycled aggregate were found to have a positive impact on the green economy. ㅇ The analysis showed that efforts made to promote the use of recycled aggregate increased the number of employees and total assets, which means they positively influenced green industries and green jobs. ㅇ It was found that the increase in certifications led to the growth in assets owned by related businesses, representing that such certificates have a positive impact on business performance in the form of strengthened expertise. ❏ Interest in the green economy grew on national and international levels, and there is a need to review the adequacy of enforced environmental regulations related to the green economy and their effectiveness so that measures for improving regulations can be determined. Ⅳ. Improvement of Environmental Regulations for the Transition to the Green Economy ❏ As environmental regulations related to the green economy must consider economic and social impacts as well as environmental ones, it is necessary to verify the adequacy and effectiveness of existing environmental regulations and reflect the findings in improving regulations for promoting the green economy. ㅇ As shown in the case study, environmental regulations related to the green economy have limitations in promoting the development of environmentally-friendly technologies when approached from a traditional perspective, so there is a need to improve compliance of the regulated group. ㅇ Moreover, it is critical to determine whether regulations have fulfilled their objectives and contributed to promoting the green economy by analyzing the effectiveness of regulations from the perspective of the green economy and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures to improve environmental regulations for promoting the green economy from the perspective of the regulated group, the study analyzed regulatory compliance (qualitative analysis), investigated the spillover effect of regulations (quantitative analysis), and proposed a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ Environmental regulations related to the green economy must be regularly reviewed based on the proposed guideline. Such a review is needed to study compliance with regulations, achievement of regulatory objectives, and the spillover effect, and to determine the effectiveness of regulations enforced to promote the green economy. ㅇ Moreover, the study proposed measures to promote the post impact assessment of regulations by offering a guideline, based on the study results that showed the absence of evaluation system and the burden on enforcement agencies are some of the factors preventing an active post impact assessment of regulations despite the growing interest. Ⅴ. Conclusion ❏ In the second year of the continuous three-year study, we focused on the regulated group and proposed measures to improve compliance with regulations and ways to ensure the effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ Based on the research roadmap established in the first year of research, this study aimed at promoting the green economy progresses in stages for the ultimate purpose of developing a comprehensive impact assessment tool for evaluating environmental regulations both from the perspectives of regulating and regulated groups. - The first-year research focuses on: presenting the concept and scope of the green economy; analyzing environmental regulations (in terms of public administration and green economy); deriving implications from a case study on environmental regulations related to the green economy; building a database of environmental regulations; reviewing the use of green economy indicators; and presenting indicators. - The second-year research presents measures to improve regulatory compliance by considering from the regulated group's perspective and ensure the effectiveness of regulations. - The third-year research plans to seek measures to improve the efficiency of regulations from the regulating group's perspective. ❏ When it comes to environmental regulations for promoting the green economy, it is essential to motivate the regulated group rather than taking a traditional approach and induce voluntary participation in fulfilling objectives from the perspective of the green economy (environmental, economic, and social perspectives). Therefore, a survey on regulatory compliance is required as it can help review the adequacy of regulatory enforcement. ❏ To promote the green economy, economic and social factors as well as environmental impacts must be considered, which means measures for improving regulations must be proposed by verifying the effectiveness of regulations and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures for improving environmental regulations, which are needed for promoting the green economy, we performed a case study and presented a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ The results indicate the need to suggest the direction for improving regulations by verifying the effectiveness of environmental regulations related to the green economy. ㅇ As the burden on enforcement agencies, and the lack of training and manuals were identified as factors impeding an active post impact assessment of regulations despite its growing importance, the guideline is expected to contribute to activating post impact assessments. ❏ This study proposed a method for conducting the post impact assessment of regulations as a way of improving compliance with regulations from the perspective of the regulated group and ensuring the effectiveness of regulations. An evaluation guideline was also proposed. ❏ In the third year of research, we plan to delve into the regulation management system and issues related to the creation and enforcement of regulations so as to offer from the perspective of the regulated group measures for improving environmental regulations aimed at promoting the green economy. The ultimate objective is to propose measures to promote the green economy by considering from the perspectives of both the regulated group and the regulators.

환경분야 자격이 개인에게 미치는 경제적·비경제적 효과 분석

박종성,이무춘 한국환경교육학회 2005 環境 敎育 Vol.18 No.1

This study aims to investigate and practically examine the effect of environmental qualifications based on the theoretical background on the area. First, the economic effect of the acquisition of the qualifications was to be studied from the viewpoints of individuals and from an actual analysis on it, its effect was to be proved. Second, its non-economic effect was to be proved from the same way as the first analysis.On the basis of theoretical background, a study model was formulated in a way that the effect of qualifications in individuals side was divided into an economic effect (wage, employment, promotion, job-switching) and non-economic effect (self-development, self-efficiency, satisfaction on the job, ability to cope with the advancement of technology, job performance, signal effect, the settlement of uneasiness at unemployment). Then, survey was carried out with questions designed in accordance with this model.The hypotheses were proved as the following. First, for hypothesis 1(Environmental qualifications will bring up positive impacts on an individuals economic effect), environmental qualifications was shown to have positive impacts on wage, job-switching in personal economic effect. But, no personal economic effect appeared for employment and promotion. Second, for hypothesis 2(Environmental qualifications will bring up positive impacts on an individuals non-economic effect), environmental qualifications appeared to have positive impacts on self-efficiency, ability to cope with the advancement of technology, job performance and signal effect. Besides, no impact was shown in satisfaction on the job and the settlement of uneasiness at unemployment and self-development.

교재원 식물을 활용한 환경놀이 프로그램 개발 및 적용

최돈형(Don-Hyung Choi),임은영(Eun-Young Yim),조성화(Seong-Hoa Cho) 한국환경교육학회 2011 環境 敎育 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this research is placed on the development and application of environmental play programs for elementary school students their utilizing the neighborhood learning gardens in their districts to find its effectiveness. The research questions drawn to attain the purpose of the research are as follows. Initially, analyze the contents related to the plant appearing in the textbooks of wise life, science and practical arts of the 7th elementary school curriculum. Secondly, develop a plant utilizing environmental play program targeted towards the 4th grade elementary school students with the results of the textbook analysis as the foundation. Third, apply the plant utilizing environmental play program into the classroom to verify its effectiveness. Based on the conclusion of this research, the following is to be proposed. First, the revitalization of regional environmental education utilizing the various surroundings of the region is essential. Also, the current method of education, which is focused on theoretical knowledge, and being operated in most of the schools need to be changed over to diverse environmental education programs that are linked with the region. For this, an internet based database, information sharing and exchange program centralized around the regional environmental education center needs to be prepared. Moreover, since this research had developed an environmental play program utilizing plants that focused on the 4th grade elementary school students to verify its effectiveness, the development for environmental play programs dealing with various themes for each grades is required. Lastly, although this research has verified the effectiveness in the variables of ecological knowledge, environmental susceptibility, environmental altitude, environmental concern, environmental function and responsible environmental behavior amongst the variables of environmental literacy but there requires a succeeding research considering the variables that haven’t been included in this research.

環境紛爭調整法에 따른 분쟁해결과 ADR의 일반이론(Ⅱ)

김시철 한국환경법학회 2009 環境法 硏究 Vol.31 No.1

The Environmental Dispute Adjustment System (“EDAS”) stipulated in the Environmental Dispute Adjustment Act (“EDAA”) is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) handled by a division of the Administrative Branch. This particular dispute resolution mechanism followed in the EDAS, consists of several controversial aspects, when viewed in the light of various general principles that lies in the core of ADR. Though the main purpose of EDAS, which models after the Japanese Adjustment System for Grievances from Pollution, is to settle civil disputes arising in the environmental areas, when compared, the vast majority of EDAS cases in Korea relate to adjudicatory awards while mediation cases constitute overwhelming dispute resolutions in Japan. This, therefore, has drawn criticism concerning the Korean practice of dispute resolution in the environmental dispute setting, since it runs contrary to the very nature of ADR. Furthermore, in consideration of the general principles of ADR, the provisions of EDAA consist of various fundamental defects. In fact, due to the tendency of ‘under-litigation’ involving environmental disputes, to some extent, this requires a specific mechanism for resolution of such disputes. Under the current system of EDAS, however, the State provides public subsidy to litigants as a matter of fact, which may result in ‘over-litigation’ of disputed cases and actually create a converse effect. Though it may be inevitable to sustain the current system for the time being, for the future, the EDAS should be framed in order to minimize the total cost of resolving disputes. Since the total cost consists of both an ‘operation cost’ and an ‘error cost,’ to reduce the former cost, the latter cost is considered as a necessary trade-off. The EDAS, therefore, must be constructed in a way to minimize the sum of both costs accordingly. Until recently, the successful outcome of a mediation or an adjudicatory award within the EDAS has been considered as a formal consent agreement between the parties concerned, which is greatly similar to that of Japan. Nevertheless, because of the newly enacted statute, EDAA(amended by Act No. 8955 on Mar. 21, 2008, and effective on Sep. 22. 2008), the final outcome of EDAS now has the same effect as a consent judgment of a court. This raises doubts on whether the amendment of the statute can even be upheld as legitimate at all. Under the current Civil Procedure Act in Korea, consent judgments not only have the effect of an execution(enforcement power) but also the effect of a claim preclusion(res judicata). When compared, the Korean consent judgment system is somewhat different from the German system, which only has the effect of execution(enforcement power) but not of claim preclusion. The constitutionality of the statute must also be strictly scrutinized since outcomes of the ADR conducted by the Administrative Branch have the similar effect of a consent judgment. Even from the standpoint of democratic legitimacy, the Korean EDAS is relatively inferior to the Japanese system. Thus, it seems unreasonable to produce the outcomes of EDAS have the similar effect of a consent judgment. Furthermore, in light of the precedents of the Korean Constitutional Court, controversy surrounding the constitutionality of the provisions on the effect of EDAS or Ex Officio Mediation system still remains as an important issue to be considered. The very nature of the ADR must be emphasized that respects the parties’ autonomy involving each dispute, in order to establish a dispute resolution system that is based on sound ADR principles. From another standpoint, the success of EDAS system depends on the extent of reducing the error costs associated with the disputes resolutions. Therefore, in addition to reviewing the empirical research conducted in the U.S. or Japan for guidance in improving the current EDAS system, attempts to narrow the gap between the decisions of the...

중국 지역별 환경오염원 배출과 경제성장 간의 비교분석

정우식 ( Woo Sik Jeong ) 현대중국학회 2010 現代中國硏究 Vol.12 No.1

본 논문의 구성은 1) EKC의 이론적 배경, 해외 및 중국 선행연구 분석 2) 권역 및 지역별 환경오염원 배출 및 경제성장 간 비교분석 등 두 부분이다. 이를 통해 지속가능발전 전략을 추구하는 중국의 전체 및 지역별 환경오염원 배출현황, 정책적 방향 등의 경향을 파악할 수 있다. 중국은 환경오염원 배출량을 저감하기 위해서는 제조업 및 교통운수업 등의 에너지 사용에 있어 석탄사용량을 절대적으로 줄이고 지역적 편차를 극복하는 것이 관건이다. 즉, 경제규모가 크고 소득이 높은 지역의 배출량이 낮을 뿐 아니라 EP지수 및 GDP대비 비율을 보면 통제가 이뤄지는 것으로 나타났는데, 즉 scale effect에 따라 technique effect 및 composition effect가 존재하고 있다고 사료된다. 중국의 환경오염원 배출 및 경제성장과의 관계에서 일부지역을 제외하고 권역 및 지역별 경제수준은 여전히 낮아 환경오염원 배출량에 대한 결정요인은 경제성장 요소 외에 정책적·기술적·구조적 요인의 영향력이 적지 않다. 또한 선행연구 결과에 의하면 환경오염원별로 다양한 곡선이 나타나고 있다. 이러한 요인들을 고려하면 중국의 각 권역 및 지역별로 환경오염원 배출량 및 경제성장 간에는 다양한 EKC 곡선형태가 존재하는 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구의 time series 및 cross section 분석을 종합하면 향후 중국은 경제성장과 환경오염원 배출 간의 관계를 고려할 때 환경오염원 배출은 경제규모의 증대로 OECD국가 등 선진국들의 사례를 따라갈 가능성이 높다. 특히 다국적기업의 영향력에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이에 중국은 경제성장에 부응하는 법. 규제뿐 아니라 내. 외부요인을 고려한 권역 및 지역별 정책이 보다 강화될 것이고 특히 강력한 중앙정부의 정책추진과 함께 지방정부의 역할이 증대될 것이다. This paper consists of two parts including 1) Background of EKC(Environmental Kuznets Curve) theory and overview of previous oversea and Chinese studies 2) Empirically analyzing relationship between environmental pollution emissions and GDP per capita by regional groups in China. On these two parts, It can be understood about trends of Chinese environment protection policies, industries and economic policies from now on. It is important for China to effectively reduce the use of coals for reducing environment pollution emissions. and to overcome regional differences. Generally large economy scale and high income regions in China are not only low levels in emission but also effectively control with respect to EP(Environment Performance) Index and GDP to GDP ratio though increase emissions, that is, there exists technique effect and composition effect according to scale effect. In relationship between environment pollution emissions and GDP per capita, Each economy scale level of regions in China is still that of developing countries, the determinants of environment pollution emissions are influenced by not only policies, techniques and composition factors but also economy factor. Furthermore, there are various curve shapes by environment pollutions according to before empirical analysis. Consequently, Considering these factor, China will exist various EKC(Environmental Kuznets Curve) shapes between environment pollution emissions and GDP per capita. On summary of time series and cross section analysis, this paper can be concluded that China, considering relationship between economic growth and environment pollution, has high possibility to follow the case of OECD countries in the mid and long term future, especially focusing on the influences of multi-national companies. Accordingly, It can be forecasted that China will more strengthen not only regulations of laws but also regional policies considering in-external factors. Especially, with strongly pushing ahead central government policies, the roles of region governments will be increased.

헌법상 환경권규정의 의미와 효과에 관한 소고

석인선 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2003 法學論集 Vol.7 No.2

The major purposes of this article are to explore the developmental process of the constitutional provision of environmental right and to intensify its meaning and effectiveness and to review the effects of the establishment of environmental right upon the current legal system. In short, the purpose of this study is to strengthen the legal and constitutional meaning of environmental right as being already approved a fundamental right. Chapter Ⅰ points out that although the idea of environmental right is not the product of systematical consideration by the legal scholar, it becomes to be one of the best concept to solve the massive and serious environmental problems from the legal viewpoint. To overcome the limit of a private legal approach to solve the environmental pollution cases, there is the only way to verify the inevitability of accepting the fundamental right to environment in the constitution. The current Korean Constitution has incorporated environmental right in article 35, which reads "all citizens shall be entitled to live in a healthy and decent environment. The state and all citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment". Chapter Ⅱ compares and considers how the legal doctrine of environmental right as based on the constitution of each nation is formed, and is operated through the provisions and cases concerning environmental pollution. Chapter Ⅲ examines the concept of environment in relation to incorporation of environmental right into the constitution. In addition, it explores the category of the environment as an object of environmental right and the subject enjoying environmental right in the constitution. Chapter Ⅳ analyzes the legal character of environmental right. Efforts to establish environmental right under the current legal system must face a strong resistance and criticism based on the conventional legal principles. There are such other factors as a lack of environmental legislations and a lack of environmental perception of the people. I pay particular attention to the social right character of the environmental right. Chapter Ⅴ suggests the effectiveness of environmental right in the current legal system. Legal approval of environmental right into the current legal system vests gross effects upon the areas of public and private laws in connection with the government’s attitude toward environmental control legislations and policies. Finally, it is emphasized that the concept of environmental right clears the character of individual right to enjoy a decent environment, which requires remarkable changes in operating administrative proceedings system and advancing positively for judicial remedy in the area of environment.

미세플라스틱의 건강 피해 저감 연구

박정규,박하늘,이희선,정다운,주문솔,한선영,김시진,송민경,김용진,이서우,이혜성 한국환경정책평가연구원 2019 사업보고서 Vol.2019 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 및 목적 □ 연구 배경 및 필요성 ㅇ 플라스틱의 양은 수십 년간 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며 미세플라스틱의 사용 범위는 폭넓어 규제 없이는 미세플라스틱의 사용으로 인한 영향이 증가할 것으로 우려됨 - 미세플라스틱의 발생원과 발생량을 확인하여 환경에 미칠 수 있는 잠재적 영향 수준을 파악하는 것이 필요함 ㅇ 최근 들어 미세플라스틱 관련 연구와 국가 R&D 사업 투자 등이 증가하고 있으나 미세플라스틱의 영향에 대한 과학적이고 구체적인 증거는 여전히 부족함 - 다량의 연구를 종합하고 분석하는 빅데이터 연구가 필요하며, 미세플라스틱 영향을 과학적으로 평가하는 위해성 평가 방법론에 대한 고민이 필요함 ㅇ 일부 국가에서 마이크로비즈에 대한 규제를 시작하고 있으며 유럽연합의 화학물질청(ECHA)에서는 추후 의도적으로 사용되는 미세플라스틱의 사용 규제를 확대할 계획임 - 미세플라스틱 특성을 고려한 발생원 및 제품군별 미세플라스틱의 관리 방안 마련이 필요함 □ 연구 기간 전체(3년, 2019년~2021년) 연구 목적 ㅇ 1차 및 2차 미세플라스틱의 발생원을 확인하고 일부 제품군의 발생량 추정 ㅇ 미세플라스틱의 위해성 평가 방법론 도출 ㅇ 발생원 및 제품군별 미세플라스틱 영향 저감과 관리 방안 마련 ㅇ 미세플라스틱 연구 관련 정보 플랫폼 기반 구축 □ 2019년(1차 연도) 연구 목적 및 주요 내용 ㅇ (1차 연도 연구 목적) 미세플라스틱 관련 기초 현황 조사, 자료수집 및 정책 설계방향 검토 ㅇ 1차 연도 주요 연구 내용 - 일부 제품군에 대한 발생량 추정 - 환경오염 실태 확인을 위한 환경오염 관련 최신 연구 결과 분석 - 건강 피해 현황 파악을 위한 노출 및 영향에 대한 선행연구 분석 - 미세플라스틱 관련 국내외 규제 동향 분석 - 매크로 플라스틱 우선관리대상 물질 선정 - 미세플라스틱 관련 정책 설계를 위한 정책적 제언 Ⅱ. 미세플라스틱의 발생원 및 발생량 추정 □ 미세플라스틱의 주요 발생원 ㅇ 1차 미세플라스틱 - 화장품 등과 같은 개인 관리 제품, 세척제 등 세제류, 의약품 또는 의료기기, 농업 및 원예, 오일 및 가스, 건축 자재 및 건축 산업, 잉크 등 페인트 및 도료 등으로 정리됨 ㅇ 사용 중 마모에 의하거나 자연 중 방치되어 미세화된 2차 미세플라스틱 - 타이어 마모 분진, 세탁 시 미세섬유, 생산·운송 시 펠릿 유출, 농업용 멀칭 필름 풍화, 도로/건물/선박 도료 탈락 등 □ 미세플라스틱 발생량 추정 결과 ㅇ 페인트, 세제 및 세정제류에 대한 1차 미세플라스틱 발생량 추정을 위해 산업계 조사결과, 관련 정보의 불확실성이 높아 국내 생산 페인트와 세제 및 세정제류 6종의 고분자 함유량을 추정함 - 국내 생산 페인트 제품 내 고분자 물질 함유량은 최소 41만 4,076t/year, 최대 55만 2,102t/year, 평균 48만 3,089t/year으로 추정됨 - 기업 정보를 토대로 추정된 세정제 및 세제류의 고분자 물질 함유량은 최소 126.4ton/year, 평균 1만 2,045.1t/year이 될 것으로 추정됨 ㅇ 타이어 마모에 의한 2차 미세플라스틱 발생량 추정 결과 - 국내 차종별 타이어 마모 분진 배출계수(최소-최대 중간값)를 적용하여 타이어 마모 분진에 의한 2차 미세플라스틱 총발생량(최소-최대 중간값)을 추정한 결과 4만 9,228~5만 5,007t/year(5만 1,118t/year)으로 확인됨 Ⅲ. 미세플라스틱 오염 실태 확인을 위한 매체별 환경오염 연구 분석 □ 매체별 환경오염 연구 현황을 살펴보면 주로 해양을 중심으로 해수층에 대한 조사가 이뤄져 왔으며, 해양 중 심해층, 갯벌 등에 대한 현황 조사는 부족함 □ 해상에 비하여 육상 환경 부문은 더욱 열악한 실정으로, 샘플 조사는 자연하천 및 호수, 인공저류지 등과 같은 정수와 폐수 처리장, 하구역 등을 대상으로 이뤄짐 - 육상 환경 부문의 샘플 조사는 자연하천 및 호수, 인공저류지 등의 정수와 폐수 처리장, 하구역 등을 대상으로 이뤄짐 - 퇴적물(sediments)에 대한 조사가 꾸준히 진행되고 있으며, 폐수처리장의 슬러지는 비료 등으로 재활용되어 미세플라스틱 관리를 위해 관심을 가질 필요성이 큼 □ 토양과 대기에 관한 연구는 매우 열악한 실정으로, 토양 내 표토와 풍화침식토 내 미세플라스틱의 농도를 조사하거나, 도시지역 내 실내외 공기질과 대기 중 낙진(fallout)에 대한 조사 사례가 일부 존재함 □ 환경오염 현황 분석연구에 있어 시료 채집 도구나 분석 방법, 농도 계산의 기준이 되는 단위 사용에 연구자마다 편차가 크다는 문제점이 존재함 - 연구자마다 사용하는 분석 단위가 부피(㎥, L, ㎖ 등) 또는 면적(㎢, ㎡), 드물게는 단위 중량(㎏)당 입자 수 또는 입자 무게(㎍, ㎎) 등으로 다양한 척도로 측정·분석되고 있음 - 환경오염 현황에 대한 종합 고찰을 다룬 일부 연구에서는 각각의 연구 결과를 비교·분석하고 있으나 각각의 결과를 표준화한 작업 기준과 방법의 적정성을 검토하기에는 한계가 있음 Ⅳ. 건강 피해 현황 파악을 위한 노출 및 영향에 대한 선행연구 분석 1. 배출 및 거동 □ 환경 중 미세플라스틱 유입 및 거동은 주로 해양 환경을 중심으로 수행되었기 때문에 육상 환경에서의 미세플라스틱 유입 및 거동 연구는 매우 제한적임 - 토양 부문에 대한 일부 연구 결과를 통해서 토양으로의 유입은 하수 슬러지 및 유기질 비료, 농업 용지 피복 필름 등 농업 활동에 의한 유입 및 도시에서의 유출, 그리고 대기 비산이 주를 이룬다는 사실을 확인함 - 토양으로 유입된 미세플라스틱은 지렁이, 곤충, 토양 선충류 등 땅속 생물 및 박테리아의 먹이사슬 관계에서 분해되거나 이동하는 것을 확인함 - 담수로의 유입은 생활 하수, 산업 폐수, 산업 재료의 유출, 도시에서의 유출 등을 통해 일어나며, 이때 미세플라스틱 밀도에 따라 담수 내에 가라앉거나 해수로 이동하며, 밀도 외 미세플라스틱 표면 군집 형성과 바람에 의한 혼합 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인됨 2. 생물농축 □ 미세플라스틱은 먹이사슬을 통하여 포식자로 이동한다는 사실은 밝혀졌으나, 포식자로의 이동이 생물농축으로 이어지는 것인지에 대한 문제와 유기오염물질 등 흡착 물질의 미세플라스틱을 통한 생물농축 현상에 대한 연구 결과는 연구자 간 상반된 결과를 보여주고 있어 이와 관련된 학계 내 논쟁이 당분간 지속될 것으로 보임 3. 노출 □ 해수를 비롯하여 토양, 담수의 생물종에서 미세플라스틱이 검출되고 있어, 생태계 전반에서 미세플라스틱의 노출이 광범위하게 일어나는 것으로 추정됨 - 인체 노출은 주로 섭취와 흡입으로 이뤄지는데, 식품의 경우 어패류, 새우, 소금, 맥주, 꿀, 설탕, 생수, 수돗물 등에서 미세플라스틱이 검출되고 인간의 대변에서까지 미세플라스틱이 검출되면서 인체 소화기관으로의 미세플라스틱 노출 영향에 대한 우려가 존재함 - 최근 시도되고 있는 인체 노출량에 대한 정량적 평가에 대한 연구 사례가 축적된다면 위해성 평가 방안을 고려한 노출 영향 문제가 논의될 수 있을 것으로 기대됨 4. 영향 □ 물리·화학적 영향 - 미세플라스틱의 가소제·소수성 오염물질 이동의 매개체 역할은 미세플라스틱의 주요 관심 이슈 중 하나이지만, 이를 입증하는 연구 결과가 현재로서는 부족함 - 수생 생물에서의 미세플라스틱의 섭취는 종 특이성을 보이는 것으로 추정되며, 미세 플라스틱의 입자 크기가 작을수록 섭취율 및 생물 내 축적이 증가하고, 생존율이 저하되는 것으로 확인됨 - 대부분이 실험 연구에 의존하고 있어 현장에서의 농도를 반영한 연구 수행이 필요함 □ 독성 영향 - 주로 수생물을 대상으로 하고 있으며, 특히 연구 사례가 많은 해양 생물종의 경우 개체 수준에서 번식, 성장, 생식, 여과 행위, 호흡 등의 영향이, 분자 수준에서는 산화 손상, GST 효소 활성화, 지질 대사, 유전독성, 면역 반응 등의 영향이 발생하는 것으로 확인 - 담수는 개체 수준에서 치사, 발달, 섭식, 생식 등의 영향이, 분자 수준에서 산화손상, 대사 유전자, 소화효소, 신경세포 등의 영향이 관찰된 바 있음 - 독성 기전에 대한 연구가 부족하며 토양계를 대상으로 한 경우는 더욱 부족한 것으로 평가됨 □ 인체 영향 - 주로 어패류의 식품 노출 연구가 이루어진 가운데 식품 섭취를 통한 독성 영향은 확인되지 않으나 인체 세포 종류와 미세플라스틱의 입자 특성에 따라 달라질 것이라는 논의들이 존재함 - 호흡을 통해 대기 중 미세플라스틱에 노출될 가능성이 제기되면서 직업적으로 노출되거나 폐 기능이 저하된 사람에 대한 건강 피해 우려가 존재하는 가운데, 직업 특성에 의한 미세섬유 노출과 그로 인한 호흡기계 건강 피해가 확인된 바 있음 - 선행연구에서 추정되는 잠재된 인체 영향으로는 염증 반응 증가, 미세플라스틱 입자크기 관련 독성, 흡착된 화학물질 전이, 장내 미생물 군집의 혼란 등이 있으며, 건강 측면에서 가장 관심을 모으는 것은 미세플라스틱이 세포 장벽을 통과하는지 여부 등임 - 가장 최근에는 플라스틱 첨가제로 인한 건강 영향에 관심이 모아지고 있으나 아직 관련 연구가 부족한 실정임 Ⅴ. 미세플라스틱의 국내외 규제 동향 1. 미세플라스틱의 시장 퇴출을 유도하는 자율적 활동 □ 산업계가 주도적으로 미세플라스틱 사용량을 줄여나가고 정부가 이를 유인하거나 광범위한 수준의 이해관계자들이 주도하는 참여 프로그램으로 운영되는 이니셔티브 활동 2. 입법 등에 의한 규제 정책 □ 1차 미세플라스틱에 대한 정책은 주로 입법 규제에 의해 사용을 제한하는 형태로, 국가 수준으로는 북미 대륙의 미국과 캐나다, 유럽 대륙의 스웨덴, 이탈리아, 프랑스, 영국, 오세아니아주의 뉴질랜드, 아시아의 우리나라 등 전 세계 8개 국가에서 시행중임 - 국가별로 구체적으로 1차 미세플라스틱의 사용을 제한하는 행위와 대상 제품군, 예외 규정 등이 다른데, 주로 각질 제거 등을 목적으로 하는 화장품을 비롯하여 개인 관리 용품에 대하여 마이크로비즈의 제품 중 함유나 판매, 거래 등을 금지중임 - 입법 규제를 시행하는 대다수의 국가도 개인 관리 용품이나 린스오프(rinse-off)형 화장품에 대한 사용 및 제조 금지 조치를 적용하고 있으며, 뉴질랜드는 린스오프형 화장품 외에도 연마재, 차량 및 산업용 세정제까지 확장하여 마이크로비즈의 사용을 제한 중임 □ 유럽연합의 화학물질청(ECHA) - ECHA는 유럽연합국을 대상으로 시행 중인 화학물질관리제도(REACH: Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals)에 따른 제한물질에 1차 미세플라스틱을 포함시켜 사용을 제한하려는 방침을 담고 현재 관련 제안서에 대한 심의를 진행하고 있음 - 1차 미세플라스틱의 제한물질 등록에 따른 규제는 시장에서의 판매 제한(restriction), 표시(labelling) 요구, 보고(reporting) 요구의 세 가지로 구성되는 것으로, 마이크 로비즈를 함유한 화장품, 세제 및 유지 제품은 유예기간 없이 바로 적용되며 나머지 화장품, 의료 기기, 세제 및 유지 제품, 농업 및 원예 제품은 유예기간이 주어짐 - 페인트 및 코팅제 등 일부 예외 조항이 포함되어 있지만, 미세플라스틱에 대한 광범위한 규제를 다루고 있다는 점에서 해당 제안서가 통과될 경우 유럽연합 가입국은 물론이고 전 세계적으로 1차 미세플라스틱 사용에 대한 규제는 강화될 것으로 전망됨 Ⅵ. 매크로 플라스틱의 우선관리대상 물질 선별 □ 물질 특성을 고려한 2차 미세플라스틱 발생원 관리를 위해서는 관리의 우선순위가 높은 물질에 대한 정책 방향을 선 수립해야 함 - 본 연구에서는 2차 미세플라스틱의 물질관리체계를 마련하기 위한 목적으로 매크로 플라스틱의 우선관리대상 물질을 선정함 - 쓰레기 발생 비중, 재질 및 구조적 위해도, 재활용 가치, 관련 정책 현황 및 관리 필요성 등을 기준으로 관리우선순위를 분석함 - 분석 결과, 해상 기인 품목에서는 스티로폼 부표가, 육상 기인 품목에서는 플라스틱 재질의 병뚜껑이 우선관리대상으로 선별됨 Ⅶ. 결론 및 정책 제언 □ 연구 결과, 미세플라스틱의 크기 범주와 개념 정의가 명확하지 않아 정책 설계가 어려울 것이 예상되므로, 미세플라스틱 개념 정의를 위한 정책적 합의가 필요함 - 연관 사업계의 협조를 기반으로 현장에서 사용하는 고분자 물질에 대한 정보를 수집하고 적절한 규제 수준과 목표를 설정할 필요가 있음. 또한 산업계 현장에서 규제 대상 미세플라스틱의 식별을 돕기 위한 정책 가이드라인을 개발할 필요가 있음 □ 관련 정책 설계에 필요한 기초 현황 자료인 미세플라스틱 국내 발생량 정보가 매우 부족하므로 주요 발생원별 발생량 추정의 노력이 필요함 - 본 연구에서 추정한 1차 미세플라스틱과 2차 미세플라스틱의 발생량은 일부 발생원에 한정한 추정 결과로서 추가 조사가 필요함. 특히 1차 미세플라스틱의 경우 발생 비중이 높을 것으로 예상되는 농업 및 원예 제품, 화장품류에 대한 국내 사용량 및 발생량 추정이 필요함 - 이 외에도 1차 미세플라스틱 분야의 의약 제품, 오일 및 가스와 2차 미세플라스틱 주요 발생원에 대한 현황 조사가 필요하므로, 관련 산업계의 협조를 기반으로 한 발생원별 발생량 산정을 위한 기초 조사가 진행될 필요가 있음 □ 산업계 현장에서 화학물질 관련 규제 피로도가 높으므로 산업계의 협조를 이끌어낼 수 있는 다양한 정책 대안과 인센티브 개발이 필요함 - 국내 사업계 현장 여건과 대체 기술 유무 등을 고려한 발생원별 규제 시행을 차등 설계하는 방안을 고민할 필요가 있으며, 산업계와 소통 가능한 다양한 채널 개발과 산업계 의견 모니터링 등을 통하여 다양한 인센티브 정책을 개발하고 규제 저항도를 낮출 필요가 있음 □ 미세플라스틱 관련 정책 집행의 권한이 분산되어 있는 국내 현실을 고려하여 범부처형 의사결정기구를 조기 마련하고 체계적인 정책을 설계해야 함 - 미세플라스틱의 발생원별로 정책 집행을 주도하는 부처가 다수(예시: 농업 및 원예분야는 농림축산식품부, 화장품, 의료기기, 의약품 등은 식품의약품안전처, 오일 및 가스는 산업통상자원부, 세제 및 페인트류는 환경부 등)라는 점을 고려할 때, 연관 부처가 원활한 소통을 할 수 있는 의사결정기구를 먼저 구성하고, 거시적인 정책 목표와 통합적 규제 설계로 정책 효율성을 높여야 함 Ⅰ. Background and Objectives □ Background and need ㅇ Due to the increasing volume of microplastics used over the last several decades, there are concerns that continued use of microplastics will have consequences unless regulations are put in place. There is a need to investigate the sources and release of microplastics to examine their potential impact on the environment. ㅇ Recently, the number of studies on microplastics have been increasing, but scientific evidence on microplastics’ impact remains lacking. Big data research is required to combine and analyze the abundance of studies, and careful consideration is needed in devising a risk assessment methodology to scientifically assess the impacts of microplastics. ㅇ Some countries have established regulations for microbeads, and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is planning to expand regulations on the use of microplastics that are intentionally added. A method of microplastics management by source and product group that takes the characteristics of microplastics into consideration should be prepared. □ Research objectives for the project duration (3 years, 2019 - 2021) ㅇ Confirm the sources of primary and secondary microplastics and estimate some product groups’ release into the environment ㅇ Design a risk assessment methodology for microplastics ㅇ Suggest reduction and management plans on the risk of microplastics by source and product group ㅇ Establish a foundation for a microplastics research-related information platform □ Research objectives and major content of research in 2019 (the first year) ㅇ Review basic status of microplastics-related investigations, data collection, and policy design directions ㅇ Major research content of the first year - Estimation of some product groups’ release of microplastics into the environment - Analysis of latest research results related to environmental pollution - Analysis of previous studies on exposure and impact - Analysis of domestic and international regulations - Selection of priority target materials for macroplastics management - Suggestions for microplastic management policies Ⅱ. Estimation of Sources and Release of Microplastics □ Sources of microplastics ㅇ Primary microplastics - Summarized as personal care products such as cosmetic products, detergents such as laundry detergents, medicinal products or medical devices, agriculture and horticulture, chemicals used in the oil and gas sector, construction materials and the construction industry, paints, coatings, and inks ㅇ Secondary microplastics - Produced through use of products (wear and tear): Particles released by worn tires, microfibers released during the washing of clothes, loss of pellets during production and transportation, weathering of agricultural mulching films, road peeling, microplastics relased by building and ship paints, etc. - Post-use (marine plastic wastes, macro plastics): Disposal of used plastics into open water, carriage via floodwater, disposal of fishing gear such as ropes, nets, and buoys and other waste from seafaring vessels □ Estimation of microplastic relaese ㅇ The use and release of primary microplastics - Domestic production and polymer content were estimated for the six product groups, including paints and detergents. - The estimated polymer content of domestically-produced paint products was 414,076 tons/year at minimum, and 552,102 tons/year at maximum, averaging 483,089 tons/year. - The total annual production of detergent products estimated ― based on the replies to surveys of targeted companies ― was approximately 266,968 tons/year, and among them, the estimated polymer content was 126.4 tons/year at minimum and 12,045.1 tons/year on average. ㅇ Release estimation results of secondary microplastics caused by tire wear - The total release of secondary microplastics caused by tire wear particles was estimated by applying the tire wear particle emission coefficient to the domestic automobile model. The result was 49,228 to 55,007 tons/year (51,118 tons/year). Ⅲ. Research and Analysis of Environmental Pollution □ The status of environmental pollution has typically involved the investigation of shallow seawater layers and research on oceanic deepwater and tidal flats are insufficient. □ Compared to the marine environment sector, there is a lack of research on pollution in the terrestrial environment sector. Especially, research on soil and the atmosphere is highly insufficient, and there are only a small number of studies on microplastic concentrations in surface soil and the distribution of microplastics in the atmosphere. □ With respect to research on the status of environmental pollution, there is a problem whereby large variations exist between researchers in terms of sampling tools, analytical methods employed, and base units used in concentration calculations. Ⅳ. Analysis of Previous Studies on Exposure and Impacts 1. Emissions, fate and transport □ Research on the inflow, fate, and transport of microplastics in the environment has been concentrated on the marine environment, and therefore research on the terrestrial environment is very limited. 2. Biomagnification □ It is known that microplastics move through the food chain. However, other research has shown conflicting results regarding whether movement in the foodweb leads to bio-concentration of microplastics and microplastic-associated organic pollutants. This appears to be an ongoing debate. 3. Exposure □ Because microplastics are detected in soil and freshwater organisms as well as in seawater organisms, it is estimated that exposure to microplastics is occurring at a broad scale across the ecosystem. ㅇ Human exposure occurs mainly through ingestion and inhalation, and microplastics have been detected in fish, shellfish, shrimp, salt, beer, honey, sugar, mineral water, tap water, and even human feces. Therefore, there is concern regarding the impact of microplastic exposure on human digestive organs. ㅇ The issue of exposure and effect, which considers risk assessment methods is expected to be discussed more vigorously if more studies on the quantitative evaluation of human exposure are conducted. 4. Impacts □ Physical/chemical impacts ㅇ The role of microplastics as carriers of plasticizers/hydrophobic contaminants is an issue of major concern, but studies which have provided evidence of this are lacking. ㅇ The ingestion of microplastics by aquatic organisms seems to be species-specific, and it is known that as the particle size of microplastics decreases, both ingestion rates and accumulation in an organism increase while the survival rate decreases. ㅇ The majority of research focuses on experimental studies, but research should reflect environmental concentrations. □ Toxic effects ㅇ In general, studies focus on aquatic organisms. In particular, studies on marine organisms confirmed effects on breeding, growth, reproduction, filtration, and breathing at the individual level, and effects on oxidative damage, GST enzyme activation, lipid metabolism, genotoxicity, and immune response at the molecular level. ㅇ In freshwater species, mortality, development, feeding, and reproduction problems were observed at the individual level, and effects on oxidative damage, metabolic gene expression, digestive enzymes, and neurons were observed at a molecular level. ㅇ Little research exists on toxic mechanisms, and research targeting soil systems is even less understood. □ Human Effects ㅇ While studies on food exposure have been mainly conducted on fish and shellfish, toxic effects through food ingestion have not been confirmed. However, there are discussions that the effects vary depending on human cell types and the characteristics of microplastic particles. ㅇ The possibility of exposure to airborne microplastics has been raised, and there are concerns of health damage to people who are occupationally exposed or have compromised lung functions. In addition, cases of respiratory effects associated with occupational exposure to microfibers have been confirmed. ㅇ Potential human health effects raised by previous studies include increased inflammation, microplastic particle size-related toxicity, toxicity of absorbed chemicals, and disruption of the intestinal microbiome. The most interesting issue in regards to health effects is the transport of microplastics through the cell barrier. ㅇ Recently, interest has been focused on the health effects of plastic additives, but studies on this issue remain scarce. Ⅴ. Trends in Domestic and International Regulation of Microplastics 1. Autonomous activities inducing the market phase-out of microplastics □ In some countries, industry is proactively reducing the use of microplastics with government encouragement and there are participatory programs led by a broad range of stakeholders operated based on initiative activities. 2. Regulatory policies through legislation, etc. □ In eight countries, the policies for primary microplastics mainly take the form of restriction legislated at the national level. The following nations have some regulation in place: the USA and Canada in North America, Sweden, Italy, France, and the UK in Europe; New Zealand in Oceania and South Korea in Asia. □ A case study on the pan-government dimension of regulation: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ㅇ The ECHA is currently reviewing a proposal to restrict the use of primary plastics by including them among the restricted materials of REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), currently being enforced in EU countries. ㅇ Regulations through restricted material registration of primary microplastics consist mainly of merchandising restrictions in the market, labelling requirements, and reporting requirements. They are to be immediately applied to cosmetic products, detergents, and maintenance products containing microbeads without delay and in the cases of remaining cosmetic product types, medical devices, detergents, maintenance products and agricultural and horticultural products, a grace period will be given. ㅇ Although some exception clauses are included for paints and coatings, the regulations deal with a broad range of microplastics. Therefore, if the corresponding proposal passes, regulations on the use of primary microplastics are expected to be strengthened in not only the EU member countries but also globally. Ⅵ. Selection of Priority Targets for Macro-plastics Management □ In this study, we prioritized “macro-plastics (plastics released post-use)” because there is a lack of research on sources and quantitative estimates of volumes, which would help us determine policy priorities for management. ㅇ We consider released volumes using coast monitoring data, chemical and physical risks, recycling value, existing regulations, necessity of additional management, etc. to determine management priorities. ㅇ EPS buoys were selected as a priority target among marine sources, and bottle caps made of PP were targeted among land sources. Ⅶ. Conclusion and Policy Suggestion □ As a result of this study, difficulties in policy design are expected because the size, scope and definition of microplastics are not clear. Therefore, policy-based agreement should be arranged for a conceptual definition of microplastics. □ Information regarding the domestic production of microplastics, the basic status of which is needed for relevant policy design, is highly insufficient, and therefore efforts are needed to estimate the use and release of microplastics by all sources. □ Chemical-related regulation fatigue is high in the industrial sector in South Korea, and various policy alternatives and incentives should be developed to encourage cooperation from industry. □ Considering the situation in South Korea, where the rights of executing microplastics-related policies are distributed, designing systematic policies by preparing a pan-governmental decision-making organization is presently necessary.

E-FMEA 방법을 활용한 솔더의 환경 영향 평가

배진아 ( Jina A Bae ),차봉환 ( Bong Hwan Cha ),김기영 ( Ki Young Kim ),장중순 ( Joong Soon Jang ) 대한설비관리학회 2013 대한설비관리학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Solders are vitally used in SMT (surface mounting technology) processes of electronics manufacturing. Because of environmental issues, however, regulation like RoHS has been imposed on solders. This paper is to perform environmental effect assessment for the solder using E-FMEA (environmental- failure mode and effect analysis). To this end, solders and processes using them are identified and classified into activities, and then their potential environmental effect modes, causes/mechanisms, and environmental effects are estimated. Those derived modes and effects are assessed based on controlling documents (S), public image (I), environmental consequences (O) and improvement possibility. Improvement action plans are established for those 4 critical items that may affect environment seriously.

환경, 인사부문의 전략적 참여, 인사시스템, 인사관리효과성 및 기업성과의 관계에 관한 연구

류성민(Seongmin Ryu),김성수(Seongsu Kim) 한국인사조직학회 2007 인사조직연구 Vol.15 No.1

  본 논문은 기업이 직면한 환경의 불확실성이 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여 및 몰입형 인사시스템에 미치는 영향과 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여 및 몰입형 인사시스템이 인사관리의 효과성과 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 연구 자료는 우리나라 사업체를 대상으로 수행된 한국노동연구원의 2003년도 사업체 패널조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 연구표본은 588개였다. 구조방정식 모형을 사용하여 자료를 분석한 결과, 기업이 직면한 환경의 불확실성이 높은 경우 불확실성을 감소시키기 위하여 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여정도와 몰입형 인사시스템의 활용정도가 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정참여정도는 몰입형 인사시스템의 활용정도 및 인사관리의 효과성 증대에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 몰입형 인사시스템의 활용은 인사관리의 효과성 및 기업성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여는 기업성과에 직접적인 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 나타났으나, 몰입형 인사시스템 및 인사관리 효과성을 매개로 하여 간접적으로 기업성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의, 한계 및 추후연구과제에 대해 논의하였다.   Researchers in strategic human resource management (SHRM) have extensively studied various configurations of commitment-based human resource (HR) systems and their impact on firms’ performance. Many of them found that commitment-based HR systems generally promote extensive training, internal promotion and reduction of status differential between top and bottom of the hierarchy. They also found that commitment-based HR systems are related positively with firms’ performance.<BR>  However, we do not understand what makes firms strengthen strategic roles of HR departments and adopt commitment-based HR systems. In this paper, we try to fill this void in the SHRM literature by studying the impact of environmental uncertainty on HR involvement and commitmentbased HR system. We also study the impact of HR involvement and commitment-based HR system on HR effectiveness and firms’ performance. Specifically, we proposed the following hypotheses.<BR>  H1: Environmental uncertainty will be positively related to commitment-based HR system.<BR>  H2: Environmental uncertainty will be positively related to HR involvement.<BR>  H3: HR involvement will be positively related to commitment-based HR system.<BR>  H4: HR involvement will be positively related to HR effectiveness.<BR>  H5: HR involvement will be positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  H6: Commitment-based HR system will be positively related to HR effectiveness.<BR>  H7: Commitment-based HR system will be positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  H8: HR effectiveness will be positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  To test these hypotheses, we used the Panel Survey of Firms conducted by Korea Labor Institute (KLI) in 2003. Questionnaires were sent to 2,005 firms and 1,639 firms replied to the survey. After dropping questionnaires that contained unanswered items, the final sample size for this study was 588. Comparison of the sample with average Korean firms reveal that the sample is similar to the average firms in terms of industry composition, firm size, and financial performance.<BR>  Structural equations modeling analysis was used to analyze data. Fit indices revealed that our model specification was good. Results of structural equations modeling analyses revealed that all the hypotheses were supported except H5. That is, environmental uncertainty was positively related to HR involvement and commitment-based HR system. We also found that HR involvement was positively related to commitment-based HR system and HR effectiveness. Finally, commitment-based HR system was positively related to HR effectiveness and firms’ performance. However, HR involvement was not positively related with firms’ performance. In sum, HR involvement was not directly related to firms’ performance, rather it was positively related to commitment-based HR system and commitment-based HR system was positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  Theoretical implications of this study are as follows. First, using resource-based view, we hypothesized that firms will increasingly use commitment-based HR system to counter environmental uncertainty. Our results supported our conjecture. Second, using the dynamic capability perspective, we hypothesized that firms will increase HR involvement when faced with environmental uncertainty. Our results also supported this hypothesis. Third, our results showed that HR involvement was positively related to the use of commitment-based HR system and the perceptions of HR effectiveness. Fourth, our results also showed that HR involvement was indirectly related to firms’ performance through the mediating effect of commitment-based HR systems and HR effectiveness.<BR>  Limitations of the study are as follows. First, we measured HR system at the policy level, instead of practice level which is thought to yie

Environmental regulation and intra-industry trade

Meeta Keswani Mehra,Deepti Kohli 한국국제경제학회 2018 International Economic Journal Vol.32 No.2

The paper analyses complex interactions between intra-industry trade (IIT) and environment by extending Krugman’s model of monopolistic competition and trade. It is found that an increase in exogenous environmental tax by a country leads to a fall in its output (the scale effect) and aggregate pollution, and an increase in its number of varieties (the selection effect). With IIT, if Home is a net exporter, an increase in its environmental stringency leads to a negative scale effect, which reduces its export demand and raises its import demand. In contrast, a positive selection effect reduces its import demand. However, the first-order scale effect on exports dominates the second-order effect on imports, implying a rise in Home’s share of IIT with Foreign. The opposite holds truewhenHome is a net importer. Furthermore, the impact of a rise in environmental tax on aggregate welfare comprises the following counteracting effects: a negative scale effect, a positive selection effect, a lower level of aggregate pollution and a higher environmental tax revenue in autarky, and two additional effects, namely, changes in the level of exports and imports, under free trade. The overall change in aggregate welfare, in both autarky and free trade, is in general ambiguous.