잠재계층분석 및 잠재프로파일분석에서 지역독립성 가정의 이해와 가정 위배 시 탐지 및 모형화 방법

송민경,김수영 한국심리학회 2025 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.44 No.2

개인의 응답 특성에 기반하여 잠재계층을 추출하고 해석하기 위한 분석 방법으로 이분형 변수를 이용하는 잠재계층분석(LCA)과 연속형 변수를 이용하는 잠재프로파일분석(LPA)은 심리학을 비롯한 사회과학 분야에서 활발히 이용되고 있다. 두 방법은 모두 올바른 분석 결과를 얻기 위하여 반드시 만족을 확인해야 하는 기본 가정을 갖는데, 이는 바로 지역독립성 가정이다. 두 분석 방법에서 지역독립성 가정의 위배는 모수 추정에 편향을 발생시키고 잘못된 잠재계층을 추출하게 만드는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 아직까지 국내의 많은 연구들은 해당 가정의 중요성을 간과하고 가정의 만족 여부를 확인하는 절차를 생략하는 경향을 보인다. 본 연구는 LCA와 LPA에서 지역독립성 가정의 중요성과 가정 위배 시 이용할 수 있는 탐지 및 모형화 방법에 관해 다룬다. 먼저 본 연구는 두 분석 방법에서 지역독립성 가정의 의미 및 역할과 가정의 위배가 모수 추정에 미치는 영향에 대해 설명한다. 다음으로, 가정의 위배 상황을 탐지하고, 모형을 수정하기 위한 다양한 방법들을 분류하고 논의한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 LCA 기반의 탐지 방법 및 모형화 방법들을 추정 방법에 따라 체계적으로 정리하고 그 기본 원리를 LPA로 확장하는 방안을 탐색한다. 마지막으로 위에서 다룬 논의들을 종합하여 본 연구의 의의와 한계에 관해 논한다. Latent class analysis (LCA), which uses binary variables, and latent profile analysis (LPA), which uses continuous variables, are methods for extracting and interpreting latent groups based on individuals' response patterns. These methods are widely applied in social sciences, including psychology. Both methods require the essential assumptions to ensure valid results, which is the local independence assumption. Violating this assumption can lead to biased parameter estimates and incorrect identification of latent classes. However, many domestic studies tend to overlook the importance of this assumption and omit procedures to verify whether it holds. This study examines the local independence assumption in LCA and LPA and discusses methods for detecting and modeling violations. It first explains the meaning and role of the local independence assumption in both methods and analyzes how violations affect parameter estimation. Then, the study classifies and explores various techniques for detecting violations and modifying models. Specifically, this study organizes LCA-based detection and modeling methods according to different estimation approaches and investigates how these principles can be extended to LPA. Finally, the study integrates the discussions to highlight its implications and limitations.

5-Fluorouracil-induced changes of intestinal integrity biomarkers in BALB/C mice

송민경,성미경,박미영 대한암예방학회 2013 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.18 No.4

Background: Intestinal mucositis is a most frequently occurring toxicity in cancer chemotherapy, and consequent malnutrition reduces tolerance to cancer therapies. Therefore it is important to lessen the severity of mucotitis and to develope complementary agents capable of reducing mucotitis-related symptoms. This study was conducted to determine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced intestinal damage to understand intestinal damages due to chemotherapy and to provide information on biomarkers which can be used to screen complementary agents in future studies. Methods: BALB/c mice were divided into three experimental groups and subjected to the intraperitoneal injection of either 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg of 5-FU. The third group was used as PBS controls. Body weights and the consistency of the stools were recorded every day, and the animals were sacrificed on the 7th day post 5-FU administration. The expressions of intestinal tight junction proteins and mRNAs of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were determined. Results: The body weight of the animals treated with 5-FU was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, mice given 100 mg/kg 5-FU rapidly recovered the original body. Symptom of diarrhea was also more severe in 200 mg/kg 5-FU treated group than that of the 100 mg/kg 5-FU treated animals. The expressions of occludin and claudin-1, not ZO-1 protein expressions in 200 mg/kg 5-FU treated animals were significantly reduced compared to those of the control group or 100 mg/kg 5-FU group. The expression of Nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) protein and TNF-α mRNA were significantly higher in 5-FU treated group compared to those of control group. No difference was observed with IL-1β expression. Conclusion: These results suggested that selected tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines are related to 5-FU induced mucositis, and thereby can be used as targets of developing complementary agents.

학술연구논문 구두발표 2 : 산림탄소흡수원 지수 개발을 위한 기준 및 지표 선정

송민경,배재수,설미현 한국임학회 2013 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.-

비측 투명각막절개를 이용한 백내장수술의 임상결과:

송민경,박진형,김재용,김명준,차흥원 대한안과학회 2017 대한안과학회지 Vol.58 No.2

Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of cataract surgery using nasal clear corneal incision (CCI) versus superior or temporal CCIs in Korean patients. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was conducted. Patients underwent cataract surgery using CCIperformed by 3 surgeons between January 2012 and December 2013.The patients were divided into the following 3 groups based on CCI direction: nasal CCIs (group I), superior CCIs (Group II), and temporal CCIs (Group III). To assess usability, surgically induced astigmatism(SIA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), keratometry reading, and refractive errors at baseline and 1 month after surgery were compared. Operation times were compared between groups. To assess safety, intraoperative complications and wound stability were compared. Results: A total of 1,374 eyes (Group I, 283 eyes; Group II, 587 eyes; Group III, 504 eyes) were included in the present study. The SIA was not significantly different among the 3 groups. The postoperative mean BCVA, IOP, keratometry reading and spherical equivalent as well as the mean operation times were not significantly different between the 3 groups (14.04 ± 3.79 vs. 13.80 ± 3.27 vs. 13.80 ± 3.70; p = 0.473). The rate of intraocular complications and incidence of corneal wound suture were not significantly different between the 3 groups (1.7% vs. 3.2% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.378). Conclusions: The safety and efficacy of cataract surgery using nasal CCI were not significantly different compared with the use of temporal or superior CCI. Our results showed that cataract surgery using nasal CCI can be performed safely and conveniently in Korean patients.

A review on legal standards/grounds for the involuntary termination of parental rights of maltreated children in the U.S

송민경 경기대학교 법학연구소 2009 경기법학논총 Vol.- No.8

자원봉사 네트워크에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 수도권 지역을 중심으로

송민경 경기대학교 사회과학연구소 2009 한국사회연구 Vol.12 No.1

Effect of Environmental Factors on Depressive-like Behavior and Memory Function in Adolescent Rats

송민경,이재민,김윤주,이주희,김연정 기초간호학회 2017 Journal of korean biological nursing science Vol.19 No.4

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of environmental factors on depressive-like behavior and memory functionduring adolescence. We performed behavior tests in adolescent rats exposed to environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivationfor eight weeks. Methods: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control, environmental enrichment, handling, and socialdeprivation groups at the age of four weeks. Results: In the forced swim test, the immobility time in the environmental enrichmentgroup was decreased than that in the control group (p=.038), while the immobility time in the social deprivation group was increasedthan that in the control group (p=.035), the environmental enrichment group (p<.001), and the handling group (p=.001). In the Morris water maze test, the social deprivation group had an increased latency time than the control group (p=.013) and theenvironmental enrichment group (p=.001). In the passive avoidance test, the environmental enrichment group had an increased latencytime than the control group (p=.005). However, the social deprivation group had reduced latency time than the sociallyhoused groups (control: p=.030; environmental enrichment: p<.001; handling: p<.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest thatenvironmental factors play an important role in emotion and memory function during adolescence.

바다에서 찾은 해답, 해조류 바이오매스

송민경,우희철 한국화학공학회 2014 NICE Vol.32 No.3

소아청소년에서 비만동반질환 위험성 검사 시 당화혈색소의 사용

송민경,배재욱,김용혁,정소정 대한소아내분비학회 2012 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate differences in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)levels according to degree of obesity, clinical findings on HbA1c 5.7% and factors affecting HbA1c in growing children and adolescents. Methods: 168 children and adolescents (M/F, 93/75; age, 10.2±2.6 years) who visited an obesity clinic were included in the study. Participant's body mass index (BMI),percent weight for height (PWH), height z score (HTZ), weight z score (WTZ), and BMI z score (BMIZ) were calculated. Their blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride,HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels were checked. Confirmed cases of diabetes and endocrine disease were excluded. Participants were divided into two groups based on whether their HbA1c levels were higher or lower than 5.7%. The difference in HbA1c between the groups based on the BMIZ 2 and PWH 20 were analyzed. A correlation analysis involving HbA1c and metabolic parameters was conducted, and factors contributing to HbA1c were evaluated through a regression analysis. Results: HbA1c was higher in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (5.3±0.3, 5.4±0.2;P = 0.018). HbA1c and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR)were not significantly different in the groups based on BMIZ 2.0. Based on PWH 20, HOMA-IR was significantly different (1.8±0.7, 2.3±1.1; P < 0.05), although HbA1c was not. Levels of TG (107.4 ±69.4, 154.1±77.7; P = 0.006), HDL-C (53.6±11.9, 47.4±6.6; P = 0.024), AST (29.7±11.4, 39.2±24.6; P = 0.004), and ALT (32.4±32.0, 53.9±58.8;P = 0.014) indicated significant differences between the groups. There were positive correlations between HbA1c and height, weight, BMI, gender, AST, ALT, glucose, and HOMA-IR, but no significant correlation with HTZ, WTZ, and BMIZ. The contributing factors for HbA1c were gender, ALT, BMI, and IGFBP-3. Conclusions: HbA1c level is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters, but is not correlated with degree of obesity. Along with HbA1c, other factors should be considered in evaluating the risk of complications related to obesity in children and adolescents. 목적: 비만 소아청소년에서 비만도에 따른 HbA1c의 차이가 있는지 알아보고, 최근 당뇨병전단계의 지표로 사용되는HbA1c 5.7%을 기준으로 할 때 임상소견의 차이가 있는지 살펴보고, HbA1c에 영향을 미치는 인자에 대하여 알아봄으로써 비만 소아청소년에서 HbA1c의 임상적 의의에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 비만 검진을 위하여 내원한 소아 총 168명 (남/녀 93/75, 평균연령 10.2±2.6세)를 대상으로 하였다. 신장 및 체중을 측정하여 BMI 및 PWH를 구하였고 신장, 체중, BMI의 Z-값(HTZ, WTZ, BMIZ)를 구하였다. 혈당, 인슐린농도,총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL-C, AST, ALT, IGF-1, IGFBP-3를 분석에 사용하였다. 당뇨병 및 내분비질환이 확인된 경우를 제외하였다. BMIZ 2 및 PWH 20을 기준으로 비만군과 비비만군으로 구분하여 HbA1c의 차이를, HbA1c 5.7%를 기준으로 임상소견의 차이를 Student's t -test로 분석하였다. HbA1c와 대사 인자들 사이의 상관분석을 시행하였으며, 다중회귀분석으로 HbA1c에 영향을 주는 인자를 알아보았다. 결과: HbA1c는 공복혈당장애를 보인군에서 더 높게 나타났다(5.3±0.3, 5.4±0.2, P =0.018). BMIZ 2.0 이상의 비만군과 2.0 미만의 비비만군의 HbA1c와 HOMA-IR은 유의한 차이가 없었다. PWH 20 이상의 비만군과 20 미만의 비비만군의 비교에서 HOMA-IR (1.8±0.7, 2.3±1.1 P<0.05)은 유의한 차이를 보였지만, HbA1c는 유의한 차이가 없었다. HbA1c 5.7%를 기준으로 두 그룹으로 나누어 비교하였을 때 두 군간에 체중, BMI, PWH, 혈당, 인슐린은 차이가없었고 triglyceride (TG) (107.4±69.4, 154.1±77.7, P =0.006), HDL-C (53.6±11.9, 47.4±6.6, P =0.024), AST (29.7±11.4, 39.2±24.6, P =0.004), ALT (32.4±32.0, 53.9±58.8, P =0.014)는 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보였다.. HbA1c는 신장, 체중, BMI, 성별, 혈당, AST, ALT, HOMA-IR과 양의 상관관계가 있었고 HTZ, WTZ, BMIZ와는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. HbA1c에 영향을 주는 인자는 성별, ALT, BMI, IGFBP-3였다. 결론: HbA1c는 대사증후군 관련 인자들과 연관이 있지만 비만에 따른 차이는 없었다. 비만 소아청소년에서 HbA1c와함께 다른 대사증후군 관련인자를 고려하여 위험성의 평가가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. 추후 HbA1c에 성별, 사춘기, 성장상태, 체성분의 영향 등에 대하여 더 많은 연구가 진행되어야 하겠다.

조림 활동의 산림탄소흡수원 지수 개발

송민경,배재수,설미현 한국산림과학회 2013 한국임학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-