The Environmental Kuznets Curve in a Public Spending Model of Economic Growth

Ibrahima Amadou Diallo 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2019 Journal of Economic Development Vol.44 No.4

This paper theoretically analyzes the dynamics of economic growth and the environmental Kuznets curve. This curve states an inverse U-relationship between pollution and income. The presented model specifically shows how a dynamic environmental Kuznets curve can emerge by introducing pollution and abatement technology in a public spending model of endogenous economic growth. We also derive the turning point in function of the parameters of the model. The numerical section demonstrates that when taxes are below some threshold, the turning point decreases with taxes but it increases when taxes are above the threshold point given some explanations about an N-shaped Kuznets curve. Additionally, the simulations demonstrate that taxes reduce the level of pollution by pulling down the environmental Kuznets curve. Lastly the numerical exercises highlight that the pollution level of the social planner problem is less than that of the representative agent.

Economic Growth and Environmental QualityA Case Study from Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Provincial Panel Data in China

SHI Lei,XING Lu 한국환경경제학회 2007 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.16 No.3

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis postulates an inverted-U shaped relationship between GDP per capita and various pollutants. Pollutants emission increases up to a certain level as income goes up; after that, it decreases. This paper investigates the relationship between industry pollutants taking industrial sulfur dioxide omission as example, and economic growth by using province-panel data set from 1989 to 2004 in 28 provinces of P. R. China. The result shows that the EKC hypothesis may be supported in the case of industrial sulfur dioxide, and the GDP per capital of turning point is about RMB 13,548 (at 1978 price). Except Shanghai, all the provinces GDP per capital in this study are less than RMB 13,548, indicating the amount of industrial sulfur dioxide emission will be increasing in the near future. To realize sustainable development and pollutants abatement, the central and local government should adopt an integrated strategy to protect environment.

중국의 지역별 환경 쿠츠네츠 곡선 분석: 중국 地級市(지급시) 자료(Prefecture Level City Data)를 중심으로

( Dae Won Oh ) 현대중국학회 2013 現代中國硏究 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 중국지역을 대상으로 경제성장과 환경오염의 관계를 분석하였다. 특히 소득이 증가함에 따라서 환경오염이 증가하다가 감소해 간다 는 환경쿠츠네츠 곡선 가설을 검증하는데 분석의 초점을 두었다. 실증분석을 위하여 2003-2010 기간 동안 중국 전역의 286개 지급 시를 대상으로 패널자료를 수집하였다. 패널분석은 고정효과모형을 적용하였으며 전체지 역 분석과 함께 지역구분 분석(Split Sample Regression Model)도 실시하였다. 분석결과 소득증가와 대기오염 간, 소득증가와 수질오염 간 모두 역 U자 형태의 환경쿠츠네츠 곡선 가설이 입증되었다. 선행연구의 결과들이 엇갈리는 가운데 본 연구의 결과가 더욱 신뢰할 만 하다는 근거는 최초로 286개 지급시의 패널자료를 이용하여 분석의 신뢰성을 제고하였다는 점에 있다. 선행연구에서는 80년대에서 90년대 중반에 이르기까지 중국에서는 소득증가와 수질오염간에 음의 관계가 존재하였다고 보고되었으며 90년대 중반 이후에는 역U자의 환경쿠츠네츠 곡선이 나타났다고 하였다. 본 연구 는 환경쿠츠네츠 곡선이 여전히 존재하고 있으며 경제성장과 환경오염의 관계는 발달지역과 낙후지역 간에 격차가 있음을 밝혔다. This study examines the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. We focus on the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve that pollution rst rises and then falls with increasing income. We investigate prefecture-level panel data in China over the period 2003-2010 in order to test the hypothesis. Our empirical analysis uses xed eects model and split sample regressions. The empirical results show that an inverse U-shaped relationship exists between GDP per capita and sulphur dioxide emission as well as between GDP per capita and waste water discharge. The results support the existence of environmental Kuznets curve for air pollution and water pollution in China. Previous empirical studies of the environmental Kuznets curve in China have obtained vastly dierent results. The existing evidence is inconclusive about the relationship between income and air pollution since the results are even contradictory. We believe our result is more reliable since prefecture-level panel data have not been used in previous studies due to data unavailability. Reviewing previous studies, we notice that China experienced a negative relationship between income and water pollution over the 1980s and mid-1990s, but had an inverse U-shaped relationship after the mid-1990s. This study also conrms the inverse U-shaped relationship.

한국과 일본의 환경정책과 SO₂ 배출량 증감요인 분석

성기중(Khee Joong Seong),김두원(Doo Won Kim) 한국동북아학회 2011 한국동북아논총 Vol.16 No.2

이 논문은 한국과 일본의 배출추이를 중심으로 환경정책 과정을 비교하고 배출량의 증가요인을 분석하여 결과를 정리한 논문이다. 먼저 SO2 배출추이와 환경정책의 한일 비교를 통해 배출의 증가와 감소가 환경정책과정에서 연도별 소득의 수준에 따라 결정되는 것과 정책적인 요인이 무엇인가를 파악하고, 그 배출요인을 명확히 하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 이 연구의 결과로 미루어 SO2 배출량에 있어서는 한국과 일본 양국 모두 환경 쿠즈네츠 곡선이 확인되어 일정한 경제성장을 이룬 뒤 환경 오염물의 배출이 줄어들었다는 것이 증명되었다. 환경 쿠즈네츠 곡선의 추이와 시기를 비교하여 보면 한국에서 일인당 SO2 배출량이 가장 많았던 시점은 1990년이며, 이는 1988년 서울 올림픽 이전부터 실시되었던 환경정책들로 인해 SO2 배출이 감소되었기 때문이다. 정책적인 이유로는 주택부문에서의 LNG 및 경유 사용 의무가 주요 원인이었으며, 시기적으로는 한국의 환경관련법이 체계화되었던 시기였다. 일본의 경우 1967년에 일인당 SO2 배출량이 가장 많았으며, 이 시기는「공해대책 기본법」등 공해방지에 관한 법안이 상정되던 시기였다. 양국모두 환경정책발전에 있어 전진기에 해당하며, 이후에 SO2 배출량이 감소되는 추세를 보이고 있었다. 배출요인 분석에서는 한국과 일본 모두 경제성장에 따라 SO2의 배출증가요인이 가장 컸으며, 각 배출공장의 탈황장치로 인해 배출량은 안정된 수치를 나타내고 있다. 본 연구로 인해 한국과 일본의 SO2 배출량추이와 환경정책과의 관계를 파악할 수 있었으며, 배출증가요인 분석을 통해 경제성장 관련도를 확인할 수 있었다. This paper compares Japan`s and Korea`s environmental policies, focusing on changing amounts of SO2 emission over time in the two countries, and analyzes factors contributing to the increases and decreases of those amounts in both countries. Its purpose is, through comparing changing amounts of SO2 emissions and environmental policies of the two countries, to prove that the variations of emission amounts depended on the variations of yearly GDP levels, and to examine what policy factors have influenced the rise and fall of the emission amounts. It was found that, in both cases, the Environmental Kuznets Curve proved to be true: As the economic development levels reach a certain level, emissions of environmental pollutants decrease. In Korea, the per capita emission amount of environmental pollutants reached highest in 1990, and since then it began to decrease. There were several reasons for its decrease: Around that time, various environmental policies initiated before the 1988 Olympic Games began to take effects, specifically, the policy which forced the use of LNG and diesel in houses and buildings was found to be effective. And it was when the environment-related laws were institutionalized. In the case of Japan, 1967 was when the per capita emission amount of SO2 peaked. Since then, due to various pollution-prevention laws like ``the Basic Law on Pollution Prevention`` it began to decrease. In both cases, those years were the period when environmental policies were being developed. The analysis on the factors contributing to the increases of SO2 emission amounts showed that the economic development was the main factor in both countries, and that installing desulfurizing equipments made it be stabilized. This study makes it possible to identify the relationship between the rise and fall of emission amounts of SO2 and environmental policies, and also to identify it and economic development in Japan and Korea.

아시아 국가들 환경오염배출량의 확률수렴성과 환경쿠즈네츠곡선가설 검정

김지욱 ( Ji Uk Kim ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2010 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구는 1971년~2007년까지 아시아 11개국에 대한 일인당 상대(relative per capita) CO2배출량의 확률적 수렴성(stochastic convergence)을 검정하고 일인당 상대 GDP와의 환경쿠즈네츠곡선(Environmental Kuznets Curve: EKC)가설을 검정하고자 하였다. 본 분석을 위하여 다중의 내생적 구조변화(multiple structural breaks)를 허용하고 횡단면 주체간 의존성(cross-sectional dependence)을 고려하는 Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2005)의 패널정상성검정(panel stationarity test)과 Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2006)과 Westerlund and Edgerton (2007)의 패널공적분(panel cointegration) 검정 방법 등을 사용하였다. 분석 결과 아시아 국가들에서의 일인당 상대 CO2배출량에서 장기 그룹평균 수준으로 확률적 수렴이 이루어지고 있었고 일인당 상대 GDP와의 사이에 공적분관계가 성립하였지만 EKC 가설의 존재를 발견하지 못하였다. 경제성장 발전에 우선적으로 정책을 집행하고 있는 아시아 국가에서는 오염배출량 감소보다 증가하는 국가들의 영향력이 크게 나타나 EKC 가설이 성립하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. This research applies an panel data stationarity and stochastic convergence test developed by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2005), which has the advantage of considering multiple structural breaks and the presence of cross-section dependence in order to investigate the hypothesis that relative emission CO2 per capita stochastically converge for 11 Asian countries from 1971~2007. We find that relative emission CO2 per capita is stationary after the structural breaks and cross-section dependence are introduced into the model. We also investigate whether Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis exists in 11 Asian countries. For EKC test, using the panel cointegration tests of Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2006) and Westerlund and Edgerton(2007), we find that relative emission CO2 per capita and relative GDP per capita are cointegrated. However EKC hypothesis in 11 Asian countries is not supported.

개방화와 경제성장에 따른 한국, 중국, 일본의 이산화탄소 배출량 비교 분석

최은호 ( Eun Ho Choi ),( Almas Heshmati ),조용성 ( Yong Sung Cho ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2011 환경정책연구 Vol.10 No.4

한국과 중국, 일본 세 국가의 1971년부터 2006년까지의 시계열 자료를 바탕으로 이산화탄소 배출량과 경제성장 그리고 경제개방도의 인과관계를 파악하고, 환경 쿠즈네츠 곡선(Envirionmental Kuznets Curve, EKC)의 존재여부에 대해 분석하였다. 경제개방도나 경제성장에 따른 이산화탄소 배출량은 국가별로 상이한 형태를 보였다. 추정된 EKC는 국가별로 다른 패턴을 보이는데, 경제성장과 CO2 배출량의 경우 한국은 U자 곡선, 중국은 상승추세, 일본은 역N자 형태를 보였다. 일본은 약 30,000달러의 경제성장을 달성하면서 이산화탄소 배출 감소구간을 보이고 있다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해, EKC의 최고점에 이르지 않고도 선진국의 경험과 기술을 이용하여 터널을 거쳐 환경이 개선될 수있다는 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 경제개방도와 CO2 배출량의 관계를 보면 한국은 역 U자 곡선, 중국의 경우 U자곡선, 일본은 증가추세를 보였다. 또한 벡터자기회귀모형(vector auto regression, VAR)과 벡터오차수정모형(vector error correction model, VECM)을 사용하여 변수들 간의 동태적 관계를 분석하였다. 각 국가의 경제성장, 개방화 정도에 따른 이산화탄소 배출과의 관계를 보다 가시적으로 접근했다는 데 의의가 있다. This paper investigates the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its causal relationships with economic growth and openness by using time series data (1971-2006) from China (an emerging market), Korea (a newly industrialized country), and Japan (a developed country). The sample countries span a whole range of development stages from industrialized to newly industrialized and emerging market economies. The environmental consequences according to openness and economic growth do not show uniform results across the countries. Depending on the national characteristics, the estimated EKC show different temporal patterns. China shows an N-shaped curve while Japan has a U-shaped curve. Such dissimilarities are also found in the relationship between CO2 emissions and openness. In the case of Korea, and Japan it represents an inverted U-shaped curve while China shows a U-shaped curve. We also analyze the dynamic relationships between the variables by adopting a vector auto regression or vector error correction model. These models through the impulse response functions allow for analysis of the causal variable`s influence on the dynamic response of emission variables, and it adopts a variance decomposition to explain the magnitude of the forecast error variance determined by the shocks to each of the causal variables over time. Results show evidence of large heterogeneity among the countries and variables impacts.

Economic Growth and Environmental Quality : A Case Study from Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Provincial Panel Data in China

Lei, Shi,Lu, Xing Korean Resource Economics Association 2007 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.16 No.3

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis postulates an inverted-U shaped relationship between GDP per capita and various pollutants. Pollutants emission increases up to a certain level as income goes up; after that, it decreases. This paper investigates the relationship between industry pollutants taking industrial sulfur dioxide omission as example, and economic growth by using province-panel data set from 1989 to 2004 in 28 provinces of P. R. China. The result shows that the EKC hypothesis may be supported in the case of industrial sulfur dioxide, and the GDP per capital of turning point is about RMB 13,548 (at 1978 price). Except Shanghai, all the provinces GDP per capital in this study are less than RMB 13,548, indicating the amount of industrial sulfur dioxide emission will be increasing in the near future. To realize sustainable development and pollutants abatement, the central and local government should adopt an integrated strategy to protect environment.

ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

YAGHOOB JAFARI,MARYAM FARHADI,ANDREA ZIMMERMANN,MASOUD YAHOO 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2017 Journal of Economic Development Vol.42 No.1

This paper applies the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to examine the impact of trade openness, foreign direct investment liberalization, the decreasing role of the state, energy consumption and urbanization on per capita emission in countries at various stages of economic development and as a group. For this purpose, a dynamic panel estimation applying the Arellano-Bond’s Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was conducted using the average of five-year observations from 1980–2009. The findings suggest that while trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are not expected to affect environmental quality, increasing role of the state has a negative and significant impact only in developed countries. Further, the results suggest that energy consumption has a significant impact on all countries regardless of their stage of development, while urbanization affects environmental quality only in the least developed countries.

중국 안휘성의 환경오염 실태에 대한 실증적 연구

심문보(Sim Moon Bo),범평(Bum Pyoung),정건섭(Chung Kyoun Sup) 한국도시행정학회 2012 도시 행정 학보 Vol.25 No.1

Now China is facing environmental degeneration which has been presented generally in developing countries, such as water and air pollution, and solid waste in industry. The unsustainable development between economy and environment is an important problem, existing now in the Anhui province, China. If we want to construct the harmonious society, we must coordinate the human and the nature. Therefore, it has the vital significance for us to study on the economy and environment development of Anhui province, as well as environmental protect disparity between the regions and the cities. Through the analyses of the comparison among three main industrial waste on the present situation of industrial waste in Anhui province, this study aims at monitoring and forecasting in order to reduce three main industrial wastes in Anhui province. Moreover, the reasons for arising three main industrial wastes are also investigated. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) of Anhui province has been fitted by using the data of three main industrial wastes in Anhui province through 2000 to 2009 years. Depend on the increase of economy in Anhui province, it can be an indication for a trend that the emission of industrial water pollution, air pollution, and solid waste would be increased. In addition, the three main industrial wastes would be boundless increased if the environment improvement project were not reinforced. Therefore, we have to give a lot care on the protection of environment, especially in the three main industrial wastes in Anhui province in order to stabilize a harmonious development between society and environment.

The Effects of Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in Vietnam

Le Thi Thanh Mai,Taegi Kim,Le Hoang Anh 한국무역연구원 2019 무역연구 Vol.15 No.1

This paper investigated the relationship between trade openness and  emissions in Vietnam, using data from 1986 to 2014. We examined the consistency of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and the Pollution Heaven hypothesis as applied to Vietnam. In 1986, the Vietnamese government began to launch free-market economic reforms. Since then, the economy of Vietnam has experienced breakthrough innovation in trade openness. On the other hand, Vietnam has witnessed a growing level of  emissions. Our results showed that the relationship between  emissions and per capita income is an inverted U-shape, consistent with the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. We also found that the Pollution Heaven hypothesis is supported in that energy use and international trade contribute to air pollution, but becoming a member of WTO has a positive effect on the Vietnamese environment.