The Environmental Kuznets Curve in a Public Spending Model of Economic Growth

Ibrahima Amadou Diallo 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2019 Journal of Economic Development Vol.44 No.4

This paper theoretically analyzes the dynamics of economic growth and the environmental Kuznets curve. This curve states an inverse U-relationship between pollution and income. The presented model specifically shows how a dynamic environmental Kuznets curve can emerge by introducing pollution and abatement technology in a public spending model of endogenous economic growth. We also derive the turning point in function of the parameters of the model. The numerical section demonstrates that when taxes are below some threshold, the turning point decreases with taxes but it increases when taxes are above the threshold point given some explanations about an N-shaped Kuznets curve. Additionally, the simulations demonstrate that taxes reduce the level of pollution by pulling down the environmental Kuznets curve. Lastly the numerical exercises highlight that the pollution level of the social planner problem is less than that of the representative agent.

Economic Growth and Environmental QualityA Case Study from Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Provincial Panel Data in China

SHI Lei,XING Lu 한국환경경제학회 2007 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.16 No.3

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis postulates an inverted-U shaped relationship between GDP per capita and various pollutants. Pollutants emission increases up to a certain level as income goes up; after that, it decreases. This paper investigates the relationship between industry pollutants taking industrial sulfur dioxide omission as example, and economic growth by using province-panel data set from 1989 to 2004 in 28 provinces of P. R. China. The result shows that the EKC hypothesis may be supported in the case of industrial sulfur dioxide, and the GDP per capital of turning point is about RMB 13,548 (at 1978 price). Except Shanghai, all the provinces GDP per capital in this study are less than RMB 13,548, indicating the amount of industrial sulfur dioxide emission will be increasing in the near future. To realize sustainable development and pollutants abatement, the central and local government should adopt an integrated strategy to protect environment.

경제성장과 무역특화, 환경정책이 대기환경오염에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석: ARDL분석을 중심으로

오경희 중앙대학교 한국디지털무역연구소 2024 디지털무역리뷰 Vol.22 No.4

This study analyzes the impact of South Korea's economic growth, trade specialization, and environmental policies on environmental pollution. To achieve this, ARDL analysis and ECM regression were used to examine the short-term and long-term effects of trade specialization and environmental policies on air pollution, specifically carbon dioxide emissions. The results revealed that trade specialization positively impacted the reduction of air pollution in the short term. However, in the long term it tended to increase pollution due to a shift towards a manufacturing-centered structure. This trend is attributed to the transition from semiconductor and technology-driven industries, which had comparative advantages in the early 1990s to manufacturing-based industries after the 2000s. Meanwhile, the relationship between GDP and environmental pollution displayed a positive correlation in the short term, but a negative correlation in the long term, consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Furthermore, strict environmental policies proved effective in reducing environmental pollution. This study suggests that South Korea should prepare for digital trade in alignment with the digital economy while securing comparative advantages through trade specialization for sustainable growth. Promoting digital trade to mitigate the environmental impact of manufacturing and reinforcing technology-centered trade policies are essential long-term growth and environmental conservation. Strategic policy development in these areas is expected to contribute to sustainable development.

중국의 지역별 환경 쿠츠네츠 곡선 분석: 중국 地級市(지급시) 자료(Prefecture Level City Data)를 중심으로

( Dae Won Oh ) 현대중국학회 2013 현대중국연구 Vol.15 No.1

This study examines the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. We focus on the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve that pollution rst rises and then falls with increasing income. We investigate prefecture-level panel data in China over the period 2003-2010 in order to test the hypothesis. Our empirical analysis uses xed eects model and split sample regressions. The empirical results show that an inverse U-shaped relationship exists between GDP per capita and sulphur dioxide emission as well as between GDP per capita and waste water discharge. The results support the existence of environmental Kuznets curve for air pollution and water pollution in China. Previous empirical studies of the environmental Kuznets curve in China have obtained vastly dierent results. The existing evidence is inconclusive about the relationship between income and air pollution since the results are even contradictory. We believe our result is more reliable since prefecture-level panel data have not been used in previous studies due to data unavailability. Reviewing previous studies, we notice that China experienced a negative relationship between income and water pollution over the 1980s and mid-1990s, but had an inverse U-shaped relationship after the mid-1990s. This study also conrms the inverse U-shaped relationship.

한국과 일본의 환경정책과 SO₂ 배출량 증감요인 분석

성기중(Khee Joong Seong),김두원(Doo Won Kim) 한국동북아학회 2011 한국동북아논총 Vol.16 No.2

이 논문은 한국과 일본의 배출추이를 중심으로 환경정책 과정을 비교하고 배출량의 증가요인을 분석하여 결과를 정리한 논문이다. 먼저 SO2 배출추이와 환경정책의 한일 비교를 통해 배출의 증가와 감소가 환경정책과정에서 연도별 소득의 수준에 따라 결정되는 것과 정책적인 요인이 무엇인가를 파악하고, 그 배출요인을 명확히 하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 이 연구의 결과로 미루어 SO2 배출량에 있어서는 한국과 일본 양국 모두 환경 쿠즈네츠 곡선이 확인되어 일정한 경제성장을 이룬 뒤 환경 오염물의 배출이 줄어들었다는 것이 증명되었다. 환경 쿠즈네츠 곡선의 추이와 시기를 비교하여 보면 한국에서 일인당 SO2 배출량이 가장 많았던 시점은 1990년이며, 이는 1988년 서울 올림픽 이전부터 실시되었던 환경정책들로 인해 SO2 배출이 감소되었기 때문이다. 정책적인 이유로는 주택부문에서의 LNG 및 경유 사용 의무가 주요 원인이었으며, 시기적으로는 한국의 환경관련법이 체계화되었던 시기였다. 일본의 경우 1967년에 일인당 SO2 배출량이 가장 많았으며, 이 시기는「공해대책 기본법」등 공해방지에 관한 법안이 상정되던 시기였다. 양국모두 환경정책발전에 있어 전진기에 해당하며, 이후에 SO2 배출량이 감소되는 추세를 보이고 있었다. 배출요인 분석에서는 한국과 일본 모두 경제성장에 따라 SO2의 배출증가요인이 가장 컸으며, 각 배출공장의 탈황장치로 인해 배출량은 안정된 수치를 나타내고 있다. 본 연구로 인해 한국과 일본의 SO2 배출량추이와 환경정책과의 관계를 파악할 수 있었으며, 배출증가요인 분석을 통해 경제성장 관련도를 확인할 수 있었다. This paper compares Japan`s and Korea`s environmental policies, focusing on changing amounts of SO2 emission over time in the two countries, and analyzes factors contributing to the increases and decreases of those amounts in both countries. Its purpose is, through comparing changing amounts of SO2 emissions and environmental policies of the two countries, to prove that the variations of emission amounts depended on the variations of yearly GDP levels, and to examine what policy factors have influenced the rise and fall of the emission amounts. It was found that, in both cases, the Environmental Kuznets Curve proved to be true: As the economic development levels reach a certain level, emissions of environmental pollutants decrease. In Korea, the per capita emission amount of environmental pollutants reached highest in 1990, and since then it began to decrease. There were several reasons for its decrease: Around that time, various environmental policies initiated before the 1988 Olympic Games began to take effects, specifically, the policy which forced the use of LNG and diesel in houses and buildings was found to be effective. And it was when the environment-related laws were institutionalized. In the case of Japan, 1967 was when the per capita emission amount of SO2 peaked. Since then, due to various pollution-prevention laws like ``the Basic Law on Pollution Prevention`` it began to decrease. In both cases, those years were the period when environmental policies were being developed. The analysis on the factors contributing to the increases of SO2 emission amounts showed that the economic development was the main factor in both countries, and that installing desulfurizing equipments made it be stabilized. This study makes it possible to identify the relationship between the rise and fall of emission amounts of SO2 and environmental policies, and also to identify it and economic development in Japan and Korea.

ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

YAGHOOB JAFARI,MARYAM FARHADI,ANDREA ZIMMERMANN,MASOUD YAHOO 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2017 Journal of Economic Development Vol.42 No.1

This paper applies the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to examine the impact of trade openness, foreign direct investment liberalization, the decreasing role of the state, energy consumption and urbanization on per capita emission in countries at various stages of economic development and as a group. For this purpose, a dynamic panel estimation applying the Arellano-Bond’s Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was conducted using the average of five-year observations from 1980–2009. The findings suggest that while trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are not expected to affect environmental quality, increasing role of the state has a negative and significant impact only in developed countries. Further, the results suggest that energy consumption has a significant impact on all countries regardless of their stage of development, while urbanization affects environmental quality only in the least developed countries.

Economic Growth and Environmental Quality : A Case Study from Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Provincial Panel Data in China

Lei, Shi,Lu, Xing Korean Resource Economics Association 2007 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.16 No.3

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis postulates an inverted-U shaped relationship between GDP per capita and various pollutants. Pollutants emission increases up to a certain level as income goes up; after that, it decreases. This paper investigates the relationship between industry pollutants taking industrial sulfur dioxide omission as example, and economic growth by using province-panel data set from 1989 to 2004 in 28 provinces of P. R. China. The result shows that the EKC hypothesis may be supported in the case of industrial sulfur dioxide, and the GDP per capital of turning point is about RMB 13,548 (at 1978 price). Except Shanghai, all the provinces GDP per capital in this study are less than RMB 13,548, indicating the amount of industrial sulfur dioxide emission will be increasing in the near future. To realize sustainable development and pollutants abatement, the central and local government should adopt an integrated strategy to protect environment.

중국 안휘성의 환경오염 실태에 대한 실증적 연구

심문보(Sim Moon Bo),범평(Bum Pyoung),정건섭(Chung Kyoun Sup) 한국도시행정학회 2012 도시 행정 학보 Vol.25 No.1

Now China is facing environmental degeneration which has been presented generally in developing countries, such as water and air pollution, and solid waste in industry. The unsustainable development between economy and environment is an important problem, existing now in the Anhui province, China. If we want to construct the harmonious society, we must coordinate the human and the nature. Therefore, it has the vital significance for us to study on the economy and environment development of Anhui province, as well as environmental protect disparity between the regions and the cities. Through the analyses of the comparison among three main industrial waste on the present situation of industrial waste in Anhui province, this study aims at monitoring and forecasting in order to reduce three main industrial wastes in Anhui province. Moreover, the reasons for arising three main industrial wastes are also investigated. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) of Anhui province has been fitted by using the data of three main industrial wastes in Anhui province through 2000 to 2009 years. Depend on the increase of economy in Anhui province, it can be an indication for a trend that the emission of industrial water pollution, air pollution, and solid waste would be increased. In addition, the three main industrial wastes would be boundless increased if the environment improvement project were not reinforced. Therefore, we have to give a lot care on the protection of environment, especially in the three main industrial wastes in Anhui province in order to stabilize a harmonious development between society and environment.

국제경제 ; 개방화가 한국의 경제성장과 환경오염에 미치는 영향 분석

조성택 ( Sung Taek Cho ),조용성 ( Yong Sung Cho ) 국제지역학회 2009 국제지역연구 Vol.13 No.3

The aim of the paper is to study environmental impacts of openness and trade in korea, and analyze the relationships between trade, development and environment. This study established endogenous determinants such as inflow FDI, level of environmental pollution and economic growth, and assumed a proposition that each individual variables are in two-way relationships among the three key variables such as the openness, the environment and GDP. To estimate a system of equations, a simultaneous equation model is used because the simultaneity problems are formidable. The results show that the more openness and economic growth increase, the more level of environmental quality improve. This study also found that FDI and openness, and economic growth bring along the level of environmental quality.

기후변화협상에서 한국의 위치와 방향 -국가별 온실가스 배출특성에 기반한 군집분석 및 전망-

진상현 ( Sang-Hyeon Jin ),황인창 ( In-Chang Hwang ) 한국정책학회 2014 한국정책학회보 Vol.23 No.4

In respect to the climate change, the most serious environment problem in the human history, the conflict between advanced countries and underdeveloped countries is getting into a deadlock. After the declaration of ‘low carbon green growth’ in 2008, Korea has got the image of environment-friendly country. But the truth is that it has not showed the effective performance of greenhouse gas reduction. So this paper tries to find the current location of Korea and suggest the future direction in climate change policy. In order to achieve this goal, it adopts cluster analysis and the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve. First, the result of cluster analysis shows that Korea still has the emission feature of developing country, while its economic development is equal to the advanced countries' one. And the realignment among non-annex I countries was discovered. Also this paper discloses that Korea is standing at the exact turning point dividing ‘low carbon green growth’ from ‘high carbon grey growth’ by using the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve. In conclusion, it suggests that Korea needs fundamental reformation in order to be a low carbon country.