충남.경남지역 대학생들의 영어모음 발음길이에 대한 실험적 연구

박희석,김정숙,Park, Hee-Suk,Kim, Jung-Sook 한국음성학회 2003 음성과학 Vol.10 No.3

The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate and compare the. vowel lengths of English diphthongs and low vowels among native-English-speaking Americans with Korean college students from the Chungnam and Gyungnam provinces. Eight words and sixteen sentences were uttered five times by twenty five subjects from three groups; 1) Chungnam dialect speakers, 2) Gyungnam dialect speakers and 3) five native-English-speaking Americans. Acoustic features (duration) were measured from sound spectrograms made by the PC Quire. Results showed that the vowel lengths of English diphthongs and low vowels between native English speakers and Korean collegians of Chungnam and Gyungnam provinces were different. Comparing the average length of English diphthongs of Korean collegians with those of American natives, we can see that native English speakers tend to pronounce the English diphthongs shorter than Korean collegians do. However, native English speakers tend to pronounce the English low vowels longer than Korean collegians do. In this study we also tried to find out the differences of English diphthongs and low vowel lengths in relation to their utterance positions among American natives and Chungnam and Gyungnam dialect speakers. By the results of this experiment, we observed a lengthening effect in the three groups. However, in the pronunciation of American natives, a lengthening effect of English vowels was more clearly observed, especially in the pronunciation of English diphthongs.

미국인 남성과 여성이 발음한 영어이중모음의 음향적 연구

양병곤(Yang Byunggon) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.2

English vowels can be divided into monophthongs and diphthongs depending on the number of vocal tract shapes. Diphthongs are usually produced with more than one shape. This study attempts to collect acoustical data of English diphthongs published by Hillenbrand et al.(1995) online and to examine acoustic features of the diphthongs for phoneticians and English teachers. Sixty three American males and females were chosen after excluding those subjects with different target vowels or ambiguous formant tracks. The author used Praat to obtain the acoustical data systematically at eleven equidistant timepoints over the diphthongal segment. Obvious errors were corrected based on the spectrographic display of each diphthong. Results show that the formant trajectories of the diphthongs produced by the American males and females appeared quite similar. When the female formant values were uniformly normalized to those of the males, almost a perfect collapse occurred. Secondly, the diphthongal movements on the vowel space appeared not linear due to the coarticulatory gesture for the following consonant. Thirdly, the average duration of the diphthongs produced by the females was 1.156 times longer than that of the males while the pitch ratio between the two groups turned out to be 1.746 with a similar contour over measurement points. The author concludes that English diphthongs produced by various groups can be compared systematically when the acoustical values are obtained at proportional timepoints. Further studies will be desirable on the comparison of English diphthongs produced by native and nonnative speakers.

Vowel Space Characteristics of English Monophthongs and Diphthongs Produced by Male and Female Korean Learners of English

전윤실 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2022 외국학연구 Vol.- No.60

The phonetic realization of English nine monophthongs /i, ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʌ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ, u/ and five diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ/ were investigated in the production data of Korean male and female learners of English. The speech material was composed of one syllable words with target monophthongs and diphthongs such as ‘beat’ and ‘bite’. The first and second formant frequency values were calculated at the mid-point for monophthongs and at onset and offset of diphthongs. The vowel space positions of diphthong onsets and offsets were examined in relation with the positions of nearby monophthongs. The female data and male data were presented separately because of gender variation of formant structure. The nonnative formant patterns were compared with previous relevant studies of native speech data for English monophthongs and diphthongs. The speech data of Korean learners of English shows proximity of monophthongs /i, ɪ/, /u, ʊ/, and /ɛ, æ/ in the vowel space. The back vowels /ɔ, ʊ, u/ are close to each other in vowel space. The study results show that the onset and offset of diphthongs are fairly close to the relevant monophthongs, which is not the case for native English speakers in previous studies. In addition, the study results suggest that Korean learners of English might have some difficulties in producing English diphthongs with their offsets in the back position such as /aʊ, oʊ/. The study results concerning nonnative distribution of monophthongs and diphthongs in vowel space were discussed as having implication for improving the acquisition process of L2 English vowel system.

중세영어 이중모음의 목록 변화

문안나(An-Nah Moon) 한국영어학학회 2024 영어학연구 Vol.30 No.1

The goals of this study are to analyze the inventory changes of diphthongs during the period of Middle English (ME) within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT)(Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004, McCarthy & Prince 1993, 1995, among others) and to show that an OT-theoretic analysis allows us to present a unified account of the inventory changes of diphthongs in ME. A comparison of the inventories of ME diphthongs in the literature on ME shows that 8 to 13 diphthongs in early ME are reduced to 7 diphthongs in late ME. In this study, it is assumed that 11 diphthongs in early ME are reduced to 7 diphthongs. Two kinds of OT-theoretic analysis are proposed in this study. One of them is an analysis that depends on the interaction of the markedness constraints such as *eɪ, *ɛɪ, *eʊ, *oʊ and the faithfulness constraints. The other is the one that introduces the notion of optimality of diphthongs, which is represented by a series of constraints such as MINDIS=1, MINDIS=2 and so on proposed in this study. Both analyses allow us to unify lost diphthongs as well as the diphthongs present in the late ME inventory under the same hierarchy of the proposed constraints. However, the latter seems to be superior to the former in that the former analysis cannot account for why [eɪ, ɛɪ, eʊ, oʊ] are not allowed in ME, while the latter can.

An Experimental Study on the Lengths of English Diphthongs

Park, Hee-Suk 한국음성과학회 2001 음성과학 Vol.8 No.3

This study was done to find out the difference in vowel length between the English language produced by American soldiers and KATU A soldiers. Though English pronunciation by Koreans shows , different features in many ways, I focused on English vowel length of KATU A soldiers. I wanted to know if KATU A soldiers, when compared with American soldiers, showed a foreign accent when they produced English diphthongs, The reason I wanted to deal with English diphthongs is that most Koreans have difficulty in pronouncing them since they do not understand the concept of diphthongs. Therefore I selected five English diphthongs, /al/, /??/ /au/, /el/,/ou/, as the experimental object, and I tried to find out the foreign accent of them. In this study I also tried to find out the vowel lengths in relation to their utterance positions, I investigated the difference of the English diphthong length between American and KATUA soldiers using information gathered from experimental results.

한국어와 영어 이중모음의 대조분석 -활음의 음의 길이를 중심으로-

윤은경 국제한국어교육학회 2011 한국어 교육 Vol.22 No.4

The purposes of this paper examine the phonetic and phonological roles of the /j, w/ glides in both Korean and English. Specifically, this study aims two folds. One is to make a cross- language comparison between Korean and English diphthongs, especially focused on the on-glides. The other is to identify the teaching techniques for better pronunciation of the on-glides. Practical implications were discussed through a focus on the results of acoustic analysis. Little research on a comparison of the duration of the glides between Korean and English has been conducted. In this paper, temporal durations were measured at the midpoint of the F2 transition. The results revealed that the durations of the English on-glide /j, w/ were much longer than those of Korean(107msec vs. 70msec). In addition, the proportion of on-glides in a total duration of the diphthongs was about 40% for Korean and 50% for English. In other words, both Korean glides and vowels are shorter than those of English. In order for native speakers of English learning Korean to perform the native-like pronunciation, in general the length of the Korean on-glide should be taught to be approximately 60% for /j/ and 20% for /w/ shorter than that of English, respectively.

池錫永 『兒學編』 영어 어휘의 모음의 한글 표기와국어와 영어의 음운론적 대응 양상

이준환 ( Jun Hwan Yi ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2014 大東文化硏究 Vol.86 No.-

이 글은 池錫永 『兒學編』의 영어 어휘의 한글 표기 양상과 국어와 영어의 음운 론적 대응 양상을 모음을 대상으로 하여 살핀 것이다. 고찰 결과 다음과 같은 특징을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 요즘과 비교하여 볼 때 표기의 양상이 훨씬 다양하게 나타난다. 이에는 철자가 미친 영향도 있고 영어사의 모음의 변화와도 관련이 있다. 그리 고 이런 다양한 대응 양상이 나타난 데에는 영국 영어의 반영도 관련이 있다. 둘째, 영어와의 대응을 볼 때 국어의 ‘ㅔ’, ‘ㅐ’는 단순 모음의 특징을 분명히 보인다. 셋 째, 국어의 ‘ㅟ’는 [wi], [y], [uj]의 음성적 실현을 보이고 있었던 것으로 보이며, ‘ㅚ’는 [we]로 실현되고 있음을 보인다. 넷째, 순치음 아래에서는 다른 자음 아래에 서는 ‘ㅣ’가 올 곳에 ‘ㅢ’가 오는 양상이 나타나는데, 이는 순치음의 음성적 특색을 반영하기 위한 조치로 보인다. 다섯째, 영어 모음이 장모음이나 하향 이중 모음인 경우에 이들의 장음성을 반영하기 위한 노력이 많이 이루어져 있다. 마지막으로 일 본어의 대응 양상과 비교하여 보면 유사한 면도 보이기는 하였으나 이질적인 양상 들이 훨씬 많이 보여서 영어를 수용하고 이를 표기하는 과정에 일본어의 간섭은 크 지는 않았음을 짐작할 수 있다. The aim of this paper is to inquire into Hangeul(Korean alphabet) transcription of English vocabulary and vowels` phonological response of English and Korean in Ji Seok-yeong`s Ahakpyeon published in 1908. Ahakpyeon was complied by Ji Seokyeong for the purpose of Chinese character learning and foreign language vocabulary learning. From this study I could see that Ahakpyoeon`s Hangeul transcription of English reflects various aspects of English phonetic feature and variation. Noteworthy results are as follows: First, various aspects of Hangeul transcription of English vocabulary were relevant in spelling, English vowel change and British English. Second, Korean`s /ㅔ/ and /ㅐ/ has monophthongal feature. Third, Korean`s /ㅟ/ has complicated correspondence aspects in showing [wi], [y], [uj]. Fouth, Korean`s /ㅣ/ was replaced /ㅢ/ which located in below labiodental. This is action to reflect phonetical feature of labiodental. Fifth, there are investigated much effort to reflect long vowel`s feature of English long vowel and diphthongs that have off glide.

The Diphthong Systems in English: Merger, Split, and Substitution

노근영 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2009 언어연구 Vol.26 No.1

Roh, Keun-Young. 2009. The Diphthong Systems in English: Merger, Split, and Substitution. Linguistic Research 26(1), 105-123. This paper attempts to investigate the diphthong phoneme systems of English dialects spoken in the British Isles. The study of diphthong systems can contribute to the delimitation of the phoneme system across English dialects. However, no previous studies have been done on the diphthong systems of English though there are studies on the monophthong phonemes in English (Lee 1999, Roh 2004, Roh 2006). This study found that eight kinds of systems appear across dialects, and that this variation in systems results from three phenomena: the PRICE-CHOICE merger, the PRICE split, and the substitution for the phonemes of Received Pronunciation (RP). Also, this paper gives a detailed analysis of systems, including the phoneme number, the target phonemes of the three phenomena, and new phonemes other than those attested in RP. Finally, an analysis of systems in terms of Optimality Theory is offered. (Seoul National University)

Spectral patterns of the American English diphthong /aɪ/ as a function of coda voicing produced by native Korean speakers

오은진 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어연구 Vol.35 No.1

This study aimed to investigate how native speakers of Korean who learned English as a second language realize spectral differences in the American English diphthong /aɪ/ as a function of coda voicing. Ten Korean learners of English and eight native speakers of American English participated in a production experiment. The monosyllabic words “bite” (/baɪt/) and “bide” (/baɪd/) were read along with filler words in isolation and in a carrier sentence. The native group demonstrated significantly smaller F1 and larger F2 before /t/ than /d/ both in the nucleus /a/ and in the offglide /ɪ/ (Moreton 2004). The learner group did not show statistically significant spectral changes in the nucleus and the offglide. Also, the native group significantly reduced the temporal distance between the nucleus and the offglide, and showed spectral peripheralization in the offglide before /t/ than /d/ (Pycha and Dahan 2016). However, the learner group did not show native-like reduction of the temporal distance between the nucleus and the offglide and spectral peripheralization in the offglide. Although the non-native speakers in this study exhibited some durational changes as a function of coda voicing, they did not learn the fine phonetic details regarding the gestural timing and spectral patterns in the diphthong. A considerable degree of individual variation in the learner group and speaking context effects were also found. It was interpreted that the Hyperarticulation hypothesis (Thomas 2000; Moreton 2004) and the Gestural Timing hypothesis (Pycha and Dahan 2016) could provide indices modelling the non-native phenomena found in this study as not attaining native-like phonetic values and gradual approach to the values concerning the spectral and durational aspects in /aɪ/ as a function of coda voicing.

Spectral patterns of the American English diphthong /ai/ as a function of coda voicing produced by native Korean speakers

( Eunjin Oh ) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어연구 Vol.35 No.1

This study aimed to investigate how native speakers of Korean who learned English as a second language realize spectral differences in the American English diphthong /ai/ as a function of coda voicing. Ten Korean learners of English and eight native speakers of American English participated in a production experiment. The monosyllabic words “bite” (/bait/) and “bide” (/baid/) were read along with filler words in isolation and in a carrier sentence. The native group demonstrated significantly smaller F1 and larger F2 before /t/ than /d/ both in the nucleus /a/ and in the offglide /i/ (Moreton 2004). The learner group did not show statistically significant spectral changes in the nucleus and the offglide. Also, the native group significantly reduced the temporal distance between the nucleus and the offglide, and showed spectral peripheralization in the offglide before /t/ than /d/ (Pycha and Dahan 2016). However, the learner group did not show native-like reduction of the temporal distance between the nucleus and the offglide and spectral peripheralization in the offglide. Although the non-native speakers in this study exhibited some durational changes as a function of coda voicing, they did not learn the fine phonetic details regarding the gestural timing and spectral patterns in the diphthong. A considerable degree of individual variation in the learner group and speaking context effects were also found. It was interpreted that the Hyperarticulation hypothesis (Thomas 2000; Moreton 2004) and the Gestural Timing hypothesis (Pycha and Dahan 2016) could provide indices modelling the non-native phenomena found in this study as not attaining native-like phonetic values and gradual approach to the values concerning the spectral and durational aspects in /ai/ as a function of coda voicing. (Ewha Womans University)