저탄소·친환경 전원 기반 마련에 따른 전기요금 개편의 국민수용성 제고를 위한 효과적 소통 방안

이승준 ( Seungjun Lee ),이상윤,최상희,한빛나라,김민,임세호,강선구 한국환경연구원 2017 사업보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

The new government, inaugurated in May 10, 2017, has been establishing the energy and environmental policies oriented towards low-carbon, environment-friendly, safe, clean, and sustainable development. The new energy policy may entail alterations of the energy mix and potential changes in the electricity pricing. This study is motivated by the observation and inference that the social conflict concerning the electricity price would not simply be created by the financial problems. Since the social conflict regarding the electricity price may be influenced by a variety of factors other than economic issues, it is necessary to analyze the determinants of the public acceptability of increasing electricity price and suggest effective communication strategies in order to reduce the social conflict. The purpose of this study is to provide effective communication strategies for raising the public acceptability of the potential electricity price increase following the government’s new energy policy. The study analyzes the major factors that determine the public acceptability of the increasing electricity price following the government’s new energy policy in order to suggest effective communication strategies. To illuminate the major factors influencing the public acceptability, the study first analyzes people’s perceptual domain regarding the electricity price increase following the new energy policy by conducting in-depth interviews with the experts and the public. Then, based on the results of the in-depth interviews, the study surveys 1,500 people to investigate the major factors that determine the public acceptability. The study finally compares and analyzes the results of interviews and surveys to confirm the major determinants, and recommends the communication strategies. Comparing and analyzing the results of in-depth interviews and surveys, the study derives knowledge, affect heuristic, social trust, and policy efficacy as the four major factors that influence the public acceptability of the increasing electricity price following the government’s new energy policy. Regarding the knowledge aspect, the public with less quantitative and qualitative information than experts appears to be uneasy, and has risk perception about the transition to the new energy policy. Although the accuracy of the individual knowledge tends to make one’s opinion regarding the electricity issues solid, it does not determine the public acceptability of the increasing electricity price. Thus, the communication strategies for the public acceptability should not focus on ensuring the accuracy of the individual knowledge, but on providing them with the information they need, such as the way the electricity is priced or the purpose and the process of policy change. By doing so, the authorities may provide the public with positive perception by minimizing the unnecessary anxiety and raising the awareness. As the public is recommended to actively search information to have accurate knowledge, the transparent and correct information provided by the authorities would be preferred to the indirect and distorted information from the media. Regarding the affect heuristic aspect, the study concludes that the perception on the equity of electricity price among different types of customers, such as residential, industrial, and commercial customers, significantly influences the public acceptability. In addition, the study draws a conclusion that the perception on the appropriateness of current pricing system or preference to the value between economic development and environmental conservation also affect the public acceptability. Thus, the communication strategy should include the information about how the policy change reflects the value of equity. As the preferred individual sense of value between economic development and environmental conservation appears to influence the public acceptability, the communication strategy would be effective if they can relate the changing electricity price to its contribution to the economic or environmental values. An example of the economic value would be an industrial competitiveness by the technological advances in renewable energy, while that of the environmental value may include air pollution reduction, social safety by the reduction of nuclear power generation, or sustainable energy excavation. Regarding the social trust aspect, the study draws a conclusion that the public trust in the authorities related to electricity and the transparency of policy processes influence the public acceptability. The study also finds out that the public is highly dependent on the media as information channel but distrust them, which would lead the public to distorted communication. Thus, the electricity authorities need to design a communication strategy that restores the trustful relationship between the public and the authorities as well as the trust of the public in the social processes. The study recommends the authorities to facilitate the consensus conference as a tool for rebuilding social trust and reducing the knowledge gap of the public by active participation. Facilitation of the consensus conference would help the public actively participate and learn from the processes, quantitatively and qualitatively reduce their knowledge gap, and trust the decision making processes. Regarding the policy efficacy aspect, the study concludes that both the importance and the possibility of realization of the policy issues relevant to the electricity price change should be considered for the communication strategies. As the public appears to think the issues, such as the reduction of pollutants from coal power plants and the industrial competitiveness by the technological advances in renewable energy, are both important and possible to realize, those issues could be addressed as major reasons for the electricity price change. Experiencing the positive aspects of the recent public discussion on the nuclear power plant, the public has become aware of the effectiveness of the participatory policy process. Although stakeholders may show a number of conflicting interests in each policy, a process that leads to consensus begins with the understanding of the factors influencing the conflicts. This study illuminates that the public perception on the electricity price change is not just relevant to the economic aspect alone. The study concludes from the comparison and analysis of in-depth interviews and surveys that the public acceptability of the increasing electricity price is affected by a variety of factors, such as knowledge, affect heuristic, social trust, and policy efficacy. Since we are at the transition period from a government-led policy process to a participatory and consultative one where the public is involved, a research analyzing diverse determinants of the public acceptability of public policies should be enhanced and facilitated in the future.

전문가 심층면접을 통한 폐기물 정책의 성과와 과제 분석

강병준(Kang Byoung Jun),강현철(Kang Hyun Chul),최조순(Choi Jo Soon) 한국공간환경학회 2015 공간과 사회 Vol.25 No.3

최근 에너지 사용량 증가로 전력난이 심화되면서 중앙정부는 물론 지방정부에서도 신재생에너지에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 논문은 정부가 추진 중인 신재생에너지 정책 가운데 폐기물 정책의 운영과정에서 나타나는 전반적인 성과와 문제점을 밝혀내어 신재생에너지 정책의 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 폐기물 정책에 초점을 맞추고 연구방법으로 전문가 심층면접 방법을 활용했다. 전문가 심층면접 결과에서 폐기물 정책의 성과는 폐기물에 대한 인식 개선, 폐기물 감량화, 신재생에너지 생산, 지역의 일자리 창출 등으로 나타났다. 반면에 폐기물 정책의 문제점으로는 시민참여 부족과 입지 과정에서 갈등 발생, 정부의 비일과적 에너지화 정책, 에너지 시장 상황을 고려하지 않은 정책 추진, 신재생에너지 정책의 공동 합의기구가 구축괴지 않은 것 등으로 나타났다. 따라서 폐기물 정책의 개선방안으로 지역특성을 고려한 입지결정과 자원순환시설의 클러스터화, 신재생에너지 정책 추진체계의 일원화를 통한 효율적 정책 추진, 에너지정책·신재생에너지 정책·폐자원에너지 정책의 연계, 신재생에너지 정책에 대한 공동 합의기구 설치 등을 제안했다. Recently, the concern about renewable energy is enhanced in the local government as well as the central government while the electric power shortage deepens by the energy amount increase. This paper uncovers for the overall result and problem of coming out in the operating procedure of the waste policy in renewable energy policy which the government hits the main part and shows the improvement plan of renewable energy policy. For this purpose, it focused on waste policy and the method of study utilized the in-depth interview method. The result of the waste policy was shown up in the in-depth interview result as the recognition improvement about the waste, reduction of the waste, renewable energy production, local jobs creation, and etc. On the other hand, the energization policy, in which the participation deficit of the citizens and location discord and consistency is deficient as the problem of the energy policy, which doesn’t consider the conditions in the market and absence of agreement tool member of the association on the renewable energy policy, and etc. appeared. Therefore, the clustering of the location considers the regional characteristic as the improvement plan of the waste policy resource recycling facility, efficient policy enforcement through the unification of renewable energy policy enforcement system, link of the energy policy · new and renewable energy policy· waste resources energy policy, agreement establishment of organization of the association on renewable energy policy, and etc. was proposed.

독일 에너지정책 패러다임의 변화

정연미 ( Yeon-mi Jung ) 한독경상학회 2016 경상논총 Vol.34 No.4

In the time of climate change and low economic growth, energy problems are emerging as a key issue in setting up the future energy policy paradigm. Energy transition is a problem that requires new changes to future energy policy paradigm beyond energy supply and demand. Therefore, this study analyzed the change of German energy policy paradigm in the historical development process of German energy policy for 70 years and the main strategy of energy transition in Germany. The main results of study are follows. First, the social market economy, which forms the ideological foundation of the German economic system, contains many elements of sustainable development. German energy policy is established with the aim for sustainable development and has been integrated with climate change policy including long term time scale to 2050. Second, the energy policy centered on nuclear power has entered a declining period since the Chernobyl nuclear power accident in 1986. The goal of nuclear phase out by the year 2022 was set up after the Fukushima nuclear power accident in 2011. German energy policy is coming to an era of renewable energy. Third, the participation of civil society in energy policy making has been steadily increased through the energy transition movement, and the renewable energy industry has grown with the green jobs creation and investment of citizens in the region from below. The circular economic model based on cooperatives and civil energy is a representative form of German social market economy and energy policy paradigm shift.

신재생에너지와 원자력에너지 정책네트워크 비교분석

정연미(鄭然美),한준(韓準) 한국환경사회학회 2014 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.18 No.1

본 연구는 신재생에너지와 원자력에너지 정책에 대한 연대, 갈등 정책네트워크의 정부, 기업, 시민사회의 관심과 입장, 정책행위자간 상호작용, 관계구조의 특징을 분석하였다. 신재생에너지와 원자력에너지 정책분야에 참여하고 있는 134개 주요 정책행위자에 대해 설문조사를 실시한 자료를 바탕으로 사회연결망 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 정부, 기업, 시민사회 정책행위자는 신재생에너지 정책에 대해서는 찬성하였으나, 원자력에너지 정책에 대해서는 찬성과 반대의 입장이 양분되어 있었다. 신재생에너지와 원자력에너지 정책네트워크 모두에서 연대를 위한 상호작용이 갈등보다 활발하였다. 연결중심성 상위 10위 정책행위자들은 신재생에너지 정책에 대해서는 정부와 시민사회부문의 연대가 활발한 반면, 원자력에너지 정책에 대해서는 시민사회만 연대하는 경향이 있었고, 신재생에너지와 원자력에너지 정책 모두에서 정부와의 갈등이 컸다. 결국 원자력에너지 정책은 신재생에너지 정책에 비해 상호작용이 활발하지 않으며, 정부와 시민사회간의 갈등이 크고, 시민사회와 다른 부문과의 상호작용이 활발하지 않은 특징을 보이고 있다. In this study, the concerns, positions and activity forms of political actors government, business corporation, civil society and features of interaction and related structure of cooperation and conflict policy network in the case of new and renewable energy and nuclear energy. A survey 134 political actors who have participated in new and renewable energy and nuclear energy policy is conducted and analyzed with Social Network Analysis (SNA). The result of quantitative analysis, most of government, business corporation, civil society are favorable to new and renewable energy policy, while the opinions of nuclear energy are divided into two pro- and anti positions deeply. The interaction of cooperation is more active than the interaction of conflict in policy network not only new and renewable energy, but also nuclear energy. The interaction of cooperation and conflict in new and renewable energy policy network is more active than in nuclear energy policy network. The government and business corporation are cooperated for new and renewable energy, while only within civil society is cooperated for nuclear energy policy. The conflict with government is high in new and renewable energy and nuclear energy policy network. The government is pointed out the most in the top ten in conflict of new and renewable energy and nuclear energy policy network. The conflict between government and civil society is high in nuclear energy policy network.

신재생에너지 확대와 미래 환경변화 대응을 위한 중장기 발전방향 : 육상태양광발전 보급 활성화를 위한 제도 개선방안

이상범,김창훈,임성희,김연중,강유진 한국환경연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Research background and purpose □ This report summarizes the content presented by experts in each field at the Forum to Confront the Future Environmental Change related to the Expansion of Renewable Energy held by the Korea Environment Institute (KEI) on September 26, 2019. ㅇ This report includes information on the current research and the position of Non-Profit Organization (NPO) groups in terms of the promotion of inland solar power generation projects to expand the supply of domestic renewable energy. - Chapter 1: Current Status and Environmental Review Guideline of Inland Solar Power Generation - Chapter 2: Energy Policy Improvement Plans to Activate the Supply of Inland Solar Power Generation Projects - Chapter 3: Resident Participation Plan for Expanding Inland Solar Power - Chapter 4: Rural Solar Power Supply Problems and Improvement Plans ㅇ As the installation regulations have been strengthened following the establishment of the Inland Solar Power Environmental Review Guideline, this report aims to examine the discussions on the expansion of solar power generation in rural areas and measures to promote distribution through securing residents’ acceptability. 2. Background and improvements of the Inland Solar Power Environmental Review Guideline □ Until recently, most inland solar power facilities have been planned and constructed in mountainous areas with low land prices, resulting in social conflict with local residents and environmental damage such as landslides and deforestation. ㅇ The Inland Solar Power Environmental Review Guideline was introduced to minimize the environmental damage caused by solar power facilities located indiscriminately in mountainous areas. ㅇ As the criteria for the site of the inland solar facilities are focused on the mountainous area, it is necessary to improve the guideline to suggest preferential development sites so that it can promote installment in rural areas and also the participation of local residents. Ⅱ. Measures to Improve Energy Policy to Promote the Supply of Inland Solar Power Generation 1. Domestic inland solar power trends □ Deteriorated profitability due to the falling prices of the solar power generation REC (Renewable Energy Certificate) ㅇ The spot price of the REC has fallen since ’17, down to about 69,000 won as of April 2019, which is a 60% drop compared to the peak. The decline continued and in November 2019, it fell below the 40,000 won mark, fueling the sense of crisis among the developers in terms of investment recovery. □ Promote large-scale business-oriented policies ㅇ Due to the delay of implementing the local government-led renewable energy site plan, public sector-led renewable energy projects are being promoted for public enterprises, and as of April 2019, the land for 142 plants was secured capable of supplying 24 GW. Based on this figure alone, it is expected that the goal set for large-scale projects in the 3020 plan can be almost achieved. 2. Causes and possible solutions for inland solar power supply problems □ Causes of inland solar power supply problems ㅇ Policy based on a centralized ‘national project’ perspective - So far, a centralized energy supply system has been established based on the sacrifice of a few regions. If renewable energy does not take a form of dispersed generation and is supplied to other regions via nationwide power grids, the residents of the area where renewable energy facility is located could feel that they have been victimized ㅇ The role and status of the local governments are not being established in parallel. - The role of local governments is merely a “route” for the central government’s policy enforcement, and the authority of the regional governments to lead the renewable energy business to economies of scale and to act as mediators is insufficient. ㅇ Promotion of unilateral policy without considering the characteristics of local energy projects - Countermeasures against the side effects of renewable energy projects tend to be uniformly led by the central government without careful consideration. □ Solutions for the supply problem of inland solar power ㅇ ‘Local industrialization’ and ‘distributed power supply’ are the fundamental measures. - Induce the renewable energy business to be recognized as a “local industry” that directly benefits local governments and local residents ㅇ Strengthen the policy coordination system and cooperation system among central, regional, and local governments - Enhance the coordination capability of regional governments to solve issues that arise in the local governments at the regional government level ㅇ Efforts to improve residents’ acceptability at each stage of the project - At the beginning of the project, the high public acceptance of renewable energy is applied to the community as well, so efforts to reflect it in the local community are necessary. 3. Policy proposals to promote the supply of inland solar power □ Complement the renewable energy site planning system ㅇ Prepare a regional plan in advance that combines environmental and economic evaluations - Prior planning and information disclosure for candidate sites ㅇ Strategic environmental impact assessment through non-standing consultative committee - It is necessary to prepare a guide at the technical level for large-scale development complexes, and this suggests technical standards for establishing the scope of participation of residents after selecting candidate sites for development. □ Prepare a measure to activate small-scale power generation facilities ㅇ Regulation of separation distances at the level of basic municipalities for small and medium-sized solar power generation facilities - The ordinance of the local governments should abolish the restrictions on the separation distance and make residents’ consent procedures or briefing sessions mandatory for small businesses as well, and it is necessary to consistently search for candidate sites with high residents’ acceptance and encourage auction. □ Strengthening the independence of local governments ㅇ System improvements enabling the local government to function as the main body of the regional energy business - It is necessary to improve the situation in which the local government is merely acting as a simple implementer of the national financial input project, and in most cases, the energy committee required by local ordinances is not functioning. - It is necessary to establish a cooperative system between the dedicated organization of the local government and regional offices of related organizations. □ Adjustment of the implementing entity of the government project ㅇ Virtually no mechanism to induce competition between local governments for the public-funded projects such as the project of the Korea Energy Agency - It is necessary to change the government project execution body to the local government (or regional dedicated organization). - When the business entity is changed to the local government and the related budget is issued directly, competition among the local governments can be induced through the post-performance evaluation conducted by the central public institution and the budget allocation reflecting the result for the next year. □ Provision of financial resources for small businesses at the regional level ㅇ Need to continually build a local small-scale business financing system - It is desirable to support at the local government level small-scale projects that are expected to undergo deteriorated business environments in the RPS system □ Expansion of RE100 participation at the regional level ㅇ Attracting companies that want to participate in the RE100 campaign at the local level or reviewing support plans for companies in their area - The RE100 campaign functions sufficiently as an incentive to secure stable profits from the perspective of solar power generation companies. □ Revitalization of ‘local community energy business’ ㅇ Design a policy to expand the scope of residents’ participation under the initiative of the local government, but to return practical benefits that can be experienced without huge burden to the residents - There is a need to resolve the side effects caused by the difficulties of small businesses by making the renewable energy business more efficient and eco-friendly through economies of scale. Ⅲ. Resident Participation Plan for Expanding Inland Solar Power 1. Domestic and foreign energy conversion policy and achievement □ Global energy conversion policy flow and performance ㅇ As of 2018, renewable energy accounted for 26.2% of global electricity demand. - Hydroelectric power still occupies a high proportion, but the proportions of wind power and solar power are also gradually increasing. □ Domestic renewable energy supply plan and power generation potential ㅇ Renewable energy facility capacity is expected to increase from 13.3 GW (2016) to 63.8 GW (2030). More than 95% will be supplied as clean energy such as solar and wind power. ㅇ The solar power market potential is estimated at 411 TWh/year, 321 GW. With wind power (39 TWh/year inland, 71 TWh/year offshore), the power generation potential that can cover the entire electricity demand is secured by solar and wind power alone. 2. Conflicts of renewable energy and causes □ Examples of conflict on the site of renewable energy ㅇ Conflicts of renewable energy facilities appear to be frequent because they are distributed in small scale throughout the region. - Jeonbuk Muju Jung-ri solar power case - Case of solar power generation in Jisun-ri, Buyeo, Chungnam - Case of solar power generation in Namwol village, Gongju-si, Chungnam □ Examples of renewable energy that cooperates with the region ㅇ Ansan Citizen Development Cooperative ㅇ Jeju Donghoecheon Village Solar Power ㅇ Gwangju Sanghasa Resident Development ㅇ Hamyang Energy Farm ㅇ Boseong Agrovoltaic Plant ㅇ Cheorwon Crane Solar ㅇ Bonghwa resident participation renewable energy business □ Causes of conflict over renewable energy ㅇ Hazard issue and environmental damage caused by solar power facilities ㅇ Absence of the regional growth concept among solar power companies ㅇ Selecting a site not taking the environmental impact into consideration ㅇ Site selection process without resident feedback □ The conditions for improving the acceptability of renewable energy and participation among ㅇ Energy conversion, ‘citizens’ power’ (Germany) ㅇ Renewable energy expansion led by local residents ㅇ Effective design of a profit sharing system for local residents’ participation ㅇ Realization of energy democracy by guaranteeing the resident participation process Ⅳ. Rural Solar Power Supply Problems and Improvement Plans 1. Government renewable energy policy trends and directions □ The government’s 3020 Renewable Energy Implementation Plan ㅇ To achieve the 3020 Renewable Energy Implementation Plan, the targets have been set by dividing it into a national participation-type power generation project and a large-scale project. The Public Participation Type plans to install 2.4 GW for private use such as houses and buildings, 7.5 GW for small businesses such as cooperatives, and 10.0 GW for solar farmhouses, and 28.8 GW for large-scale projects. ㅇ The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, the local government, and the Ministry of Industry are recommended to install 10 GW of solar power in salt farms (inside the Agricultural Promotion Zone) and agricultural areas other than the Agricultural Promotion Zone by 2030. □ Policy improvement to promote 3020 Renewable Energy Implementation Plan ㅇ The government reintroduced the FIT, which was suspended in 2011, to reduce farmland conservation contributions by 50% for rural solar power plants. ㅇ For projects of over 1 MW with 5 or more farmers who have been registered as residents for more than 1 year within a radius of 1 km from the power plant and with external investors, when the local residents participation is above a certain percentage, weight is given (2% or more of total project cost, 10% or more of total project cost, 4% or more of total project cost) 20%, and the government also plans to assign a weight of 20% when 5 or more farmers participate without external investors. □ Rural solar expansion support policy ㅇ The Korea Energy Agency provides policy funding (1.75%, 5 years, 10 years installment payment) for rural solar facility fund, giving preference to REC weighting and fixed price contract of competitive bidding. ㅇ A single power plant type, a 2-4 person joint type, and a combined power plant model of 5 or more are presented, allowing unlimited access to rural solar power systems under 1 MW, and shortening the period required for grid connection. 2. Rural PV environmental issues and improvement measures □ Expected environmental impact of rural solar power ㅇ Environmental impact - Soil leakage and damage to agricultural lands due to removal of topsoil ㅇ Landscape impact - Damage to rural landscape resources □ Domestic and abroad solar power generation guidelines ㅇ Domestic land solar power guidelines - Current guideline is based on the site criteria focused on solar power generation in mountainous area, and it is due to the current farmland related policy that solar power can not be installed in the Agricultural Promotion Zone. 3. Rural PV technical issues and improvement plans □ Technical issues and implications of the installation and operation of inland solar power ㅇ Depending on the technical aspects of the construction type (general fixed type, variable), international installation cost, and grid system connection, there will be differences in costs and profits, the degree of environmental impact, and regional distribution. 4. Rural solar power issues and implications □ Changes in regulations of solar power installation on farmland ㅇ Initially, solar power facilities were not permitted in the agricultural promotion area, but the Farmland Act was revised in 2008, allowing solar power facilities for the first time. ㅇ Recently, the farmland diversion to install solar power facilities has rapidly increased. □ Is it possible to install solar facilities under the Farmland Act□ ㅇ Installation of solar power facilities in a temporary use form for 20 years is allowed only in a farmland with a salinity of a certain level or higher (i.e., salt reclamation sites), that is developed through the public water reclamation pursuant to Article 2 of the Act on the Management and Reclamation of Public Waters pursuant to subparagraph 4, Paragraph 1, Article 36 of the Farmland Act (January 2018, revised to permit temporary use of farmland) □ Rural solar power policy of Japan ㅇ As of 2016, Japan’s farmland area was 4.47 million ha, which is about 2.6 times larger than that of Korea, but the farmland diversion for solar power facilities in Korea is more than twice that of Japan. ㅇ In Japan, temporary farming permits (recently extended from 3 years to 10 years) are limited to farm-type solar power in agricultural lands (Agricultural Promotion Zones in Korea). 5. Rural solar power economic issues □ Rural solar and farming solar cost and income estimation ㅇ Cost and income of general rural solar and farming solar energy are calculated by taking into account initial investment and construction costs and operating costs and the income from electricity sales produced by solar power generation. ㅇ Expecting changes in power sales prices, interest on loans, system linkage costs, discount rate, etc. in consideration of uncertain external factors 6. Social issues and improvements of rural solar power □ Estimation of farmers’ stance of rural solar power ㅇ Interest in solar power and intention to install - Farmers’ interest in rural solar power projects is high (53.1% high (very high + high), 34.9% average, and 12.0% low (none + almost none)). ㅇ Implications of farmers’ stance related to rural solar power - In the case of farmers who do not intend to install, ‘excessive installation cost’ was surveyed as the main reason. - 43.0% of farmers objected to farmland being used for the purpose of solar power generation facilities, but 42.1% of the farmers agreed to install solar power facilities. □ Conflict and improvement of rural solar power ㅇ Conflict status of rural solar power - Residents oppose by raising concerns of landscape deterioration, electromagnetic and crop damage caused by reflection, heavy metals, and waste. ㅇ Request of the rural society - From the planning stage, it is necessary to communicate and share information with local residents, to adopt a profit sharing method of resident participation, and to suggest various ways of resident participation. □ Local and renewable energy Win-Win Plan ㅇ Direct operation ㅇ Share investment ㅇ Solar power fund ㅇ Local development fund or compensation Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions □ Transparent information disclosure and related energy policy improvement ㅇ In order to secure the effectiveness of the renewable energy site planning system, it is necessary to provide practical authorization and institutional supplementation to strengthen the capacity of local governments. ㅇ To secure residents’ acceptance, transparent information disclosure and sharing from the beginning of the plan are essential. ㅇ In the site planning system, it is necessary to clearly distinguish the roles and authorities between the regional governments and the local governments. □ Distributing practical resident-led solar power business model ㅇ The policy should be improved at the same time so that the local government can lead and promote the residents-led solar power generation project. ㅇ Criteria for residents’ participation need to be refined because it is very rough. ㅇ In addition to expanding residents’ participation, there should also be a plan to support socially vulnerable people who do not have the investment capacity. □ Improving related policies for distributing rural solar power ㅇ Need to supply farming solar power through temporary farmland diversion ㅇ Institutional arrangements to prevent excessive farmland diversion for solar power development ㅇ Providing support measures for ‘excessive installation cost’, which is an obstacle for farmers to participate in solar power generation projects

유럽연합(EU) 공동에너지정책의 전개과정에 대한 연구

이재승(Jae-Seung Lee) 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2011 국제관계연구 Vol.16 No.1

This study explores the historical evolution of EU’s common energy policy and analyses the characteristics of each period. Although energy consideration centered on the ECSC and EURATOM have triggered a long process of European integration, the development of common energy policy has been almost absent since the Treaty of Rome until the mid-1980s. This absence of European common energy policy is quite unique considering the progress in trade and monetary areas. Nationalized energy supply system, different energy mix and national champion strategy have been noted as obstacles for common energy policy. EU’s common energy policy had been revitalized after the adoption of Single European Act in 1986 and subsequent progress in completing an internal market. European Energy Charter (1991) and Energy Charter Treaty (1994) brought the progress of EU’s common external energy policy. The consolidation of European common energy policy has been noticeable since 2006 with the adoption of Green Paper and subsequent Strategic Action Plans. However, EU’s common energy policy still faces disagreement of member states in implementing liberalization and deregulation of gas and electricity market. A political confidence of member states is not strong enough to negotiate effectively with Russia and other major energy producers. National targets to reduce GHGs emission and to increase renewable energy are facing challenges in spite of the broad agreement on its principle. The evolution of EU’s common energy policy can be explained partly by the trend of global oil price, the institutional progress of EU and international environmental norms. However, each factor is not enough to make a convincing explanation of the up-and-down of EU’s common energy policy. It requires a more comprehensive and multi-layered approaches by mixing relevant policy contexts regarding various issue agenda of common energy policy.

THE EFFECTS OF INTRODUCING AN ENERGY-EFFICIENCYCERTIFICATION SYSTEM WITHIN AN ENERGY-EFFICIENCY POLICY

Eung Jin Lee,Jaesu Kim,Kyung Hoon Kim 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

The Korean energy demand-supply policy has changed from supply-concentrated management to demand-concentrated management with low consumption and high efficiency. Given these policy changes, this study focuses on investigating the marketing strategies of public policies that are necessary to execute policy effectively and to achieve the intended effect. More specifically, this study reviews details pertaining to the four elements of energy demand management policy: the development and commercialization of core technologies for energy efficiency, energy saving business growth, innovations in energy demand management, and reasonable energy price policies. We furthermore analyze the effects of introducing an energy-efficiency certification system to both companies and consumers via an energy policy implementation. We find solutions to achieve the goals of the energy demand management policy via effective marketing of the energy-efficiency certification system. This investigation contributes to developing marketing strategies to achieve certain public policy effects. We additionally focus on how the characteristics of an energy-efficiency certification system—such as public benefits, brand trust and customer value—affect customer perception and the effect of policy implementation. According to our findings, trust in the energy-efficiency certification system and the four elements of energy policy influence firms and consumers’ realization and are effective at accomplishing the goals of the energy-efficiency policy. Energyefficiency certification help firms to invest in energy-efficient facilities; such certification also motivates reasonable energy consumption levels and the option to select highly energy-efficient products. By employing a certification system actively as a means of governmental policy and providing accurate energy-efficiency information to firms and consumers, it is possible for firms to produce highly energyefficient products and for consumers to choose efficient products. In this way, governments, firms, and consumers are able to accomplish the goals of the policy.

German Ordoliberalism in Energy Policy: A Comparative Perspective

최시영,백훈 한국질서경제학회 2018 질서경제저널 Vol.21 No.4

Germany’s economic recovery exceeding other nations in the aftermath of the debt crises of the eurozone members draw attention to Germany’s Ordoliberalism which is the keystone of the economy. The purpose of this study is to find whether the principles of Ordoliberalism, or Ordnungspolitik (order policy). can be found in Germany’s economic policies. This study focuses on Germany’s energy policy to look into how Ordoliberal principles may have permeated into its economic policy. German Energiekonzept (Energy Concept) 2010 is scrutinized to find any evidence. Energy Concept outlines the long-term energy policy of Germany which was put in practice in 2010. The objective of the scrutiny is to find whether there is any difference between Germany’s energy policy and the Anglo-American energy policy such as the U.K. The U.K. Energy White Paper of 2011 are chosen for comparison with Energiekonzept. As seen seemingly apparent, increasing flexibility of power networks and systems is a trend of U.K. energy policy whereas phasing out of nuclear energy consists of the integral part of Germany’s energy policy. However, there are more implicit differentiation in two sides in the fundamentals of implementation of energy policy. This study reveals that energy policies of Germany and U.K. are designed and implemented in rather different settings. It is maintained by the authors that Germany’s energy policy reflects on the key principles of Ordoliberalism in that it emphasizes more strongly than the U.K.’s the responsibility for the next generations based on the principle of Liability among other principles. The difference between energy policy in Germany and the U.K is revealed for resource uses, methods and long-term energy strategies for the next generations.

신재생에너지 정책수용성과 정부 신뢰에 관한 연구

박정호 서울행정학회 2023 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.33 No.4

Decarbonization policies are widely introduced and actively pursued in accordance with radical climate changes and global warming. Among the decarbonization policies, the Korean government highlights renewable energy policy as an important axis. Various discussions for technological development and new government projects are being actively conducted. This study analyzed the trust in the government and the citizens' policy acceptance of the renewable energy policy, recognizing that the support of citizens(residents) for the renewable energy policy is the most critical factor for successful policy implementaion. As a result of the analysis reveals, after controlling for the eco-friendly values and attitudes of individuals, trust in the government affect positively the policy acceptance of renewable energy policies. Given that renewable energy-related policies can achieve the expected results by building new energy facilities, the analysis results show that trust in the government can play an important role in facilitating policy acceptation of renewable energy policy. Based on this empirical result discussions on policy efforts and follow-up studies to increase policy acceptance of new and renewable energy were presented. 지구온난화와 에너지 자원을 둘러싼 국제정세 변화에 따라 탈탄소정책이 광범위하게 소개되고 추진되고 있다. 탈탄소정책 중 신재생에너지 정책은 중요한 축을 이루는데 기술적인 발전과 새로운 사업추진을 위한 다양한 논의는 활발하게 이루어지고 있지만, 실제로 신재생에너지 시설이 마련되는 지역주민들의 지지와 수용성에 관한 관심은 상대적으로 낮다. 본 연구는 신재생에너지 정책에 관한 개인(시민)들의 지지가 정책을 성공적으로 추진하는 데 중요하다는 문제의식에서 정부 신뢰와 신재생에너지 정책에 대한 시민들의 수용성을 분석하였다. 분석결과 개인이 갖는 친환경적인 성향(태도), 신재생에너지 시설에 경험 등을 통제한 이후에도 정부 신뢰는 신재생에너지 정책수용성을 높이는 요인으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 신재생에너지 정책은 새로운 에너지시설을 건립함으로써 정책의 기대효과를 달성할 수 있는데 이러한 과정에서 정부 신뢰는 중요한 변수로 작용할 수 있다는 점을 분석결과가 보여준다. 이러한 실증분석에 근거하여 신재생에너지 정책수용성을 높이기 위한 정책적인 노력과 정책적 착안 사항을 논의하였다.

에너지 안보 관점에서 본 스웨덴의 원자력 정책

신의찬 한국외국어대학교 EU연구소 2024 EU연구 Vol.- No.72

In the 21st century, energy security has emerged as a major policy issue worldwide. This is primarily due to the global increase in energy demand, resource depletion issues, and environmental pressures caused by climate change. As countries around the world face common challenges of climate change and energy crises, they are seeking strategic choices to simultaneously achieve stable energy supply and environmental sustainability. Particularly in Europe, countries are exploring alternative ways to secure stable energy sources while expanding renewable energy. Meanwhile, Sweden introduced nuclear power as a crucial component of its energy mix following the oil crisis of the 1970s. However, following incidents such as the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, Sweden declared and pursued a phased nuclear phase-out. Recently, due to the intensification of climate change response and energy security issues, as well as the energy crisis caused by the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war, a re-evaluation of nuclear power is taking place, and Sweden's nuclear policy is once again at a crossroads. In this context, this study aims to comprehensively analyze Sweden's nuclear policy from the perspective of energy security. It examines nuclear policy from the viewpoints of sovereignty, stability, and resilience emphasized in energy security, and analyzes the history of Sweden's nuclear policy in three stages: 'nuclear power introduction period', 'nuclear phase-out implementation period', and 'nuclear power re-evaluation period'. Furthermore, it will examine the current status of Sweden's expanding nuclear policy since the 2020s and evaluate Sweden's nuclear policy using the energy security perspective and the Energy Trilemma Index.