파라메트릭 건축의 기술적 변화에 따른 디자이너의 역할

이원수 ( Lee Wonsoo ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.4

(연구배경 및 목적) 컴퓨팅 기술의 발달과 3차원 모델링 툴의 지원으로 파라메트릭 건축은 기존의 건축에서 볼 수 없었던 비정형의 형태를 자유롭게 구현할 수 있게 되었다. 디자이너는 그래스호퍼, 다이나모와 같은 3차원 모델링 소프트웨어의 플러그인을 사용하여 특정한 매개변수를 입력하고 통제함으로써 디자인의 의도를 시각화한다. 현대의 파라메트릭 건축은 형태구성 뿐만 아니라 BIM 설계기법을 활용한 성능기반설계의 영역으로까지 확장하여 건축분야 간 매개변수의 간섭과 공유가 활발히 이루어진다. 이렇듯 복합적이고 다층화 된 현대 건축의 흐름 속에서, 알고리즘을 구성하고 매개변수를 통제하는 디자이너의 역할은 설계프로세스상에서 더욱 중요시 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 파라메트릭 건축에서 매개변수를 통제하고 디자인 의도를 시각화하는 건축 디자이너의 역할과 방향성에 대하여 말하고자 한다. (연구방법) 매개변수와 파라메트릭 건축 사이의 상호작용을 확인하기 위하여 파라메트릭 건축의 흐름을 초기부터 중기 이후까지 살펴본다. 또한, 국내·외 파라메트릭 건축물의 사례를 통하여 비정형 건축 디자인을 형태구성적 측면뿐만 아니라 공학적 측면에서도 분석하여 건물성능시뮬레이션이 파라메트릭 디자인에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 살펴보려 한다. 이를 통하여 매개변수와 파라메트릭 건축의 상관관계를 밝히고 매개변수를 입력하고 통제하는 디자이너의 역할과 방향성을 제고한다. (결과) 심미적 실험에 중점을 둔 초기의 파라메트릭 건축은 다양한 외적 매개변수를 정의하여 형태구성의 의외성과 모호성을 추구하였다. 디자이너는 비물질적인 가상세계를 생성의 장으로 하여 매개변수를 관념화하고 디자인 의도를 은유적이고 수사적으로 표현하였다. 하지만 대지와 주변 환경과의 관계 맺기와 같은 현실적이고 인간적인 의미의 소통이 필요하다는 디지털 건축에 대한 철학적 비판은 파라메트릭 건축이 해결해야 하는 중요한 과제로 남게 되었고 디자이너는 이 맥락적 단절을 극복하기 위한 고민을 하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 공학적 성능실험과 현실적 구현이 가능해진 중기 이후의 파라메트릭 건축은 더욱 고도화되고 세분화되어 매개변수의 범위가 방대해졌고 알고리즘의 구조도 복잡해 졌다. 데이터의 흐름과 매개변수를 관리하는 디자이너의 역할은 BIM과 같이 분야 간 간섭과 상호작용이 활발한 설계 프로세스상에서 필수적이 되었다. (결론) 문헌과 사례분석을 통하여 연구한 파라메트릭 건축은 매개변수를 통하여 형태와 성능의 문제를 다루고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이 기술적 산물인 파라메트릭 건축에서 맥락의 단절과 소통의 부재는 디자이너가 매개변수에 적극적으로 개입함으로써 극복될 수 있다. 이를 통하여 파라메트릭 건축은 대지와 소통하고 주변 환경과의 인간적인 관계를 맺을 수 있다. (Background and Purpose) Parametric architecture generates unprecedentedly introduced non-linear form in virtue of advancement of both computing technology and 3D modeling software. Using 3D modeling software plug-in such as Grasshopper and Dynamo, designer visualizes design intent by inputting and controlling specific parameter. Contemporary parametric architecture, besides form making, extends its realm to performance-based design utilizing BIM technique, so that parameter sharing and data interference among architectural disciplines actively occur in this complex and multi-layered system. Thus, the role of designer, organizing algorithm and controlling parameter, becomes much more important in the process of design. This study highlights the role of architectural designer and its direction. (Method) The trend of parametric architecture was analyzed in order of time from its nascence to middle period and afterwards, so as to identify interrelationship between parametric architecture and its embryo, parameter. Also, non-linear architectural design was analyzed through case studies not only from form-making perspective but from engineering perspective, so as to identify the impact of building performance simulation on parametric design. Through this analysis, consequently, interrelationship between parametric architecture and parameter is identified, so that the awareness of the role of designer, that is to input and control parameters, is further raised. (Results) Early parametric architecture focuses on aesthetic experiment to seek emergence and ambiguity on form-making by administering external parameters. By conceptualizing these parameters with his own interpretation, designer expresses design intent either rhetorically or metaphorically on the generation field of dematerialized virtual world. However, philosophical criticism on digital architecture, that it is of absent from interrelation with environment to which requires realistic and humane attachment, has been left an assignment behind parametric architecture. Subsequently thereafter, designer cannot help considering ways to overcome this contextual schism. Parametric architecture in its middle period and afterwards was able to construct non-linear form in real world with the help of engineering performance analysis, which contributes to parameters widening its range and structure of algorithm being organized in much more complex way. In result, the role of designer, that is to control parameters and data flow, becomes critical in highly advanced and segmentalized design process such as BIM where interdisciplinary interference and interaction in between actively occur. (Conclusions) The result of this study on parametric architecture, investigated through literature and case analysis, suggested that parametric architecture deals with form and performance by means of parameter. The contextual schism and absence of communication in this technological achievement of parametric architecture is able to be overcome by designer engaging actively in parameter. Through this responsible role of designer, parametric architecture is able to communicate with the earth and establish humane relationship with environment.

공리적 설계 기법을 이용한 생산시스템 설계 지원 방안에 대한 고찰

백태진(T. Back),강무진(M. Kang) 한국정밀공학회 2004 한국정밀공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2004 No.10월

To cope with the challenge from global market characterized by frequent changes in requirements, manufacturing enterprise should be able to promptly adjust its manufacturing system accordingly. Therefore, it is important to provide manufacturing system designer with an appropriate methodology to (re-)design a manufacturing system subject to requirements change. Axiomatic design theory focuses design activity mainly on functional consideration rather than physical, and has been known as effective especially in the conceptual design phase. This paper introduces an approach to apply the axiomatic design principle to manufacturing system design. It is shown that a new design solution can be reached quickly by finding design parameters for the added or revised functional requirements and thus achieving a set of functional requirements as well as design parameters that satisfy the independence axiom. Some illustrative examples are also given.

스티어링기어의 치형 역설계 연구

손창욱(Chang-wook Son),이성민(Sung-min Lee),윤홍근(Hong-geun Yoon),김태윤(Tae-Yun Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2018 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2018 No.11

As a key part of the steering system, the rack & pinion gear of the gear box functions to convert the rotational motion of the steering column into linear motion. Each automobile manufacturer records its own design method and key factors used to accumulate its own design skills and know-how. On the other hand, the reverse engineering refers to a method of deducing design information, manufacturing process, and test evaluation method from existing products. There are many studies to derive a description of gear design or mathematical relation, but there are few studies suggesting gear design standard or specification by applying reverse design. Therefore, in this study, a method is proposed to derive factors and design criteria to be used in gear design using reverse engineering on the rack & pinion gear. First, the definition and purpose of the rack and pinion gear were considered, and then the target parameters, the design parameters, and the measurable parameters were determined. Also, methods were determined to derive the target parameters. In addition, considerations for measurement and analysis are taken into consideration, and examples and verification of applying the reverse design methodology to actual gears were conducted. As a result, in this study, the analytical method is proposed to reverse the design of the gear used for the gear box and understand the structure of the gear used for the gear box, and the effectiveness of the method can be verified through evaluation and verification.

매개변수를 활용한 디지털 디자인 프로세스 개발에 관한 연구

안신욱(Ahn, Shinwook) 인제대학교 디자인연구소 2010 Journal of Integrated Design Research (JIDR) Vol.9 No.1

현대사회의 디지털 정보화는 디자인 분야에서 컴퓨터를 이용한 설계 및 제작방법인 CAD(Computer Aided Design), CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing)기술로 광범위한 발전을 지속하고 있으며, 기존 조형성의 한계를 극복하고 새로운 개념의 형태를 창조하는 역할을 하고 있다. 이러한 환경의 변화는 디자인의 영역에 개념적, 조형적 전환점을 제공하였다. 디지털 디자인에서 원천적으로 사용된 초기 변수들은 기존 디자인 프로세스에서 설계자에 의해 직관적으로 사용되던 것과는 달리 논리적인 형태 형성과 변형에 결정적인 작용을 하게 된다. 본 연구는 사례고찰을 바탕으로 매개변수를 활용한 디지털 디자인 프로세스를 개발하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이론 연구에서는 디지털 디자인의 개념과 배경을 관련문헌과 사례를 통해 살펴보았으며, 매개변수기반의 디지털 디자인 프로세스가 가지는 의미를 파악하였다. 실험연구에서는 이론적 고찰을 보다 구체화하기 위해 실질적인 디자인 방법론을 바탕으로 매개변수 기반의 디지털 디자인프로세스를 개발하였다. 이 프로세스는 실제 설계단계에서 디지털 디자인 프로세스가 창의적으로 활용될 수 있으며, 결정된 모델의 실제 생산에 필요한 작업치수 등을 자동으로 추출할 수 있는 프로세스를 제시한다. 디자인의 새로운 창의성은 언제나 기존 디자인을 넘어서 실험적인 방법을 시도하는데 있다. 이러한 개념을 주도하고 있는 디지털 디자인의 맥락에서, 본 연구는 매개변수를 활용한 디지털 디자인 프로세스의 개발과 그 구체화 과정을 통해 실험적이고 창의적인 방법을 시도했다는데 의의가 있을 것이며, 본 연구를 통해 디지털 디자인에 대한 보다 다양한 논의를 기대할 수 있을 것이다 Digital information has been developing from the technology such as CAD(Computer Aided Design) and CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing) in the contemporary design area. And, these digital technologies are getting to overcome the limitations of design and to create the shapes with new concepts. So, these environmental change offered the conceptual and plastic turning point in design. In digital design, the original parametric elements have conclusive effects on a logical shape forming rather than those of what designer used intuitively in the existing design process. The purpose of this study is to develope a ‘digital design process using parametric design methods.’ This thesis consists of a theoretical study and an experimental study. first, I grasped the concept and backgrounds of digital space design through the related studies and cases. Second, I established the concept of digital design in a view of human-environment interaction and adapted introducing the concept of form generated by environmental parameter in order to develop a digital design process using parametric design methods. In order to create a new concept of design, we should attempt an experimental approach beyond the existing design methods. This study is meaningful in attempting a creative and interactive digital design method through the theoretical study and the experimental approach.

문화 매개 변수가 반영된 조형 디자인 프로세스의 제안

이돈태 ( Don Tae Lee ),정의철 ( Eui Chul Jung ) 한국기초조형학회 2013 기초조형학연구 Vol.14 No.5

인간의 창조활동의 결과물로서 디자인은 문화적 규범과 성향의 영향을 받아 다른 문화권에서는 다른 특성을 가지게 된다. 따라서 특정 문화권에서의 디자인을 이해하려면 그것의 기반이 되는 문화적 성향과 그 영향에 대해 파악할 수 있는 연구가 중요하며, 특히 산업적으로 타 문화권에 디자인을 진출 시키려 했을 때 더욱 그러하다. 이러한 중요성은 1960년대 이후 John Christopher Jones, Bruce archer, French 등의 이론가들에 의하여 많은 연구가 진행 되었다. 하지만 현 사회와 시대에서는 점차 문화의 중요성만을 강조하는 기존 이론의 그 한계를 넘어 문화 매개 변수가 이론과 실무가 통합된 디자인 프로세스와 가지는 관계성에 대한 연구를 통해 그 실제적인 유용성이 도출되기를 절실히 요구하고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 디자인 프로세스와 문화와의 관계성과 그 가능성에 대한 연구를 통해 문화 매개 변수가 고려된 통합적 디자인 프로세스를 제안하고자 한다. 첫째, 모델 구축에 있어서 대표적 이론가들의 4가지 디자인 프로세스와 니케이 경제지에서 선정된 세계 10대 디자인 회사 중에서 제품개발이 주요 비즈니스 모델이자 디자인 프로세스가 존재하는 4개의 회사를 선정하여 분석 하였다. 둘째, 분석된 프로세스를 단계에 따라 그 적용된 내용과 범위를 분석하고 이론과 실무에서 가지는 장단점을 융합하여 통합적 프로세스를 구축하였다. 마지막으로 위의 분석 결과로 제시된 통합적 디자인 프로세스에 문화 매개 변수를 각 단계별로 적용한 관계성의 도출과 함께 그 실용성에 대한 가능성을 제안 한다. 향후 연구는 문화 매개 변수가 반영된 통합적 디자인 프로세스를 이용한 실제적인 검증과 유효성에 대한 연구의 진행으로 실무에서의 적용 가능한 표준화된 디자인 프로세스의 개발에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 본다. Since designs are outcomes of people`s creative activities, influenced by cultural norms and characters, different cultures generate designs of distinctive attributes. In order to understand a design from a certain culture, studies on its cultural background and the influence of the culture are needed, which is even more necessary when planned to export designs to different cultures. Acknowledging such importance, theorists such as John Christopher Jones, Bruce archer, French have pursued a number of the researches after the 1960s. However, today`s society and generation demands to draw out an actual usefulness from researches on the relationship between the culture parameters and an integral design process of theories and practices by overcoming the limitations of the theories that emphasize the importance of culture only. Therefore, this thesis aims to suggest an integral design process with culture parameters through researches on the relationship of a design process and culture and its possibility. First, to construct a model, processes of four companies whose main business model and design process is product development were selected out of world top ten design companies chosen by Nikkei Business Magazine and four design processes of core theorists are analyzed. Second, contents of the analyzed processes are examined by stages and the strengths and weaknesses of theories and actual practices are blended to establish an integral process. Lastly, the possible practicability is suggested with the relationship deducted from the final integral design process suggested by the analysis result above with culture parameters applied by stages. For the future researches, it may need to study on the development of a standardized design process, applicable in practices after actual verification and studies on effectiveness utilizing the integral design process with culture parameters.

파라미터 기반 상호관계 디자인 방법론을 통한 디자인 지식의 표현에 관한 기초 연구

박종진(Park Jong-Jin),전한종(Jun Han-Jong) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.6

In the digital era, the traditional tools and techniques have been evolved into the digitalized phases, with the support of the development of computational technologies, for the purposes of delivering and developing architectural design concepts and knowledges. Among those new techniques based on CAAD(Computer Aided Architectural Design) technology, associative design, typically understood as a parametric design technique using metric parameters to create an infinite number of design variations, currently begins to grab the attention of researchers and architects. This research presents functions and influences of parameters when designing an architectural form with the parameter-based associative design methodology. Furthermore, it suggests the potential of parameters in order to represent the design knowledge with the architectural shape-DNA(properties) based on it. To do so, we search research literature related to parametric and associative design methodology to grasp their fundamental concepts and ideas. One of the architectural projects is selected as a test model, and analyzed in order to draw the essential geometric parameters that fomulate its architectural form. Throughout UML analysis, parametric modeling and a survey, we could conclude that the potential of associative design methodology based on geometric parameters would contribute to represent the design knowledge of a designer through a model. Unifying the quantitative result from UML analysis and the qualitative result from the survey, it is expected from be an appropriate methodology in representing the design knowledge of a designer.

Correlation Based Analysis of Parameter Change Propagation in Variant Product Design

Junzhi Shang,Bo Yang,Ning Ma,Changqing Gao 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.22 No.4

Analysis of parameter change propagation is essential to ensure the consistency of the product’s integrated content as well as to capture the contextual impacts of a change proposal in variant product design. In this regard, a correlation-based approach is presented in this paper. The propagation of parameter change from one component to another in a product as well as from one key structure to another inside a component are studied. Firstly, a data fl ow model for change propagation as well as the basic units in parameter change propagation is proposed to illustrate the hierarchy and logical correlations between parameters. Then, change propagation network from the perspective of assembly is constructed by introducing “and” operation into the process. Change propagation coefficient is used to describe the change cost, based on which the optimal propagation path between components is selected. Thirdly, matrices are used to describe the correlation between parameters in different components. By introducing inner product into those matrices, change propagation path between parameters in different components can be obtained. Fourthly, the changed components are taken as the studied objects. Parametric correlation graph as well as quantitative expressing method is used to illustrate the parameter linkage inside the components. A searching method for parameter change propagation path inside components based on component modeling process is developed. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified by an example of an injection molding machine. The result confirms that our method can provide accurate estimation for the transfer process of the initial parametric change from macro-parameter changes in product to micro-parameter changes in components.

공리적설계를 이용한 휴대폰 슬라이드 기구의 스파이럴 스프링 설계

황은하 ( Eun-ha Hwang ),한덕희 ( Deok-hee Han ) 한국산업융합학회 2007 한국산업융합학회 논문집 Vol.10 No.3

It is well known that mobile phones have been a indispensable communication tool for human life. The spiral springs are used as the main component of the semi-auto sliding mechanism of mobile phones. The characteristic of axiomatic approach is scientific and analytical method, and axiomatic approach is different from other design methods in offering the systematic method at an early stage of design. The axiomatic approach could determine design parameter and arrange the order of design and estimate the optimum design in good order. In axiomatic approach, the composition is divided by customer requirement, functional requirement, design parameter, and design matrix in large portion. This paper presents design in sliding mechanism for mobile phones by finite element method and axiomatic design.

Off-Road Machinery System Engineering : Original Article ; Design Improvement of Mechanical Transmission for Tracked Small Agricultural Transporters through Gear Strength Analysis

( Hong Gon Kim ),( Yeon Ju Jo ),( Chul Soo Kim ),( Yong Ho Han ),( Dae Cheol Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.1

Purpose: The gear strength of a new mechanical transmission designed to increase the loading weight of small 4.8 kW tracked agricultural transporters was analyzed. Design improvements to increase the gear strength and reduce the gear weight were proposed after examining the parameters. Methods: Sixteen operators from three regions were surveyed to obtain the usage profile of small 4.8 kW transporters. Gear strength was evaluated by calculating contact stress and tooth root stress using commercial software following ISO 6336. Results: From the strength calculation for each gear pair, contact stress smaller than tooth root stresses were produced in all gear pairs. The safety factors in most cases exceeded 1.0, except in the case of gear pair II in group II. The design life of the transporter using gear pair II in group II was 42% under harsh conditions-thus, this design life needs improvement. A robust design was proposed by examining the relevant parameters (face width and profile shift coefficient) to increase the design life of the transporter. In addition, a lightweight design for gear pair I in group II that was considered overdesigned was proposed by examining the face width to reduce the weight of the drive gear by 42% and that of the driven gear by 30%. Conclusions: The Safety factor for the design life was examined through a gear strength analysis. After examining the relevant parameters, conditions for strength improvement were proposed to increase design life or adjust overdesigned gear. However, load conditions differ depending on the working conditions or user`s preferences; therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies in various regions.

Design Improvement of Mechanical Transmission for Tracked Small Agricultural Transporters through Gear Strength Analysis

김홍곤,조연주,김철수,한용호,김대철 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.1

Purpose: The gear strength of a new mechanical transmission designed to increase the loading weight of small 4.8 kW tracked agricultural transporters was analyzed. Design improvements to increase the gear strength and reduce the gear weight were proposed after examining the parameters. Methods: Sixteen operators from three regions were surveyed to obtain the usage profile of small 4.8 kW transporters. Gear strength was evaluated by calculating contact stress and tooth root stress using commercial software following ISO 6336. Results: From the strength calculation for each gear pair, contact stress smaller than tooth root stresses were produced in all gear pairs. The safety factors in most cases exceeded 1.0, except in the case of gear pair II in group II. The design life of the transporter using gear pair II in group II was 42% under harsh conditions—thus, this design life needs improvement. A robust design was proposed by examining the relevant parameters (face width and profile shift coefficient) to increase the design life of the transporter. In addition, a lightweight design for gear pair I in group II that was considered overdesigned was proposed by examining the face width to reduce the weight of the drive gear by 42% and that of the driven gear by 30%. Conclusions: The Safety factor for the design life was examined through a gear strength analysis. After examining the relevant parameters, conditions for strength improvement were proposed to increase design life or adjust overdesigned gear. However, load conditions differ depending on the working conditions or user’s preferences; therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies in various regions.